UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN KIMIA CHEMISTRY ENG.

LABORATORY (CHE 315)

NAME STUDENT NO EXPERIMENT

: AHMAD SHAZWAN BIN SHARIF MOHD : 2006254352 : FLOWMETER DEMONSTRATION APPARATUS

DATE PERFORMED: 9 SEPTEMBER 2008 PROGRAMME CODE : DIPLOMA IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING / EH 110

No 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.

Title Abstract/Summary Introduction Aims/Objective Theory Procedure Apparatus Results Calculations Discussions Conclusions Recommendations References Appendices Total

Allocated Marks (%) 5 5 5 5 3 5 20 10 20 10 5 5 2 100

Marks (%)

Checked by:

Rechecked by:

CONTENTS

Title Abstract/Summary Introduction Objectives Theory Apparatus Procedures Results Calculations Discussions Conclusions Recommendations References Appendices

Page 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 11 15 16 17 18 19

ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

This experiment which is flowmeter demonstration apparatus uses the specific hydraulic model, which is the Flow Meter Test Rig (F1-21). This consists of venturi meter, variable area meter, orifice plate installed in a series of configuration to allow direct comparisons. The main objective of this experiment is to determine the operation and characteristics of three different basic types of flow meter, including accuracy and energy losses by measurement of flow rates and associated pressure losses. The three flow meters are connected in series and uses timed volume collection to produce reference measurement of flow rate. Hence, the application of the Bernoulli equation yields the result which applies for both the venturi meter and the orifice plate. For venturi meter, Cd is 0.98 and for the orifice plate, the Cd is 0.63. Next, the energy loss that occurs in pipe fitting(socalled secondary loss) is commonly expressed in terms of a head loss, and can be obtained from the monometer readings. For this experiment, head losses will be compared against the square of the flow rate used.

INTRODUCTION

Fluid mechanics is the study of gases and liquids at rest and in motion. This area of physics is divided into fluid statics, the study of the behavior of stationary fluids, and fluid dynamics, the study of the behavior of moving, or flowing, fluids. A variable area meter is a meter that measures fluid flow by allowing the cross sectional area of the device to vary in response to the flow, causing some measurable effect that indicates the rate. An orifice plate is basically a thin plate with a hole in the middle. It is usually placed in a pipe in which fluid flows. As fluid flows through the pipe, it has a certain velocity and a certain pressure. When the fluid reaches the orifice plate, with the hole in the middle, the fluid is forced to converge to go through the small hole; the point of maximum convergence actually occurs shortly downstream of the physical orifice, at the so-called vena contracta point (see drawing to the right). As it does so, the velocity and the pressure changes .An orifice gas meter consists of a straight length of pipe inside which an orifice plate has been installed. The gas static pressure and its temperature must be measured in addition to the differential pressure. Orifice meters are less accurate than other measurement methods and they do not handle a large range of flow rates. A tube with a decrease in the inside diameter that is used to increase the flow velocity of the fluid and thereby cause a pressure drop, used to measure the flow velocity (a venturimeter) or to draw another fluid into the stream.

OBJECTIVE
4

The objective in this experiment is to determine the operation and characteristics of three different basic types of flow meters, including the accuracy and energy losses.

THEORY
Application of the Bernoulli equation yields the following result which applies for both the Venturi meter and the orifice plate. 5

Volume flow rate

Qv =

Cd A2 A 1 2 A

2p

Where And

2p

= 2 gh

: h

head difference in m determined from the

manometer readings for the appropriate meter g:

d

acceleration due to gravity

(m s )
2

C : A : A :
2 1

discharge coefficient for the meter

2

area of the test pipe upstream of the meter (m )

2

throat area of the meter (m )

d

Use of a discharge coefficient, C , is necessary because of the simplifying assumptions made when applying the Bernoulli equations. Values of this coefficient are determined by experiment; the assumed values used in the software are:

Venturi meter C = 0.98 Orifice plate C = 0.63

d

The energy loss that occurs in a pipe fitting (so-called secondary loss) is commonly expressed in terms of a head loss (h, meters), and can be determined from the manometer

readings. For this experiment, head losses will be compared against the square of the flow rate used.

