RANCHI DISTRICT

Introduction Jharkhand state was created on 15 November, 2000. The state has an area of 79.7 lakh hectare with 16 per cent of the country's natural resources. It is blessed with rich mineral wealth having 32% of India's Coal reserves, 25% of India's Copper reserves, Uranium, Mica, Bauxite, Granite, Gold, Silver, Graphite, Magnetite, Dolomite, Fireclay, Quartz, Fieldspar, Iron, etc. Forests and woodlands occupy more than 29% of the state which is amongst the highest in India. However, the basis of the economy is agriculture and allied activities. Out of the total geographical area, only 18.08 lakh ha is the net area available for cultivation. The net irrigated area is only 1.57 lakh ha. Which is about 8 per cent of the net sown area. At present the state is producing only 22 lakh tons of food grains which is sufficient to feed only 48 per cent population of the state, whereas, with respect to milk, fish and fruits the available resources are hardly meeting 50 per cent requirement of the state. This state is primarily rainfed and crop production largely depends on monsoon. Ranchi is the state capital of Jharkhand, the state as a whole has been divided into seven agroecological regions and Ranchi District is part of the Hazaribagh and Ranchi plateau region.The district comprises three subdivisions namely Ranchi sadar, ndu and Ranchi and fourteen development blocks. The total area of Ranchi district is 7593 sq. Kms. More than 60% of the population is rural based and their livelihood depends solely on agriculture and allied activities.About 82% of the households have holdings of less than two hectares with the average holding size being 1.18 ha. Only 0.84% of the households have land holdings greater than 10 hectares.

Ranchi & Khunti District Profile

Sl N o 1 2 Ranchi Khunti District No. of Blocks Geographical Particulars 20 Area (sq. Km.) 7593 Male 1436423 Female 1347154 Total 2783577 ST 1007847 SC 116089 Growth Rate 25.72% Rural 1590580 urban 614454 Workers 851822 Non-workers 1353212 density per sq km 362 Cultivators 374269 Agricultural labour 105014 Home cottage industry 17054 Other workers 225477 Marginal workers 130008 Less than 1 ha. 135751 55.62 % Between 1 and 2 ha. 39914 16.35% Between 2 and 4 ha. 36444 14.93% Between 2 and 10 ha. 25928 10.62 % Above 10 ha. 6036 2.48 % Total 244073 100% Agriculture followed by dairy farming, goat, pig rearing, collection of forest produce Area in Ha. (2003-04) 233000 4953 6206 44771 8956 27812 Average yield Mt per Ha 2006 20.06 16.30 14.00 8.30 4.00

Population (2001 census)

Classification of workers

Size of Holdings in nos. 1985-86 Main economic activities

Classification of crops Major crops Paddy Wheat Maize Pulses Oilseeds Vegetables

Panchayats and Villages in district Ranchi -2004 SI. No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. District/Block Ranchi Town Kanke Namkum Ratu Bero Lapung Chanho Mandar Burhmu Ormanjhi Angarha Silli Bundu Sonahatu Tamar Sub-Total No. of Panchayat 27 18 20 22 09 13 16 21 13 19 19 09 17 20
243

No. of Villages 38 102 111 83 114 79 67 69 98 91 92 113 90 101 129

1377

Ranchi & Khunti District 3

Blocks in Ranchi District with Geographical Area Sl. No 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. Name Burmu Kanke Ormanjhi Angara Silli Sonahatu Namkum Ratu Mandar Chanho Bero Lapung Bundu Tamar Geographical Area as on March 2007 41770 Hcs. 34208 Hcs 22817 Hcs. 44488 Hcs. 31543 Hcs. 37658 Hcs. 41241 Hcs. 22427 Hcs. 23823 Hcs. 27283 Hcs. 38761 Hcs. 30085 Hcs. 25097 Hcs. 51352 Hcs.

Implements, Infrastructure and Institutions in the District (Block 1-7) S.N. Particulars Angara Bero 1. Tractors 72 42 2. Tubewells (non) 56 56 3 Water saving irrigation implements-drip, sprinkler 9 14 4. Other Implements 210 228 5. Diesel operated tube wells (%) 21 6. Percent of villages connected with roads 28 30 7. Flow of institutional credit to agriculture (%) 26 26 8. No. of Kisan Credit Card issued till March 2007 or similar date (T-11) 9. Existence of KGK/KVK or similar extension --school 10. Institution that runs K(G/V)K --11. Government Input Supply Centre (GISC) (y/n) (if 4 3 yes, nos.) 12. Ag. Produce Market: regulated or others 2 1 13. Farm produce storage facility (nos. and size/qty) ---

Burhmu 21 102 16 217 32 20 --2 2 --

Kanke 54 78 13 219 40 17 KVK KGVK 4 3 1

Chanho 102 98 14 317 26 26 12 ---4 1 --

Lapung 78 96 18 276 31 30 17 ---2 2 --

Mandar 76 94 9 276 30 17 --3 4 --

Source: Information with respect to above particulars may be sought for specific year, say 2006-07, differences in reference year for an item may be mentioned explicitly in the row.

Implements, Infrastructure and Institutions in the District (Block 7-14) S.N. 1. 2. 3 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. Particulars Tractors Tubewells (non) Water saving irrigation implements-drip, sprinkler Other Implements Diesel operated tube wells (%) Percent of villages connected with roads Flow of institutional credit to agriculture (%) No. of Kisan Credit Card issued till March 2007 or similar date (T-11) Existence of KGK/KVK or similar extension school Institution that runs K(G/V)K Government Input Supply Centre (GISC) (y/n) (if yes, nos.) Ag. Produce Market: regulated or others Farm produce storage facility (nos. and size/qty) Mandar 76 94 9 276 30 17 --3 4 -Namkum 77 26 7 218 27 12 --4 3 -Ormanjhi 105 78 24 301 29 17 14 ---3 1 -Ratu 76 105 31 302 30 26 13 ---4 2 -Bundu 98 111 28 318 30 30 14 ---3 2 -Tamar 28 49 12 217 23 12 --4 4 -Sonahatu 76 90 18 309 25 28 11 ---3 2 -Silli 77 52 14 296 26 14 --2 4 --

Source: Information with respect to above particulars may be sought for specific year, say 2006-07, differences in reference year for an item may be mentioned explicitly in the row.

DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE
Because of sub-division and fragmentation of holding, the per capita availability of land has declined from 0.5 ha to 0.15 ha. During the period 1950-51 to 2001-02. From this small holding it is not possible to sustain a family of five members with single crop production enterprise. Hence the small farmers have to integrate various other enterprises to generate additional employment opportunities and income from declining per capita availability of land.

Block-wise Farmer Profile (Block 1-7) S.N. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. S.N. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Particulars Total Population in 000 Female per '000 Male Literacy (%) Non-agriculture workers Agriculture labour Agriculture workers SC farmers (%) ST farmers (%) Women farmers (%) Particulars (Block 8-14) Total Population in 000 Female per '000 Male Literacy (%) Non-agriculture workers Agriculture labour Agriculture workers SC farmers (%) ST farmers (%) Women farmers (%) Angara 102990 983 52.12 10284 9745 26073 17 19 11293 Namkum 91451 951 61.98 15663 6847 17153 21 27 7210 Bero 131713 975 57.39 2157 14571 35868 27 24 15055 Ormanjhi 62514 951 57.40 9917 5026 14203 26 36 5626 Burhmu 143876 937 58.18 10742 7954 22590 14 22 9570 Silli 94347 962 63.06 7823 16475 21565 26 24 8521 Chanho 83860 962 55.21 4400 8291 24134 32 32 10250 Tamar 99132 973 50.20 4772 21113 32969 14 32 12894 Lapung 53333 1004 47.94 2907 4645 21127 31 31 10048 Sonahatu 94990 9 86 56.52 4603 18568 27625 32 38 11542 Kanke 162953 939 81.48 24838 12225 20687 22 31 8383 Bundu 61917 978 57.95 3724 9346 14822 22 34 6275 Mandar 98740 972 57.61 5451 10156 26772 18 19 11558 Ratu 97179 967 61.34 22427 11253 19177 27 38 7117

Note: SC and ST refers to schedule caste and schedule tribe respectively

Different Categories of Farm Households in Block (1-7) S.N. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Size of farm 0-1 hectare 1.1-2 hectare 2.1-5 hectare 5.1-10 hectare More than 10 hectare Tamar 8050 450 1480 180 59 Sonahatu 8550 410 2110 300 32 Bundu 8560 410 2140 240 42 Chanho 7850 420 2350 300 47 Lapung 8950 350 2250 280 32 Angara 7800 400 2120 400 41 Ormanjhi 8500 432 2830 260 48

Different Categories of Farm Households in Block (8-14) S.N. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Size of farm 0-1 hectare 1.1-2 hectare 2.1-5 hectare 5.1-10 hectare More than 10 hectare Ratu 8650 350 2120 230 46 Bero 7652 450 2140 450 45 Burhmu 5894 410 2150 250 62 Kanke 8746 350 1920 310 32 Mandar 5486 250 1680 380 24 Namkum 6595 430 2240 290 38 Silli 6550 450 1640 320 58

Land Use Statistics (Block 1-7) S.N. Particulars Geographical Area (reported) 1. Forest Area 2. 3 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12 13 Not available for cultivation Area under non-agricultural uses Barren & Uncultivable Land Other uncultivated land Permanent Pastures & other grazing Land Land under Misc. Trees not incl. in NSA Culturable Waste Land Fallow lands Fallow other than (CF) Fallow other than CF Net Area Sown Gross Cropped Area Bundu 4377.5 322.77 775 798 756 179 210 902.1 295 117 217 9466 14377 Tamar 11446.2 9 4400.02 388 299 722 114 310 3107.33 174 113 109 14632 16732 Sonahatu 2235.6 5006.92 792 695 749 156 296 3347.30 296 114 164 12321 14776 Angara 13083.15 6518.81 2362 228 288 112 210 3183.96 111 92 148 19772 20718 Bero 6510.80 5706.56 382 372 972 103 211 3500.51 122 74 210 22722 23333 Burhmu 16279.75 1111.73 410 322 422 111 222 498.19 109 98 179 17718 19638 Kanke 5134.35 5971.26 329 298 332 121 301 3069.01 116 78 174 19712 17817

10

Land Use Statistics (Block 7-14) S.N. Particulars Geographical Area (reported) Forest Area Not available for cultivation Area under non-agricultural uses Barren & Uncultivable Land Other uncultivated land Permanent Pastures & other grazing Land Land under Misc. Trees not incl. in NSA Culturable Waste Land Fallow lands Fallow other than (CF) Fallow other than CF Net Area Sown Gross Cropped Area Mandar Namku m 7692.63 6806.55 401 398 722 174 314 3115.51 108 177 109 19417 22710 Silli Chanho Lapung Ormanjhi Ratu

1. 2. 3 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12 13

1605.94 2727.50 332 310 422 191 319 970.85 172 102 108 14708 16607

8918.12 4922.85 472 310 788 122 219 1048.68 121 134 111 14678 15721

7043.18 1929.85 1428 876 438 174 280 1604.26 296 127 301 7745 11768

3674.91 4094.98 787 8778 487 159 214 2387.33 322 175 286 94044 13776

6247.37 3093.29 728 788 429 179 213 895.73 316 178 274 12776 14775

1075.91 2612.89 678 692 748 188 222 1889.89 318 179 278 117876 13778

11

Reaching the Unreached - Primitive Tribal Groups

District/PTG Gumla Ranchi & Khunti Simdega Asur 7700 0 0 Birhor 141 636 174 Birajiya 1266 0 0 Asur Korwa 1636 0 603 Birhor Hill Khariya 71 0 0 Mal Pahariya 0 9 0 Birajiya Korwa Parahiya 66 0 0 Hill Khariya 0 71 0 0 71 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Savar 0 0 0 Mal Pahariya 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 9 0 0 0 0 0 Sauriya Paharia 0 107 0 Parahiya Savar Sauriya Paharia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 107 107 0 0 0 0 0 District Total 10880 752 777 Block Total 1724 1676 2387 5093 10880 87 164 251 230 46 225 501 153 21 587 16 777 0.04 % of total population of Jharkhand

Primitive Tribal Groups District Block/Tribe No. of Villages Gumla Dumri Ghaghra Chainpur Bishunpur Total Angara Silli Total Bundu Arki Tamar Total Simdega Kolebera Kurdeg Bolba Total 35 24 21 37 117 1 1 2 2 2 5 9 2 1 8 1 12

810 1536 1695 3659 7700 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 39 102 141 87 164 251 230 46 109 385 153 21 0 0 174

0 0 0 1266 1266 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

914 69 653 0 1636 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 587 16 603

0 0 0 66 66 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Ranchi

0.001

Khunti

0.002

Simdega

0.003

12

Primitive Tribal Group District Ranchi Block/Tribe No. of Villages 1 Angara 1 Silli Total 2 Asur 0 0 0 Birhor 87 164 251 Birajiya 0 0 0 Korwa 0 0 0 Hill Khariya 0 0 0 Mal Pahariya 0 0 0 Parahiya 0 0 0 Savar 0 0 0 Sauriya Paharia 0 0 0 Block Total 87 164 251

The Average monthly Income of the Tribals in Jharkhand District Gumla Ranchi & Khunti Simdega 500 9156 440 0 600 0 87 0 700 0 0 0 800 1724 225 153 900 0 0 587 1000 0 0 37 Above 1000 0 0 0 Total 10880 752 777

13

The Primitive Tribal Groups in Gumla, Simdega, Ranchi & Khunti

The PTG are concentrated in Gumla district. Most of them belong to the very old tribe of Asuras who had mastered the art of Iron Smelting several thousand years ago. Some families still have these skills. The average montly income of 84 % of the PTG is Rs. 500/- the other 16 % earn about Rs. 800 per month. Not surprisingly this group is indebted to the tune of almost 6 lacs banks and private money lenders. This highly impoverished group, must receive special focus in the development plan. If they posses land, they should be given special training to develop skills in agriculture. Special training programs must be provided to generate income from farm based activities and from the processing of forest produce. All PTGs, depending on aptitude, should be enabled to raise incomes from livestock, specially from backyard poultry and piggery.

Government Agricultural Farms with cultivable land in Ranchi Name of Districts Ranchi 1. 2. 3. 4. SI. No. Name of Govt. Farms (Seed Production/Research ) Bero Lapung Bundu Tamar Sub-Total 10.40 1069 10.53 10.16 41.78 Total area (ha)

State Government Nurseries District Active No. of Nurseries Ranchi & Khunti Gumla & Simdega 7 5.60 5 4.00 9.60 10 8.0 Area in ha No. of Nurseries 5 4.00 12.0 Block Nurseries with area Inactive Area in ha Total

14

Active Progeny orchards SI. No. 1. 2. 3. District Ranchi Gulma Simdega Block Silli Budmu Chandali Area (in ha) 10.00 10.00 4.00 -

Active Vegetable seed multiplication farms SI. No. 1. District Ranchi Name of vegetable farm Ormanjhi Area (in ha) 10.00

15

CLIMATE AND RAINFALL

Ranchi enjoys a pleasant climate as its average elevation is about 2000 ft. above sea level. Relative humidity also remains low so it is pleasant during the summer. December is the coldest month with a minimum temperature of 10.3 degrees C. and May is the hottest month with a maximum temperature of 10.3 degrees C. The monsoon sets in about the third week of June and the months of July and August have the highest rainfall. Ranchi district receives a fair amount of rainfall in normal monsoon years, the average rainfall being 1375 mm. September gets some rain from the retreating monsoon, while the district also gets some winter rain during the months of December and January. Total rainfall of the state is more than sufficient to raise 2-3 crops satisfactorily, but its distribution is highly skewed, with more than 80% of the rain occurring during four monsoon months (June-Sept.) restricting the farmers with no other choice except to grow only one rainy season crop and during the rest of the year the land remains fallow due to lack of irrigation. Therefore, rain water harvesting and aquifer recharge have become essential for ensuring the stability of water supply. Effective management of surface water including rivers, canals, water bodies, lakes, ponds and rain water can reduce ground water dependency for irrigation. Rain fall Pattern Ranchi district SEASON Monsoon Post Monsoon Winter Pre Monsoon NORMAL 1500.6 610 110 222 2006-07 1110 422 129 310 2005-06 1118 511 210 322 2004-05 896.9 712 128 298

16

Land Use
The total Geographical area (TGA) of the Ranchi district. is 758250 ha. The area under forest cover is 20.9 % of TGA (1, 59,140 ha) which is less than State average of 29 percent. The net sown area is 33.7 % of TGA (1, 61,750 ha) which is higher to the state average of 22.7 percent. The fallow land is about 25 % (1, 90,210 ha). The culturable wasteland is 3.5 % of the TGA ie 26,320 ha. The details of the land uses are given below: S. No. 1. 2. 3. 4. Items Geographical Area Forest Area Net Sown Area Fallow Land a) Current Fallow b) Other than Current Fallow (2-5 Years) Sub Total (a+b) Culturable Wasteland Land under Miscellaneous Trees Cultivable Land (3+4+5+6) Permanent Pasture Barren & unutilized land Land put to NonAgri. Uses. Area Sown more than Once Ranchi 758.25 159.14 255.85 124.01 66.20 190.21 26.32 10.70 483.08 2.03 39.50 74.50 NA 25.0 3.5 1.5 63.7 0.2 5.2 9.8 7.2 9.9 25 3.5 Percent (Ranchi) 20.9 33.7 Unit 000 ha Percent (Jharkhand) 29.2 22.7

5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.

