L1 vs. L2 acquisition (p.

33) Theoretical approaches to explaining second language learning

Behaviorism Innatism interactionism
l 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. l 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Learner characteristics Knowledge of another language Cognitive maturity Metalinguistic awareness Knowledge of the world Nervousness about speaking Learning conditions Freedom to be silent Ample time Corrective feedback: grammar and pronunciation Corrective feedback: word choice Modified input

Behaviorism
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Innatism
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imitation, practice, reinforcement and habit formation All learning, where verbal or non-verbal, take place through the same underlying processes. Learners receive linguistic input from the environment and they form associations between words and objects or events. Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis (CAH) Incomplete explanation for language learning

Universal Grammar Is UG available for L2 learners? How formal instruction or errors correction will affect the learner knowledge of the second s language? Researchers who study SLA from the UG perspective interested in competence of advanced learners. Their investigations often involve comparing judgments of grammaticality by native speakers and L2 learners.

Krashen monitor model s

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Information processing
Second language acquisition as the building up of knowledge systems that can eventually be called on automatically. l Limit amount of information a human can pay attention to at one time. l Experience and practice automatic l Noticing (Richard Schmidt) l restructuring
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The acquisition-learning hypothesis The monitor hypothesis The natural order hypothesis The input hypothesis The affected filter hypothesis

Connectionism
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The interactionist position

Second language acquisition takes place through conversational interaction. l Interactional modification makes input comprehensible, and thus promotes acquisition. l How input is made comprehensible?
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Attribute greater importance to environment What is innate is the ability to learn. Learners build up their knowledge of language thorough exposure After learning language features in specific contexts over and over again, learners develop stronger and stronger mental or neurological connections between these elements. Computer simulation shows generalization.

Vygotsky sociocultural theory s

All cognitive development, including language development, arises as a result of social interactions. l Zone of proximal development l Jim Lantolf and others claim that second language learners advance to higher level when they collaborate and interact with more advanced speakers of the second language.
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