ACIDS What is acid?

An acid is a chemical substance, which ionizes in water to produce hydrogen ions, H+ When acids dissolved in water, the hydrogen atoms in acids are released as hydrogen ions, H+. The hydrogen ion combined with water molecule, H2O to form a hydroxonium ion, H3O+. However, this ion can be written as H+. We can classify an acid as a monoprotic acid or a diprotic acid based on basicity. Basicity of an acid is the number of mole of H+ ion that can be produced by one mole of acid when it dissolves in water. Monoprotic acid Hydrochloric acid, HCl Ethanoic acid, CH3COOH Diprotic acid Sulphuric acid, H2SO4 Very important this one ah..! BASES What is base? A base is a chemical substance that can neutralize an acid to produce a salt and water. Examples of bases are; i. ii. metal hydroxides metal oxide Ionisation HCl H+ + ClCH3COOH H+ + CH3COOIonisation H2SO4 2H+ + SO42+

Most bases are not soluble in water. Bases that are soluble in water are known as alkalis.

Bases: all metal oxides or metal hydroxides

Alkalis: only bases that soluble in water

Bases that are insoluble in water Zinc oxide, ZnO Zinc hydroxide, Zn(OH)2 Copper(II) oxide, CuO2 Copper(II) hydroxide, Cu(OH)2

Bases that are soluble in water Sodium oxide, Na2O Sodium hydroxide, NaOH Potassium oxide, K2O Potassium hydroxide, KOH Calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)2 Ammonia, NH3

In water, an alkali dissociates to hydroxide ions, OH- and cations. Memorise this one ah..! Role of water and the properties of acids Switch Light bulb Switch Light bulb

Carbon

Carbon

Carbon

Carbon

Glacial Ethanoic acid

Aqueous Ethanoic acid

Results Acid Ethanoic acid (molecule) Hydrogen chloride (molecule)

Condition Glacial (dry) Aqueous Dissolved in methylbenzene

Observation - No colour change in the litmus paper - Light bulb is not lighted up - Blue litmus paper is changed to red - Light bulb is lighted up - No colour change in the litmus paper - Light bulb is not lighted up

Inference Does not show any acidic properties Shows acidic properties Does not show any acidic properties

Aqueous

- Blue litmus paper is changed to red - Light bulb is lighted up

Shows acidic properties

Discussion Remember.! The hydrogen ions, H+ are responsible for acids to show their properties 1. Glacial/dry ethanoic acid does not show acidic properties because without water, ethanoic acid remains or exists as molecules and there are no hydrogen ions present. 2. Aqueous ethanoic acid shows acidic properties because in water, ethanoic acid ionises to form hydrogen ions, H+. 4. Hydrogen chloride gas in methylbenzene does not show acidic properties and does not conduct electricity, because it exists as covalent molecules. 5. Hydrogen chloride gas in water shows acidic properties and conduct electricity. This is because hydrogen chloride ionises in water to form hydrogen ions, H+ thus hydrochloric acid is formed. 6. Aqueous ethanoic acid and hydrochloric acid can conduct electricity because in the solutions the ions can move freely. Ionisation equation for hydrochloric acid; + H2O HCl (g) H+ (aq) + Cl- (aq) Hydrogen chloride gas hydrogen ion chloride ion Ionisation equation for ethanoic acid; + H2O CH3COOH (l) H+ (aq) + CH3COO- (aq) Ethanoic acid hydrogen ion ethanoat ion

Conclusion

An acid only shows its acidic properties when dissolved in water.

Understand uhh.? Chemicals Properties of Acid a. Acids react with bases to form salts and water. Examples; i. H2SO4 + ZnO ZnSO4 + H2O ii. 2HCl + CuO CuCl2 + H2O 3

b. Acids react with alkalis to form salts and water. Examples; i. HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O ii. H2SO4 + Ca(OH)2 CaSO4 + 2H2O c. Acids react with reactive metal to produce salts and hydrogen gas. Examples; i. 2HCl + Mg MgCl2 + H2 ii. H2SO4 + Zn ZnSO4 + H2 Reactive metals: Mg, Al, Zn (use this metals only) d. Acids react with carbonate compound to produce salts, water and carbon dioxide. Examples; i. 2HCl + PbCO3 PbCl2 + CO2 + H2O ii. H2SO4 + CuCO3 CuSO4 + CO2 + H2O Role of water and the properties of alkalis

Switch

Light bulb

Switch

Light bulb

Carbon

Carbon

Carbon

Carbon

Ammonia in tetrachloromethane

Ammonia in water

Results Acid Ammonia (molecule) Condition In tetra chloromethane Observation - No colour change in the litmus paper - Light bulb is not lighted up Inference Does not show any alkalis properties

Aqueous Discussion Remember.!