Agro-Climatic Regionwise Land Utilization of Jharkhand as recorded in 1999-2000 SI. No. District/Region Geog. Area Forest Area Land Put to nonagricultural use Barren and unutilized land Cultivable waste land Permanent pasture and other grazing land 18.59 10.03 6.33

I. 1. 2. 3.

Central and north eastern plateau zone Dumka 379.03 42.71 42.99 Deoghar 248.15 34.63 21.26 Godda 231.84 31.32 17.08 17

23.00 12.45 9.71

22.72 13.91 5.37

4. Pakur 181.70 20.79 5. Sahebganj 201.75 42.74 6. Jamtara 179.17 30.20 7. Hazaribagh 604.63 265.66 8. Koderma 130.20 55.23 9. Chatra 175.52 226.82 10. Giridih 493.22 158.42 11. Bokaro 288.97 72.23 12. Dhanbad 204.16 18.93 Sub-Total Zone-I 3518.34 989.68 II. Western plateau zone 13. Ranchi & 758.25 159.14 Khunti 14. Lohardaga 153.62 44.36 15. Gumla 538.92 81.14 16. Palamau 524.69 226.85 17. Garhwa 428.82 191.15 18. Simdega 371.63 55.94 19. Latehar 319.19 137.97 Sub-Total Zone-II 3095.12 896.55 III. South eastern plateau zone 20. East 556.69 122.82 Singhbhum 21. West 562.70 227.54 Singhbhum 22. Saraikela 237.23 95.96 Sub-Total Zone-III 1556.62 446.32 Total Jharkhand State 7970.08 2332.55

15.66 13.43 20.32 36.67 8.24 10.45 33.42 45.82 42.95 308.29 73.81 9.32 29.69 19.61 14.80 20.47 11.92 179.62 154.41 28.53 12.03 194.97 682.88

11.51 15.68 10.87 54.10 14.71 19.85 30.62 25.01 32.59 260.10 39.52 9.40 44.55 31.59 24.75 30.72 19.21 199.74 42.14 50.01 21.10 113.25 573.09

7.46 6.56 10.69 8.16 1.98 3.49 17.98 10.49 11.37 120.18 26.32 9.91 27.05 9.96 6.55 18.65 6.05 99.49 21.49 23.42 9.88 54.79 274.46

5.67 2.82 8.79 3.93 1.44 1.62 9.96 2.22 0.57 71.97 2.03 0.06 0.30 1.87 2.80 0.13 1.14 8.33 2.68 3.15 1.33 7.16 87.46

Land Utilization of Jharkhand as recorded in 1999-2000

SI. District/Regio No. n Land Under Mis. Trees Current Net Other fallows Area Than sown Current Fallows (up to 2 to 5 years) 66.00 122.98 255.65 63.00 43.00 168.53 115.00 Area sown Total Cropped more than once Area Cropp Ing Inten sity (%)

1. 2. 3.

Ranchi & Khunti Gumla Simdega

10.59 9.13 6.30

272.32

16.67 7.47 5.19

107 105 105

161.85 169.32 111.57 116.76

18

SOIL
Geologically the area is comprised with Archean granites, gneisses and schists. Soil is the base for terrestrial life supporting system. The land located on the upper slope is called Tanr land and the land following it is called Don land. The soils of upland and medium land are red and lateritic, highly permeable, course textured, shallow depth with low base saturation, cation exchange and water retention capacity, acidic in reaction low organic matter with low nitrogen status, deficient in phosphorus. Deficiency of potassium is on increase. The lowland soils have excessive wetness and stickiness after rice harvest due to heavy texture associated with poor drainage, which restricts tillage operation and thus fields remain fallow in winter season. In this situation, surfaceseeding technique provides an elbow space for growing wheat, eliminating tillage. Crack formation on surface layers with depletion of moisture is usual feature of lowland soil. A summary of soil survey of NBSS & LUP Kolkotta and BAU Ranchi is at Annexure I. General characteristics of upland, medium land and low land are given below: General Characteristics of Soil
Characteristics Colour Texture Drainage Soil reaction Soil fertility Upland Red or Brown red Light textured (Sandy loam) Well drained Low pH Poor in organic carbon, Ca, Mg, N, P&S Medium land Yellow or yellowish Medium textured (Sandy clay loam) Moderately drained Moderately acidic Poor in organic carbon N, Ca, Mg Low land Grey Greyish or

Heavy textured Poorly drained Neutral pH Medium in N & organic carbon

The base map of the district was prepared on 1:50,000 scale using Survey of India toposheets (73A/14,15,16, 73B/13, 73E/2,3,4,6,7,8,10,11,12,,15,16 and 72F/1,2,5,9,13) and all the maps were demarcated with grid points at 2.5 km interval. Surface soil samples from demarcated grid points and other related informations were collected through field survey. Soil samples were air dried, processed and analysed for pH, organic carbon, available phosphorous and potassium (Page et al., 1982), available nitrogen (Subbaiah and Asija, 1956), available sulphur by using 0.15 percent CaCl2 as the extractant (William and Steinbergs, 1959), available (DTPA extractable) Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu (Lindsay and Norvell, 1978) and available B (hot water soluble) by Carmine method (Hatcher and Wilcox, 1950). The soils are grouped under different soil reaction classess viz extreamely acidic (pH<4.5), very strongly acidic (pH 4.5 5.0 ), strongly acidic (pH 5.1 5.5), moderately acidic (pH 5.66.0), slightly acidic (pH 6.1-6.5), neutral (pH 6.6-7.3), slightly alkaline (pH 7.4-7.8), moderately alkaline (pH 7.9-8.4), strongly alkaline (pH 8.5-9.0) according to Soil Survey Manual (IARI, 1970).The soils are rated as low (below 0.50 %), medium (0.50-0.75 %) and 19

high (above 0.75 %) in case of organic carbon, low (<280 kg ha-1), medium (280 to 560 kg ha1 ) and high (>560 kg ha-1) in case of available nitrogen, low (< 10 kg ha-1), medium (10 to 25 kg ha-1) and high (> 25 kg ha-1) for available phosphorus, low (< 108 kg ha-1), medium (108 to 280 kg ha-1) and high (> 280 kg ha-1) for available potassium and low (<10 mg kg-1), medium (10-20 mg kg-1) and high (> 20 mg kg-1) for available sulphur (Singh et. al. 2004, Mehta et. al.1988). Critical limits of Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu and B, which separate deficient from non-deficient soils followed in India are 4.5, 2.0, 0.5, 0.2 and 0.5 mg kg-1 respectively. (Follet and Lindsay, 1970 and Berger and Truog, 1940). The maps for the above mentioned parameters have been prepared using Geographic Information System (GIS) from data generated by analysis of grid soil samples.

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

Soil Acidity and Fertility Status Soil pH is an important soil property, which affects the availability of several plant nutrients. It is a measure of acidity and alkalinity and reflects the status of base saturation. The soils of the district have been grouped under seven soil reaction classes according to Soil Survey Manual (IARI, 1970). The soil pH ranges from 4.2 to 7.6. The data reveals that majority of the area is acidic (96.4 % of TGA), in which 41.9 percent area is strongly acidic, 28.6 percent ver strongly acidic, 18 percent moderately acidic, 5.2 percent slightly acidic and 2.7 percent extremely acidic in reaction. Soils of 1.2 percent area of the district are neutral whereas 0.2 percent area is slightly alkaline in reaction. Soils under different reaction classes Soil reaction Extremely acidic (pH <4.5) Very strongly acidic (pH 4.5 to 5.0) Strongly acidic (pH 5.1 to 5.5) Moderately acidic (pH 5.6 to 6.0) Slightly acidic (pH 6.1 to 6.5) Neutral (pH 6.6 to 7.3) Slightly alkaline (pH 7.4 to 7.8) Miscellaneous Total

Area (00ha) 206 2205 3226 1388 400 90 15 168 7698

% of the TGA 2.7 28.6 41.9 18.0 5.2 1.2 0.2 2.2 100.0

33

Organic Carbon The effect of soil organic matter on soil properties is well recognized. Soil organic matter plays a vital role in supplying plant nutrients, cation exchange capacity, improving soil aggregation and hence water retention and soil biological activity. The organic carbon content in the district ranges from 0.14 to 3.76 %. They are mapped into three classes i.e., low (below 0.5 %), medium (0.5-0.75 %) and high (above 0.75 %). 43.8 percent area of the district shows high organic carbon content. Medium and low organic carbon content constitute 28.7 and 25.3 percent area respectively. Organic carbon status Organic carbon (%) Low (below 0.50 %) Medium (0.50-0.75 %) High (above 0.75 %) Miscellaneous Total Area (00ha) 1945 2211 3374 168 7698 % of the TGA 25.3 28.7 43.8 2.2 100.0

Macronutrients Nutrients like nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) are considered as primary nutrients and sulphur (S) as secondary nutrient. These nutrients help in proper growth, development and yield differentiation of plants and are generally required by plants in large quantity. Available Nitrogen Nitrogen is an integral component of many compounds including chlorophyll and enzyme essential for plant growth. It is an essential constituent for amino acids which is building blocks for plant tissue, cell nuclei and protoplasm. It encourage aboveground vegetative growth and deep green colour to leaves. Deficiency of nitrogen decreases rate and extent of protein synthesis and result into stunted growth and develop chlorosis. Available nitrogen content in the surface soils of the district ranges between 109 and 638 kg/ha. Majority soils (67.2 % of TGA) of the district have medium availability status of nitrogen (280-560 kg ha-1) and soils of 26.1 percent area have low available nitrogen content (<280 kg ha-1).

34

Available nitrogen status in the surface soils Available nitrogen (kg ha-1) Low (below 280) Medium (280-560) High (above 560) Miscellaneous Total Available Phosphorus Phosphorus is important component of adenosine di-phosphate (ADP) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which involves in energy transformation in plant. It is essential component of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), the seat of genetic inheritance in plant and animal. Phosphorous take part in important functions like photosynthesis, nitrogen fixation, crop maturation, root development, strengthening straw in cereal crops etc. The availability of phosphorous is restricted under acidic and alkaline soil reaction mainly due to P-fixation. In acidic condition it get fixed with aluminum and iron and in alkaline condition with calcium. Available phosphorus content in these soils ranges between 0.5 and 26.6 kg/ha. Data reveals that majority of the soils are medium (56.2 % of TGA) in available phosphorous content. Soils of 40.1 percent area are low and 1.5 percent area are high in available phosphorous content. Available phosphorous status in the surface soils Available phosphorous (kg ha ) Low (below 10) Medium (10-25) High (above 25) Miscellaneous Total Available Potassium Potassium is an activator of various enzymes responsible for plant processes like energy metabolism, starch synthesis, nitrate reduction and sugar degradation. It is extremely mobile in plant and help to regulate opening and closing of stomata in the leaves and uptake of water by root cells. It is important in grain formation and tuber development and encourages crop resistance for certain fungal and bacterial diseases. 35
-1

Area (00ha) 2012 5171 347 168 7698

% of the TGA 26.1 67.2 4.5 2.2 100.0

Area (00ha) 3091 4323 116 168 7698

% of the TGA 40.1 56.2 1.5 2.2 100.0

Available potassium content in these soils ranges between 49 and 941 kg/ha. The data reveals that majority of the soils (57.1 % of TGA) have medium available potassium content (108-280 kg ha-1). Soils of 27.7 percent area are high (above 280 kg ha-1) and 13.0 percent area are low (below 108) in available potassium content. Available potassium status in the surface soils Available potassium (kg ha-1) Low (below 108) Medium (108-280) High (above 280) Miscellaneous Total Available Sulphur Sulphur is essential in synthesis of sulphur containing amino acids (cystine, cysteine and methionine), chlorophyll and metabolites including co-enzyme A, biotin, thiamine, or vitamin B1 and glutathione. It activates many proteolytic enzymes, increase root growth and nodule formation and stimulate seed formation. The available sulphur content in the soils ranges from 0.64 to 72.13 mg kg-1 and. Soils of 36.7 percent of the area are low (<10 mg kg-1) whereas soils of 30.5 and 30.6 percent area are medium (10-20 mg kg-1) and high (>20 mg kg-1) in available sulphur content respectively. Available sulphur status in the surface soils Available sulphur (mg kg ) Low (<10) Medium (10-20) High (>20) Miscellaneous Total
-1

Area (00ha) 1004 4396 2130 168 7698

% of the TGA 13.0 57.1 27.7 2.2 100.0

Area (00ha) 2825 2350 2355 168 7698

% of the TGA 36.7 30.5 30.6 2.2 100.0

36

Micronutrients Proper understanding of micronutrients availability in soils and extent of their deficiencies is the pre-requisite for efficient management of micronutrient fertilizer to sustain crop productivity. Therefore, it is essential to know the micronutrients status of soil before introducing any type of land use. Available Iron Iron is constituent of cytochromes, haems and nonhaem enzymes. It is capable of acting as electron carrier in many enzyme systems that bring about oxidation-reduction reactions in plants. It promotes starch formation and seed maturation. The available iron content in the surface soils is ranges between 11.4 and 301.2 mg kg. As per the critical limit of available iron (> 4.5 mg kg-1), all the soils are sufficient in available iron. They are grouped and mapped into six classes. Majority of the soils (50.0 % of TGA) have available iron content between the range of 25 to 50 mg kg-1. Available iron status in the surface soils Available iron (mg kg ) <15 15-25 25-50 50-100 100-200 200-400 Miscellaneous Total Available Manganese Manganese is essential in photosynthesis and nitrogen transformations in plants. It activates decarboxylase, dehydrogenase, and oxidase enzymes. The available manganese content in surface soils ranges between 9.2 and 179.2 mg kg-1. As per the critical limit of available manganese (> 2 mg kg-1), all the soils are sufficient in available manganese. They are grouped and mapped into five classes. Soils of 78.3 % area of district have available Mn content between 25 and 50 mg kg-1.
-1