APPARATUS
1. The hydraulics bench which allows us to measure flow by timed volume collection. 2. The F1-21 flow meter apparatus 3. A stopwatch to allow us to determine the flow rate of water.

PROCEDURES
1. The flow meter test rig was placed on the bench and ensured that it is level (necessary for accurate readings from the manometer). 2. Then, the inlet was connected to the bench supply and the outlet pipe into the volumetric tank, and the end of the pipe was secured to prevent it moving about. The pump was started and the bench valve and rig flow control valve were opened. 8

3. In order to blade air from the pressure tapping points and manometer, both of the bench and test rig valves were closed, then the air bleed screw was opened and the cap from the adjacent air valve was removed. 4. A length of small bore tubing from the air was connected to the volumetric tank. Next, the bench was opened and flow was allowed through the manometer tubes to purge them of air. Then, air bleed screw was tightened slightly to allow air to be drawn into the top of the manometers tubes. Re-tighten the screw when the manometers levels reach a convenient height. 5. Finally, all manometer levels on scale were checked at the minimum flow rate (full-scale reading on the variable area meter). This level can be adjusted further by using the air bleed screw or the hand pump supplier. Taking a set of result 1. At a fixed flow rate, all manometers height was recorded and the variable area meter reading and timed volume collection was carried out using the volumetric tank. This is achieved by closing the ball valve and measuring (with a stopwatch) the time taken to accumulate a known volume of fluid in the tank, as measured from the sight glass. 2. The fluid was collected for at least one minute to minimize timing errors.

RESULTS

Test pipe area A1 (m2)

Orifice Area A2

Venturi Area A2

Volume Time Variable collected to area V collect meter 9

H1
(mm)

H2
(mm)

H3
(mm)

H4
(mm)

H5
(mm)

H6
(mm)

(m2) 7.92x10-4 7.92x10-4 7.92x10-4 7.92x10-4 7.92x10-4 3.14x10-4 3.14x10-4 3.14x10-4 3.14x10-4 3.14x10-4

(m2) 1.77x10-4 1.77x10-4 1.77x10-4 1.77x10-4 1.77x10-4

(m3) 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.004

t (sec) 58 42 31 27 21

reading (L/min) 5 7 9 11 13

228 244 254 262 282

215 221 218 215 210

225 235 240 245 258

220 232 236 238 245

178 180 182 185 192

179 181 185 188 195

H7
(mm)

H8
(mm)

Timed flow rate Qt 3 (m /s) 6.89 x 10-5 9.52 x 10-5 1.29 x 10-4 1.48 x 10-4 2.22 x 10-4

Variable area flow rate Qa 3 (m /s) 8.33 x 10-5 1.17 x 10-4 1.50 x 10-4 1.83 x 10-4 2.50 x 10-4

Orifice plate flow rate Qo 3 (m /s) 1.00 x 10-4 1.207x10-4 1.57 x 10-4 1.81 x 10-4 2.22 x 10-4

Venturi meter flow rate Qv 3 (m /s) 8.97 x 10-5 1.19 x 10-4 1.49 x 10-4 1.71 x 10-4 2.11 x 10-4

Variable Orifice Venture area % plate % meter % flow rate flow rate flow rate error error error (%) (%) (%) 20.89 22.89 16.28 23.65 12.61 45.14 26.78 21.71 22.29 0 30.19 25.00 15.50 15.54 0

168 165 158 152 141

175 164 158 155 148

Variable area head loss (Ha)(m) 0.042 0.052 0.054 0.053 0.053

Orifice plate Head Loss (H0)(m) 0.004 0.017 0.027 0.033 0.047

Venturi meter Head loss (HV)(m) 0.003 0.009 0.014 0.017 0.024

Timed flow rate squared (Q12) 4.747 x 10-9 9.063 x 10-9 1.664 x 10-8 2.190 x 10-8 4.928 x 10-8

10

CALCULATIONS
For variable area meter reading 5L/min, Timed flow rate, Qt (m3/s) Qt = V/t