- Blue litmus paper is changed to red - Light bulb is lighted up

Shows alkalis properties

The hydroxide ions, OH- are responsible for alkalis to show their properties 1. Ammonia liquid in tetrachloromethane does not show alkalis properties because it exists as molecules. 2. Aqueous ammonia acid shows acidic properties because in water, ethanoic acid ionises to form hydroxide ions, OH-. Ionisation equation for ammonia; + H2O (l) NH3 (l) Ammonia NH4+ (aq) + OH (aq) ammonium ion hydroxide ion

3. Hydroxide ion, OH- in ammonia solution / solution hydroxide cause solution shows alkalis properties. 4. Ammonia gas in methylbenzene does not show alkalis properties and does not conduct electricity because it exits as a molecules. 5. Ammonia gas in water shows alkalis properties and conduct electricity because in the solutions the ions can move freely. Conclusion Bases and alkalis only show its alkalis properties when dissolved in water.

Chemicals Properties of Alkalis a. Alkalis react with acids to form salts and water. Examples; i. NaOH + HCl NaCl + H2O ii. Ca(OH)2 + H2SO4 CaSO4 + 2H2O b. When a mixture of an alkali and an ammonium salt is heated, ammonia gas is, NH3 is liberated. Examples; i. NaOH + NH4Cl NaCl + H2O + NH3 ii. Ca(OH)2 + 2NH4Cl CaCl2 + 2H2O + 2NH3 The Strength of Acids and Alkalis 1. The pH scale us used to indicate the degree of acidity or alkalinity of a solutions. 5

Increasingly acidic pH 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Neutral

Increasingly alkaline 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Please check the colour for each box pH value less than 7 indicates an acidic solution pH value equals 7 indicates a neutral solution pH value greater than 7 indicates an alkaline solution Strong and Weak Acids/Alkalis 1. The strength of an acid or alkali depends on the degree of ionisation or dissociation of the acid or alkali in water. 2. Strong Acid: An acid which ionises completely in water. Example; HCl H+ + ClH2SO4 2H+ + SO42(monoprotic acid) (diprotic acid)

3. Weak Acid: An acid which ionises partially in water. Example; CH3COOH H+ + CH3COO-

4. Strong Alkali: An alkali which ionises completely in water. Example; NaOH Na+ + OH-

5. Weak Alkali: An alkali which ionises partially in water. Example; NH3 + H2O Ca(OH)2 NH4 + + OHCa2+ + 2OH-

Concentrations of Acids and Alkalis 1. Concentration of solution can be expressed in gdm-3 or mol dm-3. Concentration (mol /dm-3 ) Number of mole of solute (mol) = Volume of solution (dm3)

Concentration (g /dm-3 )

Mass of solute/substance (g) = Volume of solution (dm3)

2. Molarity or molar concentration is the number of moles of solute that are 6

present in 1 dm3 of solution.

Example. 1: A student dissolves 50.0 g of anhydrous copper(II) sulphate in water to make a 250 cm3 of solution. What is the concentration of the solution in g dm 3? Solution: Mass of anhydrous copper(II) sulphate, CuSO4 = 50.0 g Volume of solution =
250 1000

= 0.25 dm3
50.0 g

Concentration of CuSO4 solution = 0.25 dm 3 = 200.0 g dm 3 200 gdm-3 = 200 mol dm-3 64 + 32 + 4x16

molar mass

Example 2: 28.0 g of potassium hydroxide is dissolved in water to make 200 cm3 of solution. Calculate the molarity of potassium hydroxide solution obtained. (Ar: H, 1; O, 16; K, 39) Solution: Number of moles of potassium hydroxide, KOH = (39 +16 +1) = 0.5 mol Volume of solution =
200 = 0.2 dm3 1000 0.5 mol
28.0