Area (00ha) 199 550 3846 2774 108 53 168 7698

% of the TGA 2.6 7.1 50.0 36.0 1.4 0.7 2.2 100.0

Rating

Sufficient

37

Available manganese status in the surface soils Available manganese (mg kg-1) <10 10-25 25-50 50-100 100-200 Miscellaneous Total Available Zinc Zinc plays role in protein synthesis, reproductive process of certain plants and in the formation starch and some growth hormones. It promotes seed maturation and production. The available zinc in surface soils ranges between 0.26 and 4.86 mg kg-1. They are grouped and mapped into five classes. Soils of Majority of soils (93.7 % of TGA) are sufficient (>0.5 mg kg-1) whereas soils of 4.1 percent area are deficient (<0.5 mg kg-1) in available zinc. . Area (00ha) 90 895 6025 463 57 168 7698 % of the TGA 1.2 11.6 78.3 6.0 0.7 2.2 100.0 Sufficient Rating

Available zinc status in the surface soils Available zinc (mg kg ) <0.5 0.5-1.0 1.0-2.0 2.0-3.0 3.0-5.0 Miscellaneous Total
-1

Area (00ha) 316 1740 3829 1174 471 168 7698

% of the TGA 4.1 22.6 49.7 15.3 6.1 2.2 100.0

Rating Deficient

Sufficient

38

Available Copper Copper involves in photosynthesis, respiration, protein and carbohydrate metabolism and in the use of iron. It stimulates lignifications of all the plant cell wall and is capable of acting as electron carrier in many enzyme systems that bring about oxidation-reduction reactions in plants. The available copper status in surface soils ranges between 0.14 and 5.80 mg kg-1. They are grouped and mapped into six classes. Majority of soils (92.2 % of TGA) have sufficient amount of available copper (>0.2 mg kg-1) and soils of 5.6 % area are deficient in available copper (<0.2 mg kg-1). Available copper status in the surface soils Available copper (mg kg-1) <0.2 0.2-0.5 0.5-1.0 1.0-2.0 2.0-4.0 4.0-6.0 Miscellaneous Total Area (00ha) 433 731 1645 2366 2035 320 168 7698 % of the TGA 5.6 9.5 21.4 30.7 26.4 4.2 2.2 100.0 Sufficient Rating Deficient

Available Boron Boron increases solubility and mobility of calcium in the plant and it act as regulator of K/Ca ratio in the plant. It is required for development of new meristematic tissue and also necessary for proper pollination, fruit and seed setting and translocation of sugar, starch and phosphorous etc. It has role in synthesis of amino acid and protein and regulates carbohydrate metabolism. The available boron content in the soils ranges from 0.02 to 3.52 mgkg-1 . The critical limit for deficiency of the available boron is <0.5. Soils of 42.8 percent area of district are deficient (<0.50 mgkg-1) whereas 55.0 percent area are sufficient (>0.50 mgkg-1) in available boron content. Available boron status in the surface soils Available boron (mg kg-1) <0.25 0.25-0.50 0.50-0.75 >0.75 Miscellaneous Total 39 Area (00ha 1523 1774 1807 2426 168 7698 % of the TGA 19.8 23.0 23.5 31.5 2.2 100.0 Rating Deficient Sufficient

Soils of the district and their extent

Taxonomy Area (00ha) 354 134 85 4 1800 1316 910 77 256 835 657 37 26 345 293 190 2 11 108 35 55 168 7698 % of TGA 4.60 1.74 1.10 0.05 23.38 17.10 11.82 1.00 3.33 10.85 8.53 0.48 0.34 4.48 3.81 2.47 0.03 0.14 1.40 0.46 0.71 2.18 100.00

Loamy-skeletal, mixed, hyperthermic Lithic Ustorthents Fine loamy, mixed, hyperthermic Ultic Haplustalfs Loamy, mixed, hyperthermic Lithic Ustorthents Fine, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Rhodustalfs Loamy-skeletal, mixed hyperthermic Lithic Ustorthents Fine loamy, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Haplustepts Fine, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Haplustalfs Fine-loamy, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Haplustepts Fine, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Paleustalfs Fine, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Rhodustalfs Fine loamy, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Paleustalfs Fine-loamy, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Rhodustalfs Fine, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Paleustalfs Fine loamy, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Rhodustalfs Loamy, mixed, hyperthermic Lithic Haplustalfs Fine, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Paleustalfs Fine loamy, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Paleustalfs Fine loamy, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Haplustepts Fine, mixed, hyperthermic Rhodic Paleustalfs Fine-loamy, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Haplustepts Fine loamy, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Haplustepts Fine loamy, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Haplustalfs Coarse loamy, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Ustorthents Fine loamy, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Paleustalfs Fine, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Rhodustalfs Fine loamy, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Ustorthents Fine, mixed, hyperthermic Aeric Endoaquepts Fine, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Haplustepts Loamy-skeletal, mixed, hyperthermic Lithic Ustorthents Fine, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Rhodustalfs Loamy, mixed, hyperthermic Lithic Ustorthents Fine loamy, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Haplustepts Loamy, mixed, hyperthermic Lithic Ustorthents Fine, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Haplustalfs Loamy, mixed, hyperthermic Lithic Ustorthents Fine, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Paleustalfs Coarse loamy, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Ustorthents Fine, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Haplustalfs Fine, mixed, hyperthermic Aeric Endoaquepts Fine, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Haplustepts Fine, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Paleustalfs Fine loamy, mixed, hyperthermic Ultic Haplustalfs Miscellaneous Total

40

Water Resources
The state has total water resources of 28,781 million cubic metres (MCM) including 23,789 MCM (82.66%) of surface and the rest 4,992 MCM (17.34%) ground water. The total utilization of surface and ground water achieved in the state so far is 4776 MCM and 1328 MCM respectively. The unutilized water resources work out to be 19103 MCM surface water (80%) and 3664 MCM ground water (73%). This is not a happy situation so far as the useful utilization of precious water resources is concerned and speaks of scarcity amidst plenty. Total rainfall of the state (1200 mm) is more than sufficient to raise 2-3 crops satisfactorily, but its distribution is highly skewed, with more than 80% of the rain occurring during four monsoon month (June-Sept.) restricting the farmers to only one kharif crop. The rest of the year their land remains fallow in absence of the irrigation water. For efficient utilization of water resources under rolling topography and lateritic soils, appropriate interventions should be made. These include (i) Watershed managements (ii) Rain water harvesting recharge the aquifer, and to store in farm pounds and wells. (iii) Efficient use of the harvested water. Rainfall occurs from both monsoons i.e. Southwest monsoon and Northeast monsoon. In normal year, pre-monsoon rains are received in the month of May, which helps for summer ploughing. Monsoon usually breaks in mid June (5 days). Late arrival as well as early cessation is not uncommon. In fact, distribution of rainfall is also uneven and erratic. Some times rain occurs as high as 140 mm in 24 hours. Dry spells of 2-3 weeks or even more usually occur in July-August. Failure of Hathia rain (late September to early October) is observed once in four years, which not only adversely influence the grain growth of standing crops but also affects establishment of second crop in winter season. Occasional winter rains during December to January is very helpful to winter crops. The 10 years average monthly rainfall for Ranchi is given below: Average Monthly Rainfall (mm) Ranchi District
Jan 17 Feb 27.8 Mar 26.4 Apr 24.5 May 51.1 Jun Jul Aug 316.6 Sep 257.5 Oct 80.3 Nov 13.4 Dec 8.6 Total 1388.6

213.5 351.9

Surface Water The district authorities of Ranchi have not been able to provide the assessment of availability of surface water, its present utilization for irrigation and other uses and future planning. However, such details are available for the ground water through Central Ground Water Board (CGWB). Therefore estimated details of Surface water and groundwater (CGWB) for Ranchi are given below:

41

Total Water Resource ( Surface & Ground Water) S.no 1

2 4

Item Rainfall ( mm), 10 years average

Runoff contributing Rainfall, 75 % dependable and 40 % as runoff (mm) a) Water Resource ( Surface) MCM * b) Ground Water MCM (CGWB)

Ranchi 1380
415 3061 517 3578

Total ( Surface & Ground ) water availability

Ground Water Availability (Source : CGWB)

Unit: Ham
S.no 1 2 3 4 Items Net annual Ground Water availability Annual Ground water Draft Ground water available for future Irrigation Stage of Ground water Development % Ranchi 51698 12564 37089 24

Only 24 % of ground water resource is utilized whereas there is huge untapped ground water potential. Similarly, the surface water is plenty. It needs proper planning for the creation and efficient utilization for increasing the irrigated area and agriculture production, specially the second crop (Rabi). Also there is huge scope of conservation of rainwater through water harvesting and various watershed programmes for the sustainable rainfed farming. By efficient use of water resources including use of micro irrigation system, the second crop (Rabi), need to be planned with proper doses of inputs for sustainable agriculture production.

42

Sl. No.

GROUND WATER RESOURCES Assessment Command/ Net Annual Existing Gross Ground nonUnit/ Ground Command/ Water District Availability Water Total Draft for irrigation

Existing Gross Ground Water Draft for domestic and industrial water supply

Existing Gross Ground Water Draft for All uses (11+12)

Allocation for domestic, and industrial requirement supply upto next 25 years

Net Ground Water Availability for future irrigation development (10-11-14)

Stage of Ground Water Development

{(13/10) * 100} (%)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

RANCHI Angara Bero Bundu Burmu Chanho Kanke Lapung Mandar Namkum Ormanjhi Ratu Silli Sonahatu Tamar Total

33900 34050 19000 37390 20400 41425 20000 20300 33400 18400 20100 21100 26000 34225 379690

2963 2909 1712 2965 1878 3705 1695 2137 2855 1619 2418 1946 2632 2804 34238

586 489 162 383 528 464 565 987 230 386 1187 242 217 133 6559

162 207 99 192 132 1400 84 156 171 120 202 163 150 180 3418

748 695 261 575 659 1864 649 1143 402 506 1389 404 367 312 9974

243 311 148 289 198 2102 126 234 257 180 304 244 225 270 5131

2134 2110 1402 2294 1152 1139 1004 917 2368 1053 928 1461 2189 2402 22553

25 24 15 19 35 50 38 53 14 31 57 21 14 11 29

43

Status of Groundwater SI. No 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. District Ranchi -Khunti Location Angara Barwadag Berro Bundu Bunti Burmoo Chutupalu Hatial Kalimati Karapurti Karral Khunti Lodma Mandar Moranghada Murhu Ormanji Ranchil Ratuchati Seringathu Silli Tamar 2006,May (mbgl) 7.90 5.85 11.00 2.11 4.67 6.40 6.55 10.25 13.30 6.00 6.77 4.15 4.30 6.70 6.25 9.40 2006/Aug (mbgl) 2.47 2.80 6.15 1.25 1.80 6.15 0.90 1.05 1.35 0.50 3.10 1.10 0.50 1.05 0.80 0.80 1.80 2.90 0.50 2006/Nov (mbgl) 3.75 3.06 7.05 3.46 2.6 4.82 2.2 2.1 4.68 4.6 5.6 5.21 2.26 1.63 2.41 1.94 2.5 2.31 8.1 3.54 4.25 2.13 2007/Jan (mbgl) 5.9 5 7.7 4.7 2.75 _ 2.8 6.4 4.1 4.6 7.45 5 4 2.41 3.5 3.6 8.1 3.15 6.3 6.35 2007,May (mbgl) 7.95 5.70 10.65 10.45 9 8.73 7.65 dry 5.46 9.95 dry 6.78 5.66 3.69 5.12 2.40 6.12 6.82 11.04 2007/Nov (mbgl) 3.63 2.29 4.45 2.05 1.66 2.48 3.25 3.24 5.10 3.54 3.40 2.17 2.27 2.46 2.10 0.53 4.19 4.90

44

Ground Water Quality (May, 2006) SI.Nc District Locatio Well No. E.C. pH C03 HC03 CI S04 N03 F micro n Siemens/ cm at 25 C mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l Ormanjhi BRC1A 472 6.5 ND 118 67 20.00 45.0 1.5 Kunti Ranchi Mandar Bero Silli Karra Tamar Kurapurti Kalimati Chutupalu BRC2 BRC3A BRC6 BRC7 BRC9 BRC10A BRC11 BRC14 BRC15 BRC22 734 325 340 191 620 585 235 810 170 325 8.3 8.1 7.4 8.2 6.9 6.8 8.2 8.3 7.8 8.1 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 191 79 46 106 343 132 132 277 20 165 127 40 63 7.1 27 86 8 68 24 17 31.00 25.00 3.90 ND 13.00 20.00 2.20 48.00 25.00 4.80 17.0 20.0 50.0 5.9 0.1 58.0 4.1 65.0 11.0 ND 1.1 0.3 0.3 0.6 2.2 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.5 2.6 P04 Ca Mg TH as Na CaC03 mg/l 226 267 108 103 82 236 134 113 380 41 103 K Si02

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.

RanchiKhunti

ND 0.17 0.11 ND 0.01 ND ND 0.11 0.30 0.17 ND

mg/l mg/l 60 19 62 33 23 23 74 31 27 103 10 27 27 6 11 6 13 14 11 30 4 9

mg/l mg/l 14 2.9 56 25 29 7 48 66 8 25 19 33 2.8 1.5 11.0 1.9 4.1 18.0 0.9 3.1 1.4 2.4

mg/l 48 48 13 16 43 15 19 43 34 34 48

45

Created Irrigation Capacity

SI. No. Districts Nos.of Projects Created Irrigation Capacity (ht.) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Ranchi-Khunti Dumka Deoghar Godda Jamtara Pakur Hazaribag Bokaro Giridih Dhanbad Kodarma Chatra West Singhbhum East Singhbhum Saraykela Singhbhum Gumla Lohardaga Simdega Medninagar Garhwa Latehar Sahebganj Total 9 4 6 10 14 7 8 180 90 40 60 100 140 70 80 1800 13 8 8 5 4 5 13 6 9 9 4 10 13 9 6 130 80 80 50 40 50 130 60 90 90 40 100 130 90 60 Projects implement by committee of beneficiaries Remarks

46

List of Microlift Irrigation Project by JHAKCO

Sl No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. District Name of Block Bero Burmu Ormanjhi Namkum Bundu Bundu Namkum Mandar Ratu Angara Created Irrigation Capacity (in hct.) Gargaon 10 I the Microlift 10 Pundag Microlift 10 Sigrol Microlift 10 Aaradih 10 Baredih 10 Plandu Microlift 10 Sosai Microlift 10 Pundag 10 Bhukbhukya Microlift 10 Sub-Total 100 Name of Project Remarks

Ranchi ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,,

Project implement by committee of beneficiaries

47

Management of Water Resources

The state of Jharkhand is characterized by denudational land forms with plateau of different heights, upland and undulating valleys and plains. The wastelands in the state occur in the form of gullied and ravinous land, rocky areas with or without vegetation and degraded lands in mining areas. Wastelands in these areas are the result of intense rainfall which causes sheetwash and mass washing. Degradation of land in mining areas is the result of overburden deposit, digging of pits, land subsistence and water logging and mine fires. Total rainfall of the state is more than sufficient to raise 2-3 crops satisfactorily, but its distribution is highly skewed, with more than 80% of the rain occurring during four monsoon months (June-Sept.) restricting the farmers with no other choice except to grow only one rainy season crop and during the rest of the year the land remains fallow in absence of irrigation water. Therefore, rain water harvesting and aquifer recharge have become essential for ensuring the stability of water supply. Besides effective management of surface water including rivers, canals, water bodies, lakes, ponds and rain water can reduce ground water dependency for irrigation. Soil and water are the two basic natural resources which must be conserved and utilized efficiently on a long term basis. Rain water can be collected by construction of a farm reservoir of size 40 m length x 20 m wide x 4 m deep for each hectare of land. This harvested rain water through OFR can be utilized to provide 2-4 irrigation each of 5cm depth for growing crops during succeeding rabi season considering 50% losses of water from the pond through evaporation, seepage, percolation etc. Therefore, it is essential to construct OFR for higher cropping intensity by utilizing harvested water to increase income and production per drop of water. In addition, existing ponds, wells and other water bodies need renovation for efficient rain water harvesting and its utilization. For insitu rain water harvesting, trenches around the field needs to be dug out and it will be recycled during lean period of monsoon as well as for growing the succeeding rabi crop.