11

= 0.004 m3 58 s = 6.89 x 10-5 m3/s

Variable area flow rate, Qa (m3/s) = 5 L/min (1m3 / 1000 L) (1 min / 60 s) = 8.33x 10-5 m3 /s Orifice plate flow rate, Qo (m3/s) Orifice Plate Flow Rate A2 = 3.1410-4m2 A1 = 7.9210-4m2

Qo = And where = h6-h7 = (0.63)(3.14x10-4) [2(9.81)(0.179-0.168)] [1-(3.14x10-4/7.92x10-4)2] =1.00210-4m3/s

Venturi meter flowrate, Qv (m3/s) Venturi Meter Flow Rate A2 = 1.7710-4m2 A1 = 7.9210-4m2

12

Qv
Where, And where,

= = h -h
1 2

-4 = (0.98)(1.77x10 ) [2(9.81)(0.228-0.215)]

[1-(1.77x10-4/7.92x10-4)2]

= 8.97 x 10-5m3/s
Variable area % flowrate error (%)

(Qa Qt) Qt

x 100%

= (8.33 x 10-5 6.89 x 10-5) 6.89 x 10-5 = 20.89 %

x 100%

Orifice plate % flowrate error (%)

(Qo Qt) Qt

x 100%

= (1.00 x 10-4 6.89 x 10-5) 6.89 x 10-5 = 45.14%

x 100%

13

Venturi meter % flowrate error (%) (Qv Qt) Qt = (8.97 x 10-5 6.89 x 10-5) 6.89 x 10-5 = 30.19% x 100% x 100%

Variable area head loss (Ha) Ha = h4 h5 = (0.220 0.178) m = 0.042 m

Orifice plate head loss (Ho)

Ho = h6 h8 = (0.179 0.175)m = 0.004 m

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Venturi meter head loss (Hv) Hv = h1 h3 = (0.228 0.225)m = 0.003 m

Timed flow rate squared (Qt2) = Qt2 = (6.89 x 10-5)2 = 4.747 x 10-9

Note : All calculations for 7,9,11 and 13 must be repeated according to the examples of calculations above.

DISCUSSIONS
The operation and characteristics of three different basic types of flow meter can be compared in this experiment. The time taken for filling up of 4L will increase with the variable area meter reading. From the results, variable area meter reading are set up 5 (L/min), 7 (L/min), 9(L/min),11 (L/min),13 (L/min) and the result shows that the orifice plate head lost are larger than the venturi meter head lost. At 5L/min, the Qa is 8.33 x 10-5 m3/s, Qo is 1.00 x 10-4m3/s, Qv is 8.97 x 10-5m3/s and Qt is 6.89 x 10-5m3/s. The percent error is calculated by (Q Qt)/Qt x 100 where Q is Qo, Qv, or Qa. 15

To conclude, there are some mistakes when reading the manometer level or there are pressure tapping in the manometer variable area, orifice plate and venturi meter, % flow rate error of each flow rates is not very consistent. The % of flow rate error depends on the flow rate in each characteristic of three different basic types of flow meter. The error occurs because there are some mistake when conducting this experiment and the results obtained are not consistent because when the value for each tubes H1, H2 and so on, the readings were not taken accurately because the water inside the tube was still moving when the reading value has been taken and suppose that the water inside should not moving, so then the value can be taken. Other than that, the equipments were not set up appropriately so the pressure tapping inside the tube was not been released early and it affected the result obtained. As given in the theory, the value for venturi coefficient is Cd = 0.98 and also for the orifice coefficient is Cd = 0.63. From the data obtained for time need to be taken for each flow rate, the time decreases when the variable area meter reading increases. This is due to the dealing with the larger amount of water and time, since a lot of water can flow to the reservoir so it can fill the reservoir for a short period of time.The orifice plate and venturi meter head loss increases when variable area meter reading increases. The times flow rate squared increases because time needed to collect 4L of water decreases.