Molarity of KOH solution = 0.2 dm 3 = 2.5 mol dm 3 Question 1 Find (a) the concentration of a sodium in grams per dm3 when 36.5 g of hydrogen chloride, HCl is dissolved in water to make up 500 cm3 of solution. (b) the molarity of a solution which is prepared by dissolving 0.30 mol of sodium hydroxide, NaOH in distilled water to make up 250 cm3 of solution. Solution: (a) Volume of solution = 500 dm3 = 0.5 dm-3 1000 7

Concentration of HCl = 36.5 g 0.5 dm3

= 73.0 g dm-3

(b) Volume of solution = 250 dm3 = 0.25 dm3 1000 Molarity of NaOH = 0.30 mol = 1.20 mol dm-3 0.25 dm3

Question 2 The molarity of a bottle of nitric acid, HNO3 solution is 2.0 mol dm-3. What is the concentration of sodium in g dm-3 [Relative atomic masses: H, 1; N, 14; O, 16] Solution; Molar mass of nitric acid, HNO3 = [1 + 14 + 3(16)] g mol-1 = 63 g mol-1 Concentration of nitric acid = 2.0 mol dm-3 x 63 g mol-1 = 126 g dm-3

Question 3 Calculate the molarity of a sodium sulphate, Na2SO4 solution with a concentration of 28.4 g dm-3. [Relative atomic masses: O, 16; Na, 23; S, 32] Solution; Molar mass of Na2SO4 = [2(23) + 32 + 4(16)] g mol-1 = 142 g mol-1 = 0.2 mol dm-3

Molarity of the Na2SO4 = 28.4 g dm-3 142 g mol-1

Question 4 A student pipettes 25.0 mol dm3 of sodium hydroxide, NaOH solution into a conical flask. The concentration of the alkali was 1.5 mol dm-3. Calculate the number of moles of sodium hydroxide, NaOH in the flask. Solution; Volume of solution = 25.0 dm3 1000 = 0.025 cm3

Number of moles of NaOH = 1.5 mol dm-3 x 0.025 dm-3 = 0.0375 mol

Preparation of Standard Solutions by Dilution Method Standard solution is a solution in which its concentration is accurately known. Use this formula ok.. M 1 V1 = M 2 V2 M1 V1 M2 V2 = = = = molarity of the solution before water is added volume of the solution before water is added molarity of the solution after water is added volume of the solution after water is added

a) Preparation of standard solution - prepared by using a volumetric flask

Calibration mark

b) Preparation of a solution by dilution method - adding distilled water to a concentrated solution - changes the concentration of the solution - does not change the amount of solute Example 1: Find the volume of 2.0 mol dm3 sulphuric acid, H2SO4 needed to prepare 100 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 sulphuric acid, H2SO4. Solution; 9

M 1 V1 = M 2 V2 2.0 mol dm-3 V1 = 1.0 mol dm-3 100 cm3 V1 = 1.0 mol dm-3 100 cm3 2.0 mol dm-3 How do you prepare this solution? [Read from a book] Example 2: Volume of 2.0 mol dm 3 nitric acid needed to be diluted with distilled water to make 250 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm 3 nitric acid? Solution: M1V1 = M2V2 (2.0)V1 = 0.5(250) = 50 cm3

V1 =

0.5(250) 2.0

= 62.5 cm3

Example 3: 50 cm3 of water is added to 200 cm3 of a 2 mol dm 3 solution of sodium hydroxide. Determine the molarity of the diluted solution. Solution: M1V1 = M2V2 2(200) = M2(200 + 50)

M2 =

2(2 00) = 1.6 mol dm 3 250

Neutralization Definition: The reaction between an acid and a base to produce a salt and water only. Example : i. ii. HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O H2SO4 + CuO CuSO4 + H2O

The ionic equation for neutralization; H+ + OH- H2O

Neutralisation in Daily Life Neutralisation is used in various fields such as agriculture, industries and health. 10

Agriculture Acidic soil is treated with powdered lime, CaO, limestone, CaCO3 or ashes of burnt wood. Basic soil is treated with compost. The acidic gas from the decomposition of compost neutralises the alkalis in basic soils. Lime, CaO is used to control the acidity in aqua farming.

Industries Acidic effluent from factories is treated with lime, CaO before being discharged. Acidic gas such as sulphur dioxide, SO2 emitted by power stations and industries is neutralised with lime, CaO before the gas is discharged into the air. Ammonia, NH3 prevents the coagulation of latex by neutralising the acid produced by bacteria in the latex. Health Anti-acids contain bases such as aluminium hydroxide, Al(OH)3 and magnesium hydroxide, Mg(OH)2 to neutralise the excess acid in the stomach. Vinegar is used to cure wasp stings that are alkaline in nature. Baking powder is used to cure bee stings and ant bites that are acidic in nature. Toothpaste contains bases that neutralise the acid produced by bacteria in our mouth.

11

Acid-Base Titration Titration is a quantitative analysis that involves the gradual addition of chemical solution from a burette to another chemical solution of known quatity in a conical flask. In an acid-base titration, the volume of an alkali is measured using a pipette and transferred into a conical flask. The acid solution from a burette is then added slowly into the alkali in the conical flask until neutralisation occurs. The end-point of neutralisation is achieved when all the OH- ions combine with all the H+ ions in the solution to form water which is neutral. Since both the reactants (acids and alkali) and the products formed (salt and water) are all colourless, the end-point of neutralisation is determined by three methods as follow: The use of acid-base indicators such as methyl orange, phenolphthalein and litmus. Measurement of the pH values of the solution on computer interface during titration. Measurement of the electrical conductivity of the solution during titration.

Burett e Retort stand Hydrochloric acid, HCl

Conical flask 25 cm3 sodium hydroxide, NaOH + phenolphthalein 12

Indicator Methyl orange Phenolphthalein Litmus

Colour in alkalis Yellow Pink Blue

Colour in neutral Orange Colourless Purple

Colour in acids Red Colourless Red

How do you carry out a titration process? [read from a book, must read eh.dont lazy2] Calculation involving neutralization using balanced equations.

MA VA a MA = Molarity of alkali VA = Volume of alkali

MB VB b MB = Molarity of base VB = Volume of base

a = number of mole of acid from balanced chemical equation b = number of mole of base from balanced chemical equation Question 1: A student pipettes 25.0 mol dm-3 of sodium hydroxide, NaOH solution into a conical flask and filled a burette with 0.10 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid, HCl to carry out titration. He obtained an average volume of 22.0 cm3 hydrochloric acid, HCl. What was the molarity of the sodium hydroxide, NaOH solution? Solution: Chemical equation: HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O MA = 0.10 mol dm-3 HCl VA = 22.0 cm3 HCl a = 1 [no. of mole of HCl FBCE] MB = unknown [Molarity NaOH] VB = 25.0 mol dm-3 NaOH b =1 [no. of mole of NaOH FBCE]

MA VA a 0.1 22.0 1 MB

MB VB b

= =

MB 25.0 1 0.1 22.0 1 = 0.088 mol dm-3 1 25.0

Molarity of NaOH = 0.088 mol dm-3 13

Question 2: What is the volume of 0.5 mol dm-3 sulphuric acid, H2SO4 needed to neutralize 25.0 cm3 of 0.8 mol dm-3 ammmonia, NH3 solution? Solution: Chemical equation: H2SO4 + 2NH3 (NH4)2SO4 or H2SO4 + 2NH4OH (NH4)2SO4 + 2H2O

MA VA a

MB VB b MB = 0.8 mol dm-3 NH3 VB = 25.0 mol dm-3 NH3 b = 2 ( mole of NaOH FBCE)

MA = 0.5 mol dm-3 H2SO4 VA = unknown volume of H2SO4 a = 1 (mole of H2SO4 FBCE) 0.5 VA 1 = 0.8 25.0 2

VA = 0.8 25.0 1 = 5.0 cm3 2 0.5 Volume of H2SO4 = 20.0 cm3 Question 3: A sample of copper(II) oxide, CuO was found to completely neutralize 100 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid. Calculate the mass of sample. Solution: Chemical equation: CuO + 2HCl CuCl2 + H2O Number of mole of HCl = M V = 0.5 100 = 0.05 mol of HCl 1000 1000 FBCE; 2 mol HCL = 1 mol CuO

0.05 mol HCl = 1 0.05 = 0.025 mol of CuO 2 Mass of CuO = 0.025 [64 + 16] = 0.025 80 = 2.0 g

14

Prepared by; Kamal Ariffin B Saaim SMKDBL

15