48

District wise reservoirs and check dam resources Jharkhand Sl. no 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. District Reservoir No. Ranchi-Khunti 15 Lohardaga Gumla W. Singhbhum E. Singhbhum Palamu Garwa Hazaribagh Chatra Koderma Dhanbad Bokaro Giridih Deoghar Dumka Godda Sahebganj Pakur Latehar Saraikela Jamtara Simdega Total 6 12 9 7 9 3 9 6 5 4 4 3 0 2 0 0 0 5 2 0 3 104 Area (ha) 4512 2452 2500 3254 2450 3514 1200 12465 2554 10210 11250 9650 650 0 4500 0 0 0 2845 18575 0 2250 94831 Check dams No. 115 50 120 95 55 90 45 92 45 30 28 24 26 12 103 30 25 22 68 58 16 35 1184 Area (ha) 485 125 540 315 160 285 130 360 135 140 180 135 155 85 422 135 98 102 265 106 52 160 4570

49

District-wise ponds/tanks resources Sl District No Total Pond/Tank Resources Govt. ponds (ha) No 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Lohardaga Giridih 155 645 Total area 119 445 802 1250 200 948 378 1345 430 395 297 65 846 512 1621 1515 916 546 706 95 410 615 Avg. size 0.77 0.69 1.21 0.98 1.05 0.70 0.46 1.15 0.61 0.91 0.73 0.76 1.05 0.72 0.95 1.58 1.22 0.91 1.77 0.61 1.37 1.21 No 950 895 2345 2546 585 1433 1285 846 2280 655 2416 585 2450 980 745 3515 1624 1645 2065 2400 850 845 Private ponds (ha) Total area 312 413 1455 1685 260 865 802 312 1525 326 1685 365 1165 345 402 2230 1175 965 1260 1191 465 445 Avg. size 0.33 0.46 0.62 0.66 0.44 0.60 0.62 0.37 0.67 0.50 0.70 0.62 0.48 0.35 0.54 0.63 0.72 0.59 0.61 0.50 0.55 0.53 0.58 No 1105 1540 3008 3820 775 2783 2100 2016 2985 1090 2822 670 3252 1696 2455 4474 2374 2245 2465 2555 1150 1355 48735 Total (ha) Total area 431 860 2257 2935 460 1813 1180 1657 1955 721 1982 430 2011 857 2455 3745 2091 1511 1966 1286 875 1060 Avg. size 0.39 0.56 0.75 0.77 0.59 0.65 0.56 0.82 0.65 0.66 0.70 0.64 0.62 0.51 1.00 0.84 0.88 0.67 0.80 0.50 0.76 0.78

Ranchi-Khunti 663 Hajaribagh 1274 Kodrama Devghar Godda Dhanbad Dhumka 190 1350 815 1170 705 435 406 85 802 716 1710 959 750 600 400 155 300 510 14795

10. Jamthada 11. Gumla 12. Simdega 13. Sahebganj 14. Pakur 15. Bokaro 16. Jamshedpur 17. Chaibasa 18. Saraikela 19. Palamau 20. Lathehar 21. Garhwa 22. Chatra Total

14456 0.98

33940 19650

34106 0.70

50

District wise Physical projections under minor irrigation for 2007-08 No.of units Sl. no 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. District Dug wells 1400 535 246 715 270 436 949 350 357 2112 100 480 1200 90 260 1375 3000 665 523 220 Lift Pump irrigati sets on 40 14 171 195 100 45 457 96 110 30 15 1320 500 12 3105 3450 832 1232 600 850 625 550 1035 550 981 3042 600 960 725 940 425 2200 4500 915 694 880 480 27066 Drip & Shallow tube Water harvesting sprinkler wells Tanks/farm ponds 30 28 74 57 194 56 505 100 80 150 15 495 190 20 214 2208 23 245 315 120 170 10 126 1009 100 174 25 220 180 150 136 220 1205

Bokaro Chatrar Deoghar Dhanbad Dumka E. Singhbhum Garwa Giridih Godda Gumla Hazaribagh

12. Jamtara 13. Koderma

14. Latehar 15. Lohardaga 16. Pakur 17. Palamu 18. RanchiKhunti

19. Sahahebganj 20. Saraikela 21. Simdega

22. W. Singhbhum 477 Total 15760

(Source : State Focus paper- Jharkhand 2007-08 NABARD) 51

Net Sown Area Irrigated with the Sources of Irrigation Ranchi District S.N. 1. 2. 3. 4. Sources Tube-well Canals Tanks Other sources Sonahatu 1294.43. 2978.30 159.76 62.36. Bundu 582.65 839.75 210.22 274.35 Tamar 264. 3102.69 159.82 289.35 Angara 282.50 535.87. 125.95 26.30 57.22 38.24 0.44 Bero 1948.37 Burmu 88.27 398.24 hectares Kanke 1676.33 1.00 85.36 74.09

Net Sown Area Irrigated with the Sources of Irrigation Ranchi District S.N. 1. 2. 3. 4. Sources Tube-well Canals Tanks Other sources Mandar 1757.63 69.09 239.14 393.03 Namkum 211.03 257.24 341.06. 862.87 Silli 255.39 207.41 25.77 72.70 Chanho 1235.15 131.89 84.54 334.54 Lapung 1266.91. 98.96 351.30 619.38 Ormanjhi 1927.91 342.95 157.89. 284.94 Ratu 3237.90 1032.61 371.26 376.4 Hc.

52

Irrigation (Source & Coverage) Districts Percentage of Farmers having access to irrigation Percentage of Farmers land having access to irrigation 8.96 22.17 16.56 15.33 7.88 9.33 20.68 8.50 14.28 5.21 13.09 3.62 36.69 4.86 12.73 1.46 22.15 12.35 10.01 8.47 2.18 3.97 11.84 Average irrigation coverage for farmers having access, acre/family 0.45 0.95 0.79 1.20 0.64 1.65 0.64 0.72 1.06 0.40 0.71 1.57 0.89 0.46 0.56 0.98 1.48 1.01 1.02 1.67 0.50 1.10 0.93

Bokaro Chatra Deoghar Dhanbad Dumka ES Garhwa Giridih Godda Gumla Hazaribagh Jamtara Kodarma Latehar Lohardaga Pakur Palamau Ranchi-Khunti Sahibganj Saraikela Simdega WS State

44.57 67.36 46.56 46.22 25.43 17.39 67.67 24.50 30.95 48.21 69.47 8.09 98.63 32.63 60.80 4.46 39.83 31.56 38.21 16.27 24.11 18.37 39.15

53

Source of Irrigation Districts Bokaro Chatra Deoghar Dhanbad Dumka ES Garhwa Giridih Godda Gumla Hazaribagh Jamtara Kodarma Latehar Lohardaga Pakur Palamau Ranchi-Khunti Sahibganj Saraikela Simdega WS State Well 64.10 62.89 61.36 14.66 68.18 5.56 65.56 41.89 46.15 86.11 62.27 18.18 48.61 87.10 53.74 14.29 69.79 69.16 9.09 14.81 73.53 23.08 48.19 Lift irrigation 7.69 22.68 20.45 38.79 13.64 33.33 26.67 25.68 38.46 7.41 9.16 27.27 18.06 3.23 27.57 28.57 22.92 19.63 30.30 22.22 26.47 46.15 23.47 Pond 24.36 5.15 15.91 38.79 18.18 52.78 4.44 22.97 10.77 4.63 26.01 54.55 19.44 3.23 18.69 57.14 4.17 3.74 60.61 51.85 NA 30.77 25.15 Others 3.85 9.28 2.27 7.76 0.00 8.33 3.33 9.46 4.62 1.85 2.56 0.00 13.89 6.45 0.00 0.00 3.13 7.48 0.00 11.11 0.00 0.00 4.34

---------Percentage of farmers----

54

SOIL AND WATER ANALYSIS RANCHI Shamsher Singh Introduction Ranchi district is located in the centre of the state. It is bounded by the districts of Hazaribag and Chatra in the North, West Singhbhum in the South, Latehar, Lohardaga and Gumla in the West and Bokaro and Saraikela in the East. It has an area of 7698 sq. km and population of 27,83,577 persons (Census of India, 2001). The district comprises three subdivisions namely Ranchi Sadar, Bundu and Khunti and twenty development blocks. It has even flat surface with isolated hillocks known as Tongri. Hills lying on west have elevation above 800 metres and those lying in east have elevation less than 75 metres. The average elevation of the district is 650 metres but western portion is relatively higher than eastern part. Important rivers in the district are Subarnarekha, South Koel and Shankh. Soil Geologically the area is comprised with Archean granites, gneisses and schists. Soil is the base for terrestrial life supporting system. The land located on the upper slope is called Tanr land and the land following it is called Don land. The soils of upland and medium land are red and lateritic, highly permeable, course textured, shallow depth with low base saturation, cation exchange and water retention capacity, acidic in reaction low organic matter with low nitrogen status, deficient in phosphorus. Deficiency of potassium is on increase. The lowland soils have excessive wetness and stickiness after rice harvest due to heavy texture associated with poor drainage, which restricts tillage operation and thus fields remain fallow in winter season. In this situation, surface-seeding technique provides an elbow space for growing wheat, eliminating tillage. Crack formation on surface layers with depletion of moisture is usual feature of lowland soil. A summary of soil survey of NBSS & LUP Kolkotta and BAU Ranchi is at Annexure I. General Characteristics of Soil Characteristics Colour Texture Drainage Soil reaction Soil fertility Upland Red or Brown red Light textured (Sandy loam) Well drained Low pH Poor in organic carbon, Ca, Mg, N, P&S Medium land Yellow or yellowish Medium textured (Sandy clay loam) Moderately drained Moderately acidic Poor in organic carbon N, Ca, Mg Low land Grey or Greyish Heavy textured Poorly drained Neutral pH Medium in N & organic carbon

55

Soil Acidity The soil pH ranges from 4.2 to 7.6. The data reveals that majority of the area is acidic (96.4 % of TGA), in which 41.9 percent area is strongly acidic, 28.6 percent ver strongly acidic, 18 percent moderately acidic, 5.2 percent slightly acidic and 2.7 percent extremely acidic in reaction. Soils of 1.2 percent area of the district are neutral whereas 0.2 percent area is slightly alkaline in reaction. Soils under different reaction classes Soil reaction Extremely acidic (pH <4.5) Very strongly acidic (pH 4.5 to 5.0) Strongly acidic (pH 5.1 to 5.5) Moderately acidic (pH 5.6 to 6.0) Slightly acidic (pH 6.1 to 6.5) Neutral (pH 6.6 to 7.3) Slightly alkaline (pH 7.4 to 7.8) Miscellaneous Total Organic Carbon Soil organic matter plays a vital role in supplying plant nutrients, cation exchange capacity, improving soil aggregation and hence water retention and soil biological activity. The organic carbon content in the district ranges from 0.14 to 3.76 %. They are mapped into three classes i.e., low (below 0.5 %), medium (0.5-0.75 %) and high (above 0.75 %). 43.8 percent area of the district shows high organic carbon content. Medium and low organic carbon content constitutes 28.7 and 25.3 percent area respectively. Macronutrients Nutrients like nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) are considered as primary nutrients and sulphur (S) as secondary nutrient. These nutrients help in proper growth, development and yield differentiation of plants and are generally required by plants in large quantity. Available nitrogen content in the surface soils of the district ranges between 109 and 638 kg/ha. Majority soils (67.2 % of TGA) of the district have medium availability status of nitrogen (280-560 kg ha-1) and soils of 26.1 percent area have low available nitrogen content (<280 kg ha-1). The available phosphorus content ranges between 0.5 and 26.6 kg/ha and majority of the soils are medium (56.2 % of TGA) in available phosphorous content. Soils of 40.1 percent area are low and 1.5 percent area are high in available phosphorous content. The potassium content ranges between 49 and 941 kg/ha and majority of the soils (57.1 % of TGA) have medium available potassium content (108-280 kg ha-1). Soils of 27.7 percent area are high (above 280 kg ha-1) and 13.0 percent area are low (below 108) in available potassium content. The available sulphur content in the soils ranges from 0.64 to 72.13 mg kg-1. Soils of 36.7 percent of the area are low (<10 mg kg-1) whereas soils of 30.5 and 30.6 56 Area (00ha) 206 2205 3226 1388 400 90 15 168 7698 % of the TGA 2.7 28.6 41.9 18.0 5.2 1.2 0.2 2.2 100.0

percent area are medium (10-20 mg kg-1) and high (>20 mg kg-1) in available sulphur content respectively. Micronutrients: The soils are sufficient in available iron and manganese whereas soils of 4.1 and 5.6 percent area are deficient in available zinc and copper respectively. Available boron content in the soils ranges between 0.02 and 3.52 mg kg-1 and 42.8 percent area of district is deficient (<0.50 mg kg-1). Land Use The total Geographical area (TGA) of the Ranchi distt. is 758250 ha. The area under forest cover is 20.9 % of TGA (1, 59,140 ha) which is less than State average of 29 percent. The net sown area is 33.7 % of TGA (1, 61,750 ha) which is higher to the state average of 22.7 percent. The fallow land is about 25 % (1, 90,210 ha). The culturable wasteland is 3.5 % of the TGA ie 26,320 ha. The details of the land uses are given below: Unit 000 ha S. No. 1. 2. 3. 4. Items Geographical Area Forest Area Net Sown Area Fallow Land a) Current Fallow b) Other than Current Fallow (2-5 Years) Sub Total (a+b) Culturable Wasteland Land under Miscellaneous Trees Cultivable Land (3+4+5+6) Permanent Pasture Barren & unutilized land Land put to NonAgri. Uses. Area Sown more than Once Ranchi 758.25 159.14 255.85 124.01 66.20 190.21 26.32 10.70 483.08 2.03 39.50 74.50 NA 25.0 3.5 1.5 63.7 0.2 5.2 9.8 7.2 9.9 25 3.5 Percent (Ranchi) 20.9 33.7 Percent (Jharkhand) 29.2 22.7

5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.

Water Resources Water is one of the most important natural resources vital for economic development of the District. The source of water is precipitation. The rainfall occurs from both monsoons i.e. Southwest monsoon and Northeast monsoon. In normal year, premonsoon rains are received in the month of May, which helps for summer ploughing. 57

Monsoon usually breaks in mid June (5 days). Late arrival as well as early cessation is not uncommon. In fact, distribution of rainfall is also uneven and erratic. Some times rain occurs as high as 140 mm in 24 hours. Dry spells of 2-3 weeks or even more usually occur in July-August. Failure of Hathia rain (late September to early October) is observed once in four years, which not only adversely influence the grain growth of standing crops but also affects establishment of second crop in winter season. Occasional winter rains during December to January is very helpful to winter crops. The 10 years average monthly rainfall for the Ranchi adapted from the report of the Dr. K. V. Raman on Commission on Agricultural Reforms,Research and Development for Jharkhand is given below: Average Monthly Rainfall (mm) - Ranchi Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul 17 27.8 26.4 24.5 51.1 213.5 351.9 Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 8.6 Total 1388.6

316.6 257.5

80.3 13.4

Surface Water The district authorities of Ranchi have not been able to provide the assessment of availability of surface water, its present utilization for irrigation and other uses and future planning. However, such details are available for the ground water through Central Ground Water Board (CGWB). Therefore estimated details of Surface water and groundwater (CGWB) for Ranchi are given below:

Total Water Resource ( Surface & Ground Water) s.no 1 2 4 Item Rainfall ( mm), 10 years average Runoff contributing Rainfall, 75 % dependable and 40 % as runoff (mm) c) Water Resource ( Surface) MCM * d) Ground Water MCM (CGWB) 5 Total ( Surface & Ground ) water availability Ranchi 1380 415 3061 517 3578

Ground Water Availability (Source : CGWB) S.no 1 2 3 4 Items Net annual Ground Water availability Annual Ground water Draft Ground water available for future Irrigation Stage of Ground water Development % Unit: Ham Ranchi 51698 12564 37089 24

58

Only 24 % of ground water resource is utilized whereas there is huge untapped ground water potential. Similarly, the surface water is plenty. It needs proper planning for the creation and efficient utilization for increasing the irrigated area and agriculture production, specially the second crop (Rabi). Also there is huge scope of conservation of rainwater through water harvesting and various watershed programmes for the sustainable rainfed farming. By efficient use of water resources including use of micro irrigation system, the second crop (Rabi), need to be planned with proper doses of inputs for sustainable agriculture production.

Main Recommendations Based on field visit, information available from various sources, meetings, discussions and documented data, following recommendations are emerged in respect of soil, landuse and water: 1. Soil i. The 73 % of area suffering from acidity (5,63,700 ha) falling under extremely acidic, very strongly acidic and strongly acidic soils, need amelioration for increasing the productivity of the soils. The guidelines for the amelioration of Acid soils along with the availability of lime/dolomite in Jharkhand and other states are at at annexure II. Based on the intensity of acidity and crops to be grown lime/dolomite should be applied. In the past, a sporadic effort has been made for reclamations of acid soils using Dolomite. There was no effort to test the dolomite for ascertaining the quantity of lime in it. There is an urgent need to have test facility for dolomites atleast for each batch purchased/ procured. The marginal/ low acid soils may be managed by suitable agronomic package of practices. ii. The 53 % areas falling under low and medium content of organic matter (4,15,600 ha) will need corrective measures by application of organic manures (FYM), green manuring etc ( Some suggestions are at annexure III). iii. According to survey reports, Ranchi soils are dificient (low and medium) for Nitrogen (93.3%), Phosphorus (96.3%) and Potash (70%). The farmers need be advised for the application of proper doses and a proper mix of fertilizers. The Soil Health Cards should be issued to all farmers recommending the proper doses of fertilisers based on test. Also supply of fertilizer is very erratic and not available. The District should be provided Modern Soil Testing Laboratory. Arrangements should be made to collect soil samples and timely the test results. If Govt. infrastructure is inadequate, the services of private sector may be utilized. iv. Soils are deficient in sulpher (low & medium 5,17,500 ha) and requires corrective measures. v. The zinc deficiency is in 31,600 ha, Copper deficiency in 43,300 ha and Boron deficiency in 3,29,700 ha which requires immediate treatment. 2. Land i. About 25% of the area (1,90,210 ha) is under fallow land (current and other than current). This area need to be developed and brought under plough annually. The fallow lands could also be used for horticulture plantation, pasture development and agro-forestry for increasing the productivity of these lands in case cropping is not feasible due to some limitations.

59

ii. iii.

No information is available regarding area under second crop. There is strong possibility to increase the area under second crop after creating water resource (surface and ground water). About 26320 ha area is under culturable wasteland which could be developed/ reclaimed and put to productive uses such as pasture development, agro -forestry and part of the private wastelands could also be brought under cropping system.

3. Water i. There is about 3060 MCM of surface water resource out of which very meager water resource has been created and utilized so far. There has been no planned programme for harnessing water resources by major, medium and minor irrigation projects for the district. Three rivers namely South Koel, North Koel and Sankh are perennial rivers. There is scope for creating water potential by planning Minor and Medium irrigation projects after locating suitable sites in the river systems, for increasing area under second crop. Also there is annual groundwater availability of 517 MCM. Only 24 % of ground water is being utilized through wells, shallow tube wells ets. A systematic planning is required for harnessing the resource for crop production. At no stage water qualities (Surface and Ground) have been tested. Apparently there seems no problem, but as majority of the soil is acidic through which runoff water passes, it should be tested and corrective measures may be taken up for the irrigation if needed. About 1, 90,200 ha. is net sown area. There is huge possibility of increasing area in the second crop by creating water resource. The remaining area which can not be brought under irrigation may be managed under rainfed farming system approach through the watershed approach and by conserving rainwater through conservation measures. The systematic approach for delineation, codification and priortisation of watersheds of the District may be done if not done so far. In rainfed areas the watershed development programmes may be taken up on priority basis by pooling the resources of various watershed programmes funded by different Ministries of Central Govt., State Sector Programmes and Institutional Financing (NABARD) etc at district level. National Rainfed Area Authority (NRAA) has already circulated the Common Guidelines for Watershed Management and laid the stress for converging all watershed programmes along with funds at State & Distrct levels for the integrated and holistic development of rainfed areas. During 11th plan a modest target of 50,000 ha could be aimed and remaining area could be phased in the next Plans. The unit cost of development under most of the progammes is Rs 15,000 per ha. The efficient use of scarce irrigation water is essentially needed. The micro irrigation systems i.e. sprinkler and drip systems of irrigation need to be introducing in large scale. The solution of water scarcity should not be found only on augmenting supply but demand management should also be given equal priority. Some innovative methods by local farmers have been tried to irrigate their field by diversion of streams/ tributaries to irrigate crops at lower reaches. These innovations should be documented and used extensively wherever possible.

ii. iii.

iv.

v.

vi.

vii.

60

viii.

A number of ponds, check dams, lift irrigation systems have been already constructed under various programmes. They are not maintained and therefore have become unserviceable. The facility for maintenance of the existing structures may be jointly undertaken by involvement of farmers and state contribution for their longevity. The simple technique of in-situ moisture conservation such as mulching, zero tillage, ridge and furrow system, strip cropping etc may be followed. Also Ridge and Furrow system of cultivation and irrigation may be encouraged to conserve water. Sawah System of insitu Rainwater Harvesting BAU Ranchi has developed a model for insitu Rainwater Harvesting technique called Sawah system for Paddy- Fish culture on uplands (Tanr ) areas. A pit of 25-30 cms deep is dug in middle of the field (across slope) and earth is spread on either side as shown below .Upland paddy is grown on elevated areas and paddy and fish are taken in the middle( Low land). This could be tried and propagated widely for improving the economy: 5 mtr. Upland Paddy Low land Paddy & fish 5 mtr. 25-30 cms deep Upland Paddy 5 mtr.

ix. x.

Short & Long Term Recommendations The agriculture, in these districts is rainfed. Land is undulated, sloppy and stoney. The soils are mostly acidic, poor in major and minor nutrients with shallow depth in Tanr and medium to deep in Don areas. About 80% of rainwater is being lost through runoff and at present only 20% is available for use. Based on discussions and field visits, following are the short term and long term measures recommendations: A. Short Term Measures Following recommendations may be immediately implemented in view of taking second crop (Rabi): (i) The crops namely moth, linseed, lentil etc. require very less water. Seeds of these crops may be sown in the Tand and Don areas for raising these crops by utilizing residual moisture. Necessary inputs arrangement for seeds, fertilizers and insecticides etc may be taken up along with identification of farmer who are willing to take second crop. (ii) There is one Soil testing Laboratory existing at Gumla. There is no proper system of collection of Soil Samples and making recommendations available to the farmers well in time. It is resulting adhoc application of fertilizers. An appropriate system for collection of soil samples from the farmers and making available soil test results along with recommendations to farmers need to be systematized efficiently. (iii) The willing farmers to raise second crop may be provided with the facility of dug wells and pumping sets. They should form the Water User Groups, for maintenance and operation. It will cost about Rs 1.2 to 1.50 lakh per unit.

61

(iv)

(v) (vi)

A number of ponds, check dams, lift irrigation systems have been already constructed under various programmes. They are not maintained and therefore have become unserviceable. The facility for maintenance of the existing structures may be jointly undertaken by involvement of farmers and state contribution for their longevity. The simple technique of in-situ moisture conservation such as mulching, zero tillage, ridge and furrow system, strip cropping etc may be followed. Awareness Camps/ Training to the group of farmers for Rabi Crops may be planned well in advance, for upgrading skills of farmers.

B. Long Term Measures (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) The fertility map at micro level (Panchayat/Block) may be prepared using existing information with BAU/ NBSSLUP and Remote Sensing. All three districts may be provided at least one Soil Testing laboratory and two mobile vans. The collection of Soil Samples and making available the soil test results along with the recommendations to farmers well inform before cropping season for efficient application of fertilizers. About, 70 to 80% soils are Acidic in these Districts. In the past, a sporadic effort has been made for reclamations of acid soils using Dolomite. There was no effort to test the dolomite for ascertaining the quantity of lime. Therefore, there is an urgent need to have test facility for dolomites atleast for each Batch purchased/ procured. Based on test results, the quantity of dolomite should be applied for reclamation of medium to severe acid soils. The marginal/ low acid soils may be managed by suitable agronomic package of practices. The level of organic matter in soil is low. This may be enhanced with increased biotic diversity i.e. Earthworm, fungi, bacteria and crop residues. The zero tillage may be promoted to utilize the moisture in the field after harvest of the paddy crop micro flora and fauna. Soil and water are the important inputs for Kharif and Rabi crops therefore thrust should be to utilize these resources on sustainable basis involving farmers. The integrated watershed management and water resource development programmes, therefore, should be on priority. There are numbers of watershed programmes being implemented in each district. It calls for convergence of these programmes at district level pooling the resources of all the programmes. The Watersheds of each district should be delineated and codified using information available with NBSSLUP, NRSA, AISLUS etc. at micro level for better planning and execution. The balanced area of treatment need to be assessed taking into account the areas already treated in each watershed. The phasing of the balanced area for the treatment may be covered during 11th and remaining plan period keeping in view the resources. There is plenty of rainfall i.e. area 1400 mm. However, harnessing of rainwater is very meager. Therefore, there is need to assess water availability of surface and ground water. It should be phased it for harnessing in 11th and remaining plan period more systematically under medium and minor irrigation projects. The farmers schools may be initiated for capacity building and transfer of technology at the field level including encouraging women participation under the programmes.

(v)

(vi)

(vii)

(viii)

(ix)

62

(x)

The facilities for marketing, storage, processing etc. and promotion of agro based micro-entrepreneurship should be planned and necessary resources be provided.

63

MORE CROP AND INCOME PER DROP OF WATER

Proposed activities to get more crop per drop Introduce technologies in rain fed areas to harness the soil moisture by matching soil moisture availability with crop maturity. Use of short duration crops and varieties ensure efficient soil moisture use, income stability and crop yield. Short duration chickpea cultivar Shwetha (ICCV 2) has revolutionized chickpea production in Andhra Pradesh. In the north Indian Plans simple seed priming technique soaking chickpea seeds in water and micronutrient solution for six hours and drying in shade could establish good chickpea crop in rice fallow areas and increase crop production and incomes by using residual soil moisture. Soil health must be improved. Adding deficient micronutrients have shown 30 to 70% increased crop yields of maize, soybean, sorghum, green gram, black gram, pigeon pea, wheat, chickpea, mustard, finger millet, pearl millet, castor, etc. Balanced fertilizer application (N,P,K and deficient micronutrients) can double the crop productivity. Improved cultivars can enhance productivity from 10 to 50%, but, the main bottleneck is availability of improved seeds of legumes and rainfed cereals. This constraint could be overcome through village seed banks operated by SHGs with capacity development and supply of foundation seeds in villages. Restoring traditional water bodies and promoting water harvesting should receive major developmental support. Better use must be made of watershed programs like national Watershed Development Programme for Rainfed Areas (NWDPRA), Integrated Watershed Development Programmes (IWDP), Drought Prone Areas Programme (DPAP) and others. In regions with more than 1000 mm rainfall, like Ranch, Khunti, Gumla and Simdega watershed activities should aim at providing more storage structures for supplemental irrigation, like tanks and wells facilitating crop and aquaculture as the main components. Regions with 700-1000 mm rainfall should follow a mix of soil conservation and storage structures with a focus on crop and livestock. Location of check dams and percolation ponds should be within 300-400 metres from the concentration of wells in order to get maximum recharge from the structures. The watershed guide lines should accommodate these norms. About 10 percent of the total investment in watersheds and soil conservation should be allocated for developing and refining technologies for sustainable land management. In areas receiving less than 700 mm rainfall, the watershed development activities should be restricted to in situ moisture conservation and livestock management. Demand management through efficient water use including sprinkler and drip irrigation should be promoted. A water literacy movement should be launched and regulations should be developed for the sustainable use of water resources. Increasing water use efficiency Since land is a shrinking resource for agriculture, the pathway for achieving higher food production has to be higher productivity per units of arable land and water. 64

With 10% increase in the present level of water use efficiency in irrigation projects, an additional 14 m.ha area can be brought under irrigation from the existing irrigation capacities which would involve a very moderate investment as compared to the investment that would be required for creating equivalent potential through new schemes. Enhanced Rainwater Use Efficiency to Increase Income and Crop Per Drop 1. Rains are the main source of fresh water but generally stored run-off water and groundwater are considered as major sources of water for agriculture. There is an urgent need to bring in a shift in thinking of all from the farmers-researchers-development workers-policy makers including politicians, that solutions for water scarcity can not be found in supply side only and that demand management is the main strategy for overcoming the water scarcity. Water literacy through a campaign mode using the power of ICT is urgently needed. 2. Shift in watershed programs from mere water harvesting to efficient water use need to be brought in. Water management has to be used as an entry point for improving livelihoods through productivity enhancement, value addition, and income generating activities through market-led diversification. Need of suitable institutions and policy support for these initiatives must be underscored. Millions of hectares of waste lands and low quality lands are unutilized in the country and soil moisture is simply lost through evaporation. Through appropriate soil and water conservation measures and collective action by the community these lands can be used for fodder production enhancing livestock-based income for the vulnerable groups of the society. Suitable water governance policies using participatory water management along with suitable economic policy incentives are needed to ensure ban on cultivation of water guzzling crops such as sugarcane in rainfed watershed areas. Assured and quality energy supply along with efficient water delivery systems such as drip and sprinkler can enhance incomes through market-led diversification of the farming systems. Rain water harvesting and recharge of the aquifer: There is a need to identify different water shed related projects to develop a mechanism for their monitoring, evaluation and impact. Evaluation and impact assessment of different soil and water conservation structures already constructed and trials of different tank linings for effective storage of water should be done. Other actions are: Mobilization of community based water sharing and revival of traditional water bodies like village ponds. Formation of small farmers users group having contiguous fields contributing run off to one common point, for enabling single storage structure and development of a mechanism for efficient use of harvested water. Farmers with medium and large land holding should construct water harvesting structure at different elevation so that irrigation can be provided to the adjoining lower field along the gradient. Community water harvesting structures should be constructed on common barren lands at the village level. Farmers should be encouraged to keep the lowest lying corner of the field to harvest and conserve the rainwater falling on his land following the principle of Khet ka pani khet mei.

65

Wells must be encouraged on a big scale. Ridge and Furrow planting should be promoted through training programs to conserve water and use it efficiently. Where possible land development including insitu soil and moisture conservation measures like land leveling, field bunding, and cultivation across the slope should be promoted. Soil conserving vegetation like napier grass, vetiver and citronella on the bunds will help to retain moisture and provide fodder and an income source from the aromatic oil. Efficient use of the harvested water include : Integration of micro irrigation systems with water storage structures so as to maximise use of harvested water. Micro irrigation systems like Drip, Surface drip, Drip tape, Sub surface drip, Micro sprinklers, and foggers and misters etc. can be used particularly in vegetable production Adopting micro irrigation systems to rural Indian conditions should be done to develop low cost versions. Ground water being limited in the plateau region, it should be used where surface water can not be stored. Conjunctive use of rain water, river and ground water should underlie the strategic planning for the effective use of available water resources. Cropping system of any agro-climatic region should match the water requirements and water availability. Under water scarce Rabi conditions, the water should be used to produce high value non-cereal crops. Crop diversification and multiple uses of water Explore successful experiences of the rice and fish cultures in other places to increase incomes through crop-fish activities. According to ICAR the farmer can earn from Rs 75,000 to Rs 300,000 per ha per year from carp raising. In the case of integrated fish farming, the return should be Rs 100,000 per ha per year with a 240 man-days per ha per year labour employment. The contract farming model of agribusiness is gaining momentum. However, usually devoid of formal contract between the farmers and the prospective buyers, the arrangements could be biased in favour of the agribusiness organization. Special care needs to be taken regarding clauses dealing with quality standards, withdrawal conditions, pricing standards, paying arrangements and arbitration mechanism. Improving drainage of rice fields The major reason for the low adoption rate of management-oriented technology is the poor drainage facility in the rice growing regions. Crop establishment with young seedlings, nutrient use efficiency and soil aeration and crop growth are primarily dependent on the drainage facility. What is needed: 1. Construction of water harvesting structures to store the draining water at appropriate place 2. Restructuring field bunds to have proper inlet and outlet for easy drainage 3. Farmers participatory research cum demo on improved water management techniques

66

Micro Irrigation with fertigation Drip irrigation along with fertigation should be introduced in all districts, especially for horticulture crops. Fertigation is the addition of fertilizers to irrigation water and application of both via micro irrigation systems. This allows effective nutrient application using a much smaller amount of fertilizer. Drip irrigation is an effective tool for conserving water resources and studies have revealed significant water saving ranging between 25 and 50% compared to surface irrigation, with yield increases as high as 100% in some crops in specific locations. The Rain Gun is a powerful mega sprinkler that throws a large amount of water (up to 500 liters per minute) to a good distance (radius of 90 feet and more) as artificial rain. Cost of micro irrigation and fertigation The cost for installing drip irrigation varies from Rs. 20,000 to 25,000 per ha for wide spaced horticulture crops and about Rs. 50,000 to 70,000 per ha for closely spaced crops like vegetables. It is estimated that Rs. 30,000 per ha will be the investment with micro sprinkler and rain gun irrigation. The equipment is viable for more than 10 years under good maintenance. The pay back period is 2-3 years indicating the viability of the investment.

67

STRATEGIES TO PROMOTE ORGANIC FARMINNG

i). Composting of off farm / animal wastes An eco friendly way of effective utilization of on-farm and off-farm wastes in agriculture is composting. Technologies on vermi composting, and biomanure production should be popularized by the agriculture extension workers, NGOs SHGs and directly. ii). Green manure production The application of green manures will establish an integrated plant nutrient supply system. However, the lack of quality green manure seeds hinders this approach. Green manure seed production units should be set up by KVKs, NGOs and farmers to make available quality green manure seed. The Extension Officers should train farmers in the use of green manures crops which results in a yield increase by 20 to 25 per cent. iii). Biofertilizer production units - To create a supply of bioorganic nutrients biofertilizer units should be established using Self Help Groups (SHG) and agricultural graduates. The quality testing of biofertilizers should carried out at Birsa Agricultural University, and ICAR research stations. iv). Integrated Farming System Integrated farming activities of animal, poultry and fisheries production should be coordinated in such a way that the crop and animal residues are recycled into the soil. Inclusion of livestock, poultry and fish in the farm system will bring additional income to the farmers in addition to nutrient addition to the soil. Standard models of Integrated Farming Systems (IFS) suitable for dry land should be popularized and training programs should be set up. v)The state government should initiate appropriate steps to popularize the farming systems approach through effective extension systems. Separate funds should be allotted to conduct experiments in participatory mode under different conditions, with proper marketing facilities. vi)The Government must activity promote special produce, labelled and certified by the Government of Jharkhand, to build a brand name in the market signifying purity and high quality.

68

Agriculture Overview
The mainstay of the district is agriculture and allied activities and 80% of the inhabitants depend on them for their livelihood. Practically all the cultivated area is mono cropped and rainfed. The major reasons for poor productivity are lack of availability of high yielding seed, lack of scientific inputs and improved equipment and lack of agricultural credit. The major crops grown in this district are Rice, Pulses, oilseeds and vegetables. Ranchi Agricultural college since its inception in 1956, has developed many improved crop varieties and production technology. New varieties and technologies are regularly updated and improved. Major Crops in Jharkhand State (2004-05) SN. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Crops Food Grains Cereals Pulses Vegetables Oilseeds Fruits Sugarcane Others Total Area (ha) 1,823,079 1,532,167 290,912 224,120 94,268 32,700 400 29,000 2,366,000 % of Cropped area 87 80 7 7 3 2 1 100 Production in Jharkhand 2,481,266 2,291,170 190,096 3,401,340 53,198 388,572 Average Yield (kg/ ha) 1,361 1,495 653 15,176 564 11,655 -

Agriculture is practised in a very primitive manner leading to very low yields. Gumla produces only 131 kg. of food grain per capita and the shortfall has to be met from other areas. Practically all the cultivated area is mono cropped and rainfed. Small and marginal farmers make up 70% of the total number of farmers. About 35% of the district is under cultivation of which only 10.7 % of cultivable land has any irrigation facilities. The major reasons for poor productivity are lack of availability of high yielding seed, lack of scientific inputs and improved equipment and lack of agricultural credit.

69

Cropping Patterns during last three years (Secondary Data) Crops Paddy-S (Summar) Paddy-K Paddy-T/R Wheat-timely Wheat-late Other cereals Pulses - K Pulses - R Other pulses Oilseeds-K Oilseeds-R Commercial Crops Vegetables Fruits Other Horticulture crops 2004-05 76 178762 2217 424 107 1121 162 192 217 768 877 122 786 298 210 2005-06 117 178762 3225 389 132 1746 187 187 276 582 786 138 947 274 319 hectares 2006-07 176 178762 4786 410 325 1865 174 210 292 1110 748 198 978 391 378

Total Cropped Area 186339 188067 190803 Note: In the above table K, R, and S refer to kharif, rabi and summer crops respectively; similarly T refers to traditional variety of a crops. Crop Productivity during last three years (Secondary Information) Sl. Crop Conditions 2004-05 2005-06 2006-04 No. (q/ha) (q/ha) (q/ha) 1. Paddy - S Rainfed 21 26 22 2. Paddy - K 20 24 26 Rainfed 3. Wheat - T/R 17 17 21 Rainfed 4. Wheat - late 12 14 17 Rainfed 5. Pulses - K 10 11 11.50 Rainfed 6. Pulses - R 12 12.50 13.75 Rainfed 7. Other pulses 9 10.50 12.75 Rainfed Note: Condition here refers to alternative varieties, farm practices that explain significant differences in the yield of a crop in the district. Examples of such conditions are irrigated - or rainfed - crops, upland - or lowland - paddy, american or desi cotton etc

70

Seed Related Information for the District (Information addition to (SREP) Sl. No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12. 13. 14 Particulars Concentration of variety in total cropped area under the crop % Traditional variety (incl. Basmati etc.) Improved variety (incl. HYVs) Hybrid variety (%) Seed replacement rate (%) Availability of quality seeds to farmers (Q) sources of quality seed: Public to Private (%) Seed production farms (nos., area in ha) Ownership of seed production farms (%) Public Private Farmers as seed producer & seller Farmers as seed producer under contract farm Distribution of Certified/quality seeds Paddy 21 1112 Wheat 22 1298 Pulse-K 16 176 Pulse-R 18 198 Others 16 249

5 4 4788 5

2 2 228 3

-3 171 7

2 3 186 4

2 2 228 2

95 5 10 7 1478

99 1 12 6 122

90 10 14 8 96

92 8 12 7 108

90 10 8 7 160

71

Area yield rate & production of different crops Agriculture Year 2005-06
Area in Ha, Yield rate in Kg/ha, Production Mt Sl no Name of district Bhadai Maize Paddy Agahani Wheat Gram Arhar Rai Sarson

Area

Yiel producti Area on d rate

Yiel productio Area n d rate

Yield product Area rate ion

Yield producti Area rate on

Yield producti Area rate on

Yield rate

productio n

Gumla

1955.21 1299 2591.78 71097.9

1280 91005.31 1236.37 1212 1500.9

352.54 572

201.65

726.85

776

564.04

169.66 1046

177.46

Simdega

447

1458 651.73

39815.68

938

37347.11 477.55

827

394.93

121.85 572

69.7

1.62

493

0.80

RanchiKhunti

2850.67 1051 2966.05 107993.93 703

57919.73 2391.13 1112 2658.94 582.2

699

407

1552.59 1849 2870.74 231.72 670

155.25

Department of Statistics and Evaluation Jharkhand, Ranchi

72

AGRICULTURAL SUPPORT HARVEST MANAGEMENT

&

INFRASTRUCTURE

&

POST-

The farmers use traditional methods and implements for farming which results in low yields. The distict administration is supplying improved farming tools like sprayers, dusters, power tillers and other implements to poor farmers at highly subsidized rates.

No data is available regarding post-harvest management/infrastructure like maturity standards, method of harvesting, handling, cold storage, cool chamber, grading and packing centres, efficient transportation, etc. which will also bring down the post harvest losses besides improving the quality of the produce. However, some data is available regarding cold storage, which has been supplied by BAU, Ranchi stating that Ranchi has a few cold storage facilities.

73

Implements, Infrastructure and Institutions in the District Particulars Tamar Tractors 28 Tubewells (non) 49 Water saving irrigation implements12 drip, sprinkler 4. Other Implements 217 5. Diesel operated tube wells (%) 6. Percent of villages connected with 23 roads 7. Flow of institutional credit to 12 agriculture (%) 8. No. of Kisan Credit Card issued till March 2007 or similar date 9. Existence of KGK/KVK or similar -extension school 10. Institution that runs K(G/V)K -11. Government Input Supply Centre 4 (GISC) (y/n) (if yes, nos.) 12. Ag. Produce Market: regulated or 4 others 13. Farm produce storage facility (nos. and -size/qty) Note: Information with respect to above particulars may may be mentioned explicitly in the row. S.N 1. 2. 3 Bundu 98 111 28 318 30 30 14 ---3 2 -Sonahatu 76 90 18 309 25 28 11 ---3 2 ---4 2 ---3 1 ---2 2 -KVK KGVK 4 3 1 Angara 72 56 9 210 21 28 26 Bero 42 56 14 228 30 26 Burmu Kanke 21 54 102 78 16 13 217 32 20 219 40 17

be sought for specific year, say 2006-07, differences in reference year for an item

74

Implements, Infrastructure and Institutions in the District S.N 1. 2. 3 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Particulars Tractors Tubewells (non) Water saving irrigation implementsdrip, sprinkler Other Implements Diesel operated tube wells (%) Percent of villages connected with roads Flow of institutional credit to agriculture (%) No. of Kisan Credit Card issued till March 2007 or similar date Existence of KGK/KVK or similar extension school Institution that runs K(G/V)K KGV K -------KVK -----------17 17 12 14 12 17 14 11 40 30 27 26 219 276 218 296 317 26 26 276 31 30 301 29 17 309 25 28 Kanke 54 78 13 Mandar 76 94 9 Namkum 77 26 7 Silli 77 52 14 Chanho 102 98 14 Lapung 78 96 18 Ormanjhi 105 78 24 Ratu 76 90 18

75

11. 12. 13.

Government Input Supply Centre (GISC) (y/n) (if yes, nos.) Ag. Produce Market: regulated or others Farm produce storage facility (nos. and size/qty)

4 3 1

3 4 --

4 3 --

2 4 --

4 1 --

2 2 --

3 1 --

3 2 --

Note: Information with respect to above particulars may be sought for specific year, say 2006-07, differences in reference year for an item may be mentioned explicitly in the row.

76

CEREAL CROPS

77

RICE
Rice is the major crop of Jharkhand State, grown in around 60% of total cropped area, and 70% of the area under food grains. Its area and production fluctuates from year to year depending on the rainfall and its distribution. Rice area and production is maximum in the year of good rainfall during June-July and reduces in the year of poor rainfall. Rice is grown in kharif and summer season. Around 90% of the rice area is rain fed. The Western plateau region comprising of 7 districts has 37% rice area of the state. Rice is grown in all 22 districts of the State. Ranchi district is one of the major rice growing districts. In 2004, rice area was maximum of around 1.59 lakh ha in Ranchi district, the rice production was 2.16 lakh tons in Ranchi district roductivity as in other parts of the state is low being only 20 qtls per ha. Therefore increase in production to 40 qtls per ha is required to meet the gap in requirement. This can be achieved by introducing hybrid varieties, SRI method of paddy cultivation and demonstration of an improved package of practices to farmers. Area, Production and Productivity of Rice in Jharkhand. Year 1995-96 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 1999-00 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 Area (ha) 1,166,000 1,164,000 1,037,000 1,159,000 1,222,000 1,420,244 1,520,611 1,383,233 1,363,866 1,276,421 1,354,726 Production (tons) 1,724,000 1,723,000 2,306,000 1,485,000 1,284,000 1,755,110 2,732,584 2,071,473 2,310,121 1,908,446 1,580,210 Productivity (kg/ha) 1,478 1,480 2,223 1,281 1,050 1,235 1,797 1,498 1,694 1,495 1,150 Remarks Drought Year Drought Year Max. area & production Drought Year Drought Year Drought Year

78

Rice area, production and productivity in Jharkhand State Yield ( Kg ha-1) 1999-00 1,403 1,526 909 1,430 1,198 1,402 1,156 1,104 1,321 1,480 1,293 1,060 1,314 2,16,730 47,770 1,21,131 19,665 9,296 1,03,200 11,684 1,329 1,082 956 836 674 956 836 1,083 1,80,185 1,37,919 1,16,946 1,908,446 1,580 1,215 1,167 1,336 1,235 1,495 1,166 1,629 1,513 1,361 1,660 927 850 381 1,250 700 2004-05 2,649 1,646 2,513 1,413 1,820 1,647 1,103 1,380 1,100 1,854 1,558 1,605

Sl. No

Districts

Area ( ha)

Production ( tons)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. II. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. III. 20. 21. 22.

Dumka Deoghar Godda Pakur Sahebganj Jamtara Hazaribag Koderma Chatra Giridih Bokaro Dhanbad Sub-Total ZoneI RanchiKhunti Lohardaga Gumla Palamau Garhwa Simdega Lathehar Sub-Total ZoneII East Singhbhum West Singhbhum Saraikela Sub-Total Zone-III Total

1999-00 2004-05 1999-00 2004-05 Central and north eastern plateau zone 88,018 98,661 1,23,454 2,60,465 46,688 35,620 71,264 58,648 35,695 62,408 32,451 1,56,833 38,283 25,310 54,747 35,763 28,443 45,634 34,077 83,054 41,611 41,115 58,362 75,923 69,066 15,811 23,847 66,362 15,311 38,263 50,7398 1,96,996 35,508 1,27,641 32,848 18,874 88,005 19,9788 5,19,850 1,60,854 1,63,288 68,854 3,92,996 1,420,244 1,276,421 154,480 84,665 77,294 159,200 28,777 130,628 23,119 24,398 82,560 16,691 57,885 4,792 14,088 52,701 19,573 36,822 79,857 17,449 31,510 98,245 19,803 40,575 6,66,796 Western Plateau Zone 2,61,845 38,421 1,21,984 27,470 12,722 84,104 16,708 5,63,254 South eastern plateau zone 2,54,231 1,98,500 80,327 55,060 1,755,110 63,836 6,613 15,497 97,712 30,501 59,102

79

Coverage (%) under promising varieties of rice in NFSM districts of Jharkhand during 2008-09, 2009-10, 2010-11, 2011-12, 2012-13 Area Coverage (%) 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 15 25 25 15 10 10 0 100 30 15 5 20 10 10 10 100 200 200 20 20 20 0 10 15 15 100 10 5 0 30 20 15 20 100 200 25 15 15 0 15 15 15 100 0 0 0 35 20 20 25 100 200

Varieties I. Direct seeded 1. BVD-108 2. BVD-109 3. BVD-110 4. Anjali 5. Virendra 6. Sadabahar 7. New Variety Total II. Transplanted 1. IR-64 2. MTU-7029 (Swarna) 3. Lalat 4. Shivam 5. Birsamati 6. Sambha Mahsuri 7. New Variety Total Grand Total (I+II)

2008-09 10 30 30 20 5 5 0 100 60 30 10 0 0 0 0 100 200

2012-13 30 10 10 0 15 15 20 100 0 0 0 35 20 20 25 100

80

Area coverage (000'ha) under promising varieties of rice in NFSM districts of Jharkhand during 2008-09, 2009-10, 2010-11, 2011-12, 2012-13

Varieties I. Direct seeded 1. BVD-108 2. BVD-109 3. BVD-110 4. Anjali 5. Virendra 6. Sadabahar 7. New Variety Total II. Transplanted 1. IR-64 2. MTU-7029 (Swarna) 3. Lalat 4. Shivam 5. Bisamati 6. Sambha Mahsuri 7. New Variety Total Grand Total (I+II)

2008-09 14.2 42.6 42.6 28.4 7.1 7.1 0 142 343.8 171.9 57.3 0 0 0 0 573 715

Area Coverage (000'ha) 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 21.3 35.5 35.5 21.3 14.2 14.2 0 142 171.9 85.95 28.65 114.6 57.3 57.3 57.3 573 715 28.4 28.4 28.4 0 14.2 21.3 21.3 142 57.3 28.65 0 171.9 114.6 85.95 114.6 573 715 35.5 21.3 21.3 0 21.3 21.3 21.3 142 0 0 0 200.55 114.6 114.6 143.25 573 715

2012-13 42.6 14.2 14.2 0 21.3 21.3 28.4 142 0 0 0 200.55 114.6 114.6 143.25 573 715

81

Certified seed requirement (000'Q) @ 100% SRR of promising varieties of rice in NFSM districts of Jharkhand during 2008-09, 2009-10, 2010-11, 2011-12, 2012-13 Year 2010-11 22.72 22.72 22.72 0 11.36 17.04 17.04 113.6 28.65 14.325 0 85.95 57.3 42.975 57.3 286.5 400.1

Varieties I. Direct seeded 1. BVD-108 2. BVD-109 3. BVD-110 4. Anjali 5. Virendra 6. Sadabahar 7. New Variety Total II. Transplanted 1. IR-64 2. MTU-7029 (Swarna) 3. Lalat 4. Shivam 5. Bisamati 6. Sambha Mahsuri 7. New Variety Total Grand Total (I+II)

2008-09 11.36 34.08 34.08 22.72 5.68 5.68 0 113.6 171.9 85.95 28.65 0 0 0 0 286.5 400.1

2009-10 17.04 28.4 28.4 17.04 11.36 11.36 0 113.6 85.95 42.975 14.325 57.3 28.65 28.65 28.65 286.5 400.1

2011-12 28.4 17.04 17.04 0 17.04 17.04 17.04 113.6 0 0 0 100.275 57.3 57.3 71.625 286.5 400.1

2012-13 34.08 11.36 11.36 0 17.04 17.04 22.72 113.6 0 0 0 100.275 57.3 57.3 71.625 286.5 400.1

82

Requirement of certified, foundation and breeder seed (q) of promising varieties of rice with 15%, 20%, 25%, 30% and 33% SRR for the years 2008-09, 2009-10, 2010-11, 2011-12 and 2012-13 in NFSM districts of Jharkhand 15% SRR CS FS 2008-09 2007-08 20% SRR FS BS 2008- 200709 08 136.32 227.2 227.2 136.32 90.88 90.88 0 908.8 343.8 171.9 57.3 229.2 114.6 114.6 5.4528 9.088 9.088 5.4528 3.6352 3.6352 0 36.352 6.876 3.438 1.146 4.584 2.292 2.292 25% SRR FS BS 2009-10 2008-09 30% SRR FS BS 2010- 200911 10 340.8 204.48 204.48 0 204.48 204.48 204.48 1363.2 0 0 33% SRR FS BS 2011201012 11

Varieties I. Direct seeded 1. BVD-108 2. BVD-109 3. BVD-110 4. Anjali 5. Virendra 6. Sadabahar 7. New Variety Total II. Transplanted 1. IR-64 2. MTU-7029 (Swarna) 3. Lalat 4. Shivam 5. Bisamati 6. Sambha Mahsuri 7. New Variety Total Grand Total (I+II)

CS 200910 3408 5680 5680 3408 2272 2272 0 22720 17190 8595 2865 11460 5730 5730 5730 57300 80020

CS 201011 5680 5680 5680 0 2840 4260 4260 28400 7162.5 3581.25 0 21487.5 14325 10743.8 14325 71625 100025

CS 201112 8520 5112 5112 0 5112 5112 5112 34080 0 0

CS 201213

1704 5112 5112 3408 852 852 0 17040 25785 12892.5 4297.5 0 0 0 0 42975 60015

68.16 204.48 204.48 136.32 34.08 34.08 0 681.6 515.7 257.85 85.95 0 0 0 0 859.5 1541.1

227.2 227.2 227.2 0 113.6 170.4 170.4 1136 143.25 71.625 0 429.75 286.5 214.875 286.5 1432.5 2568.5

9.088 9.088 9.088 0 4.544 6.816 6.816 45.44 2.865 1.4325 0 8.595 5.73 4.2975 5.73 28.65 74.09

13.632 11246.4 449.856 17.9942 8.1792 3748.8 149.952 5.99808 8.1792 3748.8 149.952 5.99808 0 0 0 0 8.1792 5623.2 224.928 8.99712 8.1792 5623.2 224.928 8.99712 8.1792 7497.6 299.904 11.9962 54.528 37488 1499.52 59.9808 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 30082.5 601.65 12.033 33090.8 661.815 13.2363 17190 343.8 6.876 18909 378.18 7.5636 17190 343.8 6.876 18909 378.18 7.5636 21487.5 429.75 8.595 23636.3 472.725 9.4545 85950 1719 34.38 94545 1890.9 37.818 120030 3082.2 88.908 132033 3390.42 97.7988

114.6 2.292 1146 22.92 2054.8 59.272

83

Production plan of certified, foundation and breeder seed (q) of promising varieties of rice for the years 2008-09, 2009-10, 2010-11, 201112 and 2012-13 in NFSM districts of Jharkhand

Varieties 2008-09 I. Direct seeded CS FS 1. BVD-108 1704 136.32 2. BVD-109 5112 227.2 3. BVD-110 5112 227.2 4. Anjali 3408 136.32 5. Virendra 852 90.88 6. Sadabahar 852 90.88 7. New Variety 0 0 Total 17040 908.8 II. Transplanted 1. IR-64 25785 343.8 2. MTU-7029 12892.5 171.9 (Swarna) 3. Lalat 4297.5 57.3 4. Shivam 0 229.2 5. Bisamati 0 114.6 6. Sambha Mahsuri 0 114.6 7. New Variety 0 114.6 Total 42975 1146 Grand Total 60015 2054.8 (I+II)

BS 9.088 9.088 9.088 0 4.544 6.816 6.816 45.44 2.865 1.4325 0 8.595 5.73 4.2975 5.73 28.65 74.09

CS 3408 5680 5680 3408 2272 2272 0 22720 17190 8595 2865 11460 5730 5730 5730 57300 80020

2009-10 FS 227.2 227.2 227.2 0 113.6 170.4 170.4 1136 143.25 71.625 0 429.75 286.5 214.875 286.5 1432.5 2568.5

BS 13.632 8.1792 8.1792 0 8.1792 8.1792 8.1792 54.528 0 0 0 12.033 6.876 6.876 8.595 34.38 88.908

CS 5680 5680 5680 0 2840 4260 4260 28400 7162.5 3581.25 0 21487.5 14325 10743.75 14325 71625 100025

2010-11 FS BS 340.8 17.99424 204.48 5.99808 204.48 5.99808 0 0 204.48 8.99712 204.48 8.99712 204.48 11.99616 1363.2 59.9808 0 0 0 601.65 343.8 343.8 429.75 1719 3082.2 0 0 0 13.2363 7.5636 7.5636 9.4545 37.818 97.7988

2011-12 CS FS 8520 449.856 5112 149.952 5112 149.952 0 0 5112 224.928 5112 224.928 5112 299.904 34080 1499.52 0 0 0 0

2012-13 CS 11246.4 3748.8 3748.8 0 5623.2 5623.2 7497.6 37488 0 0

0 0 0 30082.5 661.815 33090.75 17190 378.18 18909 17190 378.18 18909 21487.5 472.725 23636.25 85950 1890.9 94545 120030 3390.42 132033

84

WHEAT
Wheat area, production and productivity vary from year to year depending on the rainfall in October- November. For increasing area under wheat there is need to promote zero tillage cultivation of wheat after the rice harvest, and seed production of high yielding varieties should be undertaken. Zero tillage saves around Rs. 3500=00 per ha and reduces Phalaris minor and other dicots population. Appropriate Integrated Crop Management also needs to be developed for zero tillage technology. The major area of wheat (55%) is in Western Plateau region. The production and productivity of the crop varies from year to year depending on the rainfall in October-November. Area, Production and Productivity of Wheat in Jharkhand. Year 1995-96 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 1999-00 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 Area(ha) 68,030 66,200 68,570 58,900 57,206 65,381 67,886 74,560 64,504 Production (tons) 124,200 125,090 111,510 86,980 83,173 115,359 117,714 128,140 104,136 Productivity (kg/ha) 1,825 1,889 1,626 1,476 1,454 1,764 1,734 1,719 1,614 Drought Drought Remarks

85

Wheat - Area, production and productivity in different districts of Jharkhand

Sl. No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. II. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. III. 20. 21. 22.

Districts Dumka Deoghar Godda Pakur Sahebganj Jamtara Hazaribag Koderma Chatra Giridih Bokaro Dhanbad Sub-Total ZoneI Ranchi-Khunti Lohardaga Gumla Palamau Garhwa Simdega Lathehar Sub-Total ZoneII East Singhbhum West Singhbhum Saraikela Sub-Total Zone III Total JharkhandState

Area Production 1999-00 2004-05 1999-00 2004-05 I. Central and north eastern plateau zone. 588 5,380 970 15,260 629 3,800 1,086 6,470 12,687 5,720 23,427 10,200 264 3,240 472 5,010 2,710 5,030 4,924 7,330 319 2,450 555 4,890 2,547 5,500 4,824 8,250 170 3,000 298 4,880 2,791 2,480 4526 4,000 94 3,480 166 5,910 80 1,780 133 2,490 73 1,710 118 3,120 22,952 41,499 Western Plateau Zone 2,574 2,790 4,310 4,140 108 2,950 141 4,180 332 1,210 548 1,430 11,971 5,560 11,730 6,350 10,941 2,070 16,066 1,860 223 700 373 1,110 7,278 1,940 7,138 2,140 33,427 40,306 South- eastern plateau zone 81 1,790 133 2,320 522 1,130 870 1,470 224 850 365 1,370 827 57,206 64,500 1,368 83,173 104,140

Yield 1999-00 2004-05 1,649 1,726 1,846 1,788 1,817 1,740 1,894 1,753 1,621 1,766 1,662 1,616 1,808 1,674 1,306 1,651 980 1,468 1,673 981 1,206 1,642 1,667 1,629 1,654 1,454 1,614 2,835 1,700 1,784 1,550 1,550 2,000 1,500 1,650 1,600 1,700 1,400 1,825 1,485 1,414 1,182 1,142 900 1,600 1,105 1,295 1,297 1,600

86

MAIZE
Maize is the second most important cereal crop after rice and is sown as a rain fed crop during Kharif. Around 30% of the maize crop is grown in the Western plateau region. Area, Production and Productivity of Maize in Jharkhand Year 1999-00 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 Area (ha) 118,107 139,881 157,603 187,517 185,870 177,560 Production (tons) 186,609 209,187 269,181 300,027 268,400 223,480 Productivity (kg/ha) 1,580 1,495 1,708 1,600 1,444 1,259 Remarks

Drought Year Max. yield Max production Drought Year Drought year

87

Maize - Area, production and productivity in different districts of Jharkhand Sl. No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. II. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. III. 20. 21. 22. Districts Dumka Deoghar Godda Pakur Sahebganj Jamtara Hazaribag Koderma Chatra Giridih Bokaro Dhanbad Sub-Total Zone I Ranchi-Khunti Lohardaga Gumla Palamau Garhwa Simdega Lathehar Sub-Total Zone II East Singhbhum West Singhbhum Saraikela Sub-Total Zone III Total Production ( tons) Area ( ha) 1999-00 2004-05 1999-00 2004-05 I. Central and north eastern plateau zone. 15,558 15,673 25,670 29,631 2,528 11,919 4,246 17,602 11,301 8,138 19,776 16,125 1,253 4,810 2,152 4,526 7,304 7,713 13,330 8,561 7,368 11,485 11,962 12,175 17,745 13,334 26,887 20,496 2,874 3,447 4,741 4,826 12,079 5,110 19,245 8,176 1,577 15,447 2,670 27,572 125 4,667 145 7,447 108 3,473 138 4,254 79,820 3,648 14,223 3,132 7,066 3,090 2,265 4,300 37,724 87 325 151 563 118,107 185,865 1,29,308 Western Plateau Zone 9,048 5,572 5,872 21,549 2,349 4,541 20,747 10,316 18,333 4,573 1,479 3,406 14,669 6,488 56,445 South- eastern plateau zone 2,912 133 3,183 3,255 1,985 490 233 856 186,609 268,398 3,787 2,561 11,762 9,865 2,386 30,822 13,365 4,555 25,671 Yield ( Kg ha-1) 1999-00 2004-05 1,650 1,640 1,950 1,620 1,825 1,610 1,509 1,580 1,585 1,630 1,250 1,278 1,620 1,500 1,510 1,450 1,460 1,480 1,504 1,509 1,496 1,530 1,510 1,540 1,520 1,580 1,444 1,093 1,164 1,290 1,300 1,680 1,016 1,486 729 3,080 1,750 1,830 1,477 1,981 941 1,110 1,060 1,537 1,400 1,600 1,785 1,596 1,225

88

RAGI (MARUA)
It is the fourth important cereal crop in Jharkhand State. In 1999-2000, it was grown in around 41,319 ha with production of 38,749 tons and average productivity of 938 kg ha -1. However, its area has decreased over the years , and presently it is grown in around 17 thousand ha with a production of around 10 thousand tones, and productivity of 0.6 t /ha. The decline in area is mainly due to change in food habits of people, which have shifted to rice and wheat. Ragi is mainly cultivated in the Western Plateau region, where around 80% of the area is grown, Area, Production and Productivity of Ragi (Marua) in Jharkhand. Year 1999-00 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 Area (ha) 41,319 40,400 40,490 12,100 19,270 17,370 Production (tons) 38,749 25,200 25,200 8,810 13,470 10,350 Productivity (kg/ha) 938 624 624 728 698 596 Remarks

Source: Dept. of Agriculture, Ranchi, Jharkhand State

89

Ragi (Marua) - Area, production and productivity in different districts of Jharkhand Sl. No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. II. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. III. 20. 21. 22. Districts Dumka Deoghar Godda Pakur Sahebganj Jamtara Hazaribag Koderma Chatra Giridih Bokaro Dhanbad Sub-Total Zone I Ranchi-Khunti Lohardaga Gumla Palamau Garhwa Simdega Lathehar Sub-Total Zone II East Singhbhum West Singhbhum Saraikela Sub-Total Zone III Total Area ( ha) 1999-00 2004-05 Production ( tons) 1999-00 2004-05 Yield ( Kg ha-1) 20041999-00 05 986 982 984 1000 982 982 881 1,275 787 472 786 786 746 2,010 450 5,540 30 640 70 868 739 1,202 870 554 1,060 825 978 3 40 50 10,350 1000 1000 1000 998 938 596 200 320 610 1,000 200 683 210 250 200 421 450 770 420 600 1,274 750 800 440 -

I. Central and north eastern plateau zone. 353 100 348 40 166 10 163 50 190 20 187 50 13 13 167 20 164 10 167 10 164 6 1,292 640 1,138 810 737 510 940 380 445 130 350 100 3,137 250 1,482 110 393 309 187 147 7,247 11,312 2,260 9,293 1,210 861 6,407 641 33,635 7 302 128 437 41,319 17,370 5,405 Western Plateau Zone 2,010 11,401 2,260 1,670 8,110 11,168 1,053 150 477 2,570 6,793 330 529 32,908 South- eastern plateau zone 20 7 130 90 301 128 436 38,749

90

PULSE CROPS
Pulses are grown in around 65% of total area in Western Plateau region. Area and production of pulses has varied over the years. Major area is under kharif pulses, which occupies 72% of acreage, and 66% of the total production. The productivity is higher in Rabi pulses. Amongst the pulse crops, Arhar, Urd bean, Kulthi and Mung bean are grown in kharif season, and gram, khesari, field pea, and lentil are the grown in Rabi season . Amongst the different pulse crops, Arhar has the maximum area followed by Urd bean, Kulthi and Mung bean in Kharif season, and gram, pea, lentil and Khesari in Rabi season. Pea and Khesari has the maximum productivity of 994 kg ha -1,followed by gram (882 kg ha -1). Kulthi has the lowest productivity of 440 kg per ha. For increasing pulse area and production, good quality seed is very important as there is little or no availability of seeds of improved cultivars. Disease and insects problem are high in pulse crops. Rhizobium culture should also be used to increase its yield potential under low input conditions. Ranchi is one of the major districts growing pulses. The productivity is more than 1,022 kg/ ha. Year 1999-00 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 Area (ha) 144,460 116,300 211,643 231,810 295,100 291,322 217,903 Production (tons) 117,370 96,000 165,823 160,450 208,170 190,636 118,931 Productivity (kg/ha) 812 825 782 692 705 653 546 Drought Remark

91

Area, Production and Productivity of different Pulse crops in Jharkhand State (20042005). SI. No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Pulse crops Arhar Urd bean Gram Field Pea Lentil Kulthi Mung bean Khesari Kharif Pulses Rabi Pulses TOTAL Area (ha) 88,638 77,795 33,168 19,927 15,469 12,374 8,592 8,537 210,750 80,572 291,322 Production (tons) 62,465 41,614 29,260 19,800 9,220 5,445 4,398 6,487 125,500 65,136 190,636 Yield (Kg /ha) 705 535 882 994 596 440 512 994 598 808 654

92

ARHAR
The major Arhar growing area is in Western plateau region where 76% of the crop is grown . Ranchi is one of the major Arhar growing districts in Jharkhand and the production is also maximum in this district. UPAs 1120, BR 65, Birsa arhar 1, and Bahar are the recommended varieties. Arhar is grown as a mixed crop with maize through out the State. It is also grown with Urad in Ranchi district, and with ginger and turmeric to provide shade. Its area can be further increased by growing as mixed or inter crop with upland rice or groundnut. Rhizobium culture should be used to increase its yield under low input conditions. To increase the production and productivity of arhar in State, hybrid pigeon pea & Vegetable pigeon pea should be promoted. Seed production of high yielding wilt resistant varieties should also be undertaken. Area, Production and Productivity of Arhar in Jharkhand Year 1999-00 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 Area (ha) 23,518 17,300 16,317 56,210 73,531 88,638 85,227 Production (tons) 28,426 12,012 14,926 43,443 52,008 62,465 53,922 Productivity (kg/ha) 1,200 694 914 773 667 705 633 Drought Drought Remark

93

Arhar - Area, production and productivity in different districts of Jharkhand Sl. No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. II. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. III. 20. 21. 22. East Singhbhum West Singhbhum Saraikela Sub-Total Zone III Total 136 342 144 622 23,518 88,638 Districts Dumka Deoghar Godda Pakur Sahebganj Jamtara Hazaribag Koderma Chatra Giridih Bokaro Dhanbad Sub-Total Zone I Ranchi-Khunti Lohardaga Gumla Palamau Garhwa Simdega Lathehar Sub-Total Zone II Production ( tons) Area ( ha) 1999-00 2003-04 1999-00 2003-04 Central and north eastern plateau zone. 367 3,783 374 2,818 40 1,951 36 1,951 1,069 2,748 739 2,584 288 2,349 453 1,325 156 2,381 120 1,788 173 2,900 177 2,160 902 3,626 1,121 2,538 306 2,473 681 1,484 1,281 2,720 2,524 1,972 240 3,011 417 1,882 90 260 156 130 5 2,663 9 1,598 4,917 1,972 478 857 5,919 4,562 591 3,600 17,979 1,723 3,328 3,257 6807 Western Plateau Zone 8,028 2,454 6,422 3,406 443 1,362 4,478 298 3,502 13,938 7,689 10,091 9,322 5,575 4,661 333 206 134 9,959 4,676 8,216 21,341 Southern eastern plateau zone 119 112 47 278 28,426 62,465 1292 2927 1628 875 327 326 447 1,209 705 750 879 500 Yield ( kg / ha) 1999-00 2003-04 1,019 900 691 1,573 769 1,023 1,243 2,225 1,970 1,738 1,733 1,800 1,384 1,244 927 348 1,299 1,222 349 1,299 1,187 800 400 782 724 500 400 825 745 1,000 933 565 750 745 700 600 725 625 500 600

94

GRAM
Area, Production and Productivity of Gram in Jharkhand Year 1999-00 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 Area (ha) 19,060 14,230 16,370 34,530 36,720 33,168 Production (tons) 16,724 14,585 14,997 31,762 37,523 29,260 Productivity (kg/ha) 877 899 878 920 1,022 882

It is the third major pulse crop with respect to area. Gram is mainly grown in Western Plateau zone as 62% area falls in this zone.

95

Gram -Area, production and productivity in different districts of Jharkhand Sl. No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. II. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. III. 20. 21. 22. East Singhbhum West Singhbhum Saraikela Sub-Total Zone-III Total 49 245 103 397 19,060 Area ( ha) Districts 1999-00 2003-04 Production ( tons) 1999-00 2003-04 Yield ( kg / ha) 1999-00 1,122 1,118 1,143 1,475 767 1,130 989 1,239 760 836 831 1,000 987 422 399 377 928 885 377 928 825 473 649 511 408 400 398 401 877 985 850 1400 1018 660 1205 1120 800 1200 500 2003-04 810 940 962 1000 741 1060 1200 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000

Dumka Deoghar Godda Pakur Sahebganj Jamtara Hazaribag Koderma Chatra Giridih Bokaro Dhanbad Sub-Total ZoneI

I. Central and north eastern plateau zone. 49 2090 55 1693 254 1046 284 983 1,698 3196 1,941 3074 722 1927 1,065 1927 859 2556 659 2224 23 810 26 860 920 2,328 910 2794 147 888 182 888 1,806 1344 1,373 1344 256 1148 490 1148 71 761 59 761 45 620 45 620 7,180 7089 Western Plateau Zone 1028 366 1046 1177 83 777 411 194 495 3334 3,455 3734 5011 3,142 4009 350 134 420 1533 2,102 6766 9,476 Southern eastern plateau zone 480 763 365 20 98 41 159 16,724

Ranchi-Khunti 868 Lohardaga 208 Gumla 514 Palamau 3,723 Garhwa 3,550 Simdega 355 Lathehar 2,265 Sub-Total 11,483 ZoneII

96

MUNG BEAN
Area, Production and Productivity of Mung bean in Jharkhand Year 1990-00 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 Area (ha) 2,192 9,870 10,700 8,592 7,963 Production (tons) 1,226 4,961 6,026 4,398 3,901 Productivity (kg/ha) 559 346 512 512 490 Remark Drought

It is a minor pulse crop grown in 8,592 ha with production of 4,398 tons and average productivity of 512 kg ha -1 in Jharkhand State. Its 47% area is in Western plateau zone.

97

Mung bean - Area, production and productivity in different districts of Jharkhand Sl. No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. II. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. III. 20. 21. 22. Area ( ha) Districts 1999-00 2003-04 Production ( tons) 1999-00 2003-04 Yield ( kg / ha) 199900 544 570 568 556 568 553 522 526 524 465 464 553 570 110 130 270 50 110 20 612 542 583 575 547 444 581 588 615 500 1000 611 4400 559 512 790 529 415 600 630 530 560 300 300 325 2003-04 438 580 367 315 480 600 350 300 275 375 300 300

Dumka Deoghar Godda Pakur Sahebganj Jamtara Hazaribag Koderma Chatra Giridih Bokaro Dhanbad Sub-Total Zone I Ranchi-Khunti Lohardaga Gumla Palamau Garhwa Simdega Lathehar Sub-Total Zone II East Singhbhum West Singhbhum Saraikela Sub-Total Zone III Total

I. Central and north eastern plateau zone. 79 90 43 40 172 110 98 70 185 130 105 50 45 50 25 20 37 20 21 10 38 80 21 50 88 220 46 80 76 10 40 30 250 190 131 50 99 120 46 40 84 30 39 10 100 30 1,153 529 24 12 153 201 9 93 615 Western Plateau Zone 950 324 180 13 240 7 480 88 160 110 360 4 60 54 600 13 4 1 18 2192 8,590 Southern eastern plateau zone 680 8 540 3300 2 1750 950 1 400 11 1226

98

KULTHI Area, Production and Productivity of Kulthi in Jharkhand

Year 1999-00 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 Area (ha) 29,041 8,820 10,980 13,100 16,640 12,374 19,135 Production (tons) 21,815 4,230 6,281 6,233 7,305 5,445 7,423 Productivity (kg/ha) 751 479 572 402 431 440 388 Drought Remark

Kulthi is the most drought resistant pulse crop in Jharkhand., but its production and productivity has declined over the years.

99

Kulthi -Area, production and productivity in different districts of Jharkhand Sl . N o 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10 11 12 II. 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Area (ha) Districts 1999-00 Production ( tons) Yield (Kg ha-1) 2004-05 610 570 494 357 305 598 350 340 390 400

Dumka Deoghar Godda Pakur Sahebganj Jamtara Hazaribag Koderma Chatra Giridih Bokaro Dhanbad Sub-Total ZoneI Ranchi-Khunti Lohardaga Gumla Palamau Garhwa Simdega Lathehar Sub-Total Zone-II

2004199920041999-00 05 00 05 Central and north eastern plateau zone. 2,998 517 2,371 315 791 2,177 935 1,722 533 791 548 2,086 433 1,031 790 838 685 663 245 791 273 689 192 210 703 1,417 536 1,121 321 791 1,961 645 1,333 226 680 488 332 680 2,532 313 1,722 106 680 2,575 1,751 680 538 126 366 49 681 320 207 218 83 682 16665 2,231 334 2,805 994 3,223 1,934 604 1,2125 12,224 Western Plateau Zone 35 1,765 259 264 958 2,219 1,175 400 809 2,972 649 1,530 806 243 9,393 21 141 454 667 243 195 424 734 791 790 791 702 922 791 402 775

600 545 1.140 568 300 300 300

II I 20 East Singhbhum West 21 Singhbhum 22 Saraikela Sub-Total Zone-III Total

South- eastern plateau zone 220 22 9 251 29,041 228 716 174 17 7 198 21,815 140 215 791 773 778 789 751 650 300 -

100

LENTIL (MASOOR)
Area, Production and Productivity of Lentil in Jharkhand Year 1999-00 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 Area (ha) 4,768 1,964 6,357 15,400 16,716 15,470 Production (tons) 3,619 2,579 4,133 7,637 11,508 9,220 Productivity (kg/ha) 759 650 650 496 688 598 Remark

Drought

Lentil is grown in an area of 15,469 ha with total production of 9,220 tons and average productivity of 596 kg ha -1 in Jharkhand State . Its area has increased over the years. Pant L406 is the recommended variety for the State. Seed production has been the major constraint and it needs to be strengthened. Lentil (Masoor) is grown in the western plateau region comprising 45% of the total area sown.

101

Lentil - Area, production and productivity in different districts of Jharkhand Sl. No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. II. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. III. 20. 21. 22. Area ( ha) Districts 1999-00 2003-04 Production ( tons) 1999-00 2003-04 Yield ( kg / ha) 1999-00 580 708 708 707 1000 987 1000 561 1000 2003-04 670 780 749 550 482 800 400 350 450 400 350

Dumka Deoghar Godda Pakur Sahebganj Jamtara Hazaribag Koderma Chatra Giridih Bokaro Dhanbad Sub-Total ZoneI Ranchi-Khunti Lohardaga Gumla Palamau Garhwa Simdega Lathehar Sub-Total ZoneII East Singhbhum West Singhbhum Saraikela Sub-Total Zone-III Total

Central and north eastern plateau zone. 2 670 1 449 458 357 898 2347 636 1759 706 1705 500 938 540 1783 382 861 1 350 1 280 79 432 78 173 54 1012 54 354 212 1242 119 559 19 372 19 149 73 26 Western Plateau Zone 445 48 199 179 1 74 551 70 430 551 728 430 1,350 450 1,439 40 48 33 637 443 188 Southern eastern plateau zone 234 5 111 394 25 197 179 11 134 15,469 3619 9220

48 1 70 780 794 49 474

1000 1000 1000 933 567 980 935

447 415 773 773 1,066 826 296

5 25 11 4768

1000 1000 1000 759

494 499 750 596

102

FIELD PEA
Area, Production and Productivity of Pea in Jharkhand Year 1999-00 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 Area (ha) 29,740 19,310 28,550 19,000 23,000 19,927 Production (tons) 21,340 15,880 22,200 18,910 25,130 19,800 Productivity (kg/ha) 718 822 777 995 1,092 994

It is grown in 19,927 ha with production of 19,800 tons and average productivity of 718 kg ha -1 .Its area has declined over the years. Its 80% area is in Western Plateau Zone, and Ranchi district has the maximum area of 1,247 ha and production of 8,892 tons

103

Pea - Area, production and productivity in different districts of Jharkhand Sl. No 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. II. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. III. 20. 21. 22. Area ( ha) Districts 1999-00 2003-04 Production ( tons) 1999-00 2003-04 Yield ( kg / ha) 19992003-04 00 750 713 1000 500 713 667 718 500 731 2,319 3,438 974 1,557 852 351 268 715 714 718 714 715 713 715 715 765 500 696 19,800 718 994 804 714 1,500 1,157 1,110 1,118 1,124 800 1,324 495 572 630 1,099 600 613 1,500 950 700 860 800 600 726

Dumka Deoghar Godda Pakur Sahebganj Jamtara Hazaribag Koderma Chatra Giridih Bokaro Dhanbad Sub-Total ZoneI Ranchi-Khunti Lohardaga Gumla Palamau Garhwa Simdega Lathehar Sub-Total ZoneII East Singhbhum West Singhbhum Saraikela Sub-Total Zone-III Total

I. Central and north eastern plateau zone. 4 430 3 246 544 343 251 1,255 179 1,379 331 928 32 825 32 505 2 850 1 1,275 108 1,584 77 1,505 3 1,049 2 734 103 1,318 74 1,133 780 624 2 402 1 242 532 386 505 1,247 227 177 224 312 122 137 2,246 17 6 23 2,974 19,927 369 Western Plateau Zone 2,000 892 3,097 162 871 127 1,385 160 1,065 223 265 87 542 98 1749 Southern eastern plateau zone 287 245 344 13 246 167 3 250 16 2,134

104

MUNG BEAN
It is a minor pulse crop grown in 8,592 ha with production of 4,398 tons and average productivity of 512 kg ha -1 in Jharkhand State. Its 47% area is in Western plateau zone. Ranchi district has maximum area of 529 ha, Its production is maximum in Ranchi district (324 tons). Area, Production and Productivity of Urd bean in Jharkhand Year 1999-00 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 Area (ha) 40,107 56,940 78,940 77,795 85,931 Production (tons) 27,805 32,736 42,155 41,614 45,221 Productivity (kg/ha) 693 575 509 535 526

105

Mung bean -Area, production and productivity in