CONCLUSION
In the experiment of the venturi meter, variable area meter and the orifice plate are installed in a series configuration to permit direct comparison. It means that it is possible to determine the three different basic types of flow meter, thus knowing the accuracy and energy losses. For 5L/min the head lost for orifice plate is 0.004m and the venturi meter head lost is 0.003m.When the variable area reading were added up, the head lost of orifice is 0.017 m and for the venture meter head lost is 0.009 m. Next at every add up of the variable area reading the head lost still increases. The orifice plate and venturi shows a big variation in flow rate errors, but the percent value between orifice and venturi is slightly same, meaning that the different is not too large. 16

. At 5L/min, the Qa is 8.33 x 10-5 m3/s, Qo is1.00 x 10-4m3/s, Qv is 8.97 x 10-5m3/s and Qt is 6.89 x 10-5m3/s. Then, calculate the same result for 7, 9, 11 and 13L/min.

RECOMMENDATION
1. Make sure the hydraulics bench is in good condition.

2. Make sure to check all manometer levels are on scale at the maximum flow rate.

3. Make sure that the ball valve is fully closed in the sink when the reading are taken

to avoid errors. 4. Read the results at the manometer carefully by using ruler to avoid parallax error. 17

5. Make sure the stopwatch is controlled perfectly and ensure that the stopwatch

starts and stops when the volume reach 0L to 4L. 6. Make sure to collect the fluid for at least one minute to minimize timing error.

REFERENCES

1.

Christine John Geankoplis, Transport Processes And Separation Process Principle (Includes Unit Operations), 4th Edition, Pearson Education International.

2.

Coulson, J.M. and Richardson J.F., Chemical Engineering, Volume 2, Third Edition (SI Units), Pergamon.

18

3.

Chemical Engineering Laboratory (CHE 315) Manual. Abd Jamil Lam, Chemical Engineering Faculty, UiTM Shah Alam, Selangor.

4.

www.wikipedia.com

APPENDICES

Test pipe area A1 (m2) 7.92x10-4 7.92x10-4 7.92x10-4 7.92x10-4

Orifice Area A2 (m2) 3.14x10-4 3.14x10-4 3.14x10-4 3.14x10-4

Venturi Area A2 (m2) 1.77x10-4 1.77x10-4 1.77x10-4 1.77x10-4

Volume Time Variable H1 H2 H3 H4 collected to area (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) V collect meter (m3) t reading (sec) (L/min) 0.004 58 5 228 215 225 220 0.004 42 7 244 221 235 232 0.004 31 9 254 218 240 236 0.004 27 11 262 215 245 238 19

H5
(mm)

H6
(mm)

178 180 182 185

179 181 185 188

7.92x10-4

3.14x10-4

1.77x10-4

0.004

21

13

282 210 258 245 192

195

H7
(mm)

H8
(mm)

Timed flow rate Qt 3 (m /s) 6.89 x 10-5 9.52 x 10-5 1.29 x 10-4 1.48 x 10-4 2.22 x 10-4

Variable area flow rate Qa 3 (m /s) 8.33 x 10-5 1.17 x 10-4 1.50 x 10-4 1.83 x 10-4 2.50 x 10-4

Orifice plate flow rate Qo 3 (m /s) 1.00 x 10-4 1.207x10-4 1.57 x 10-4 1.81 x 10-4 2.22 x 10-4

Venturi meter flow rate Qv 3 (m /s) 8.97 x 10-5 1.19 x 10-4 1.49 x 10-4 1.71 x 10-4 2.11 x 10-4

Variable Orifice Venture area % plate % meter % flow rate flow rate flow rate error error error (%) (%) (%) 20.89 22.89 16.28 23.65 12.61 45.14 26.78 21.71 22.29 0 30.19 25.00 15.50 15.54 0

168 165 158 152 141

175 164 158 155 148

Variable area head loss (Ha)(m) 0.042 0.052 0.054 0.053 0.053

Orifice plate Head Loss (H0)(m) 0.004 0.017 0.027 0.033 0.047

Venturi meter Head loss (HV)(m) 0.003 0.009 0.014 0.017 0.024

Timed flow rate squared (Q12) 4.747 x 10-9 9.063 x 10-9 1.664 x 10-8 2.190 x 10-8 4.928 x 10-8

20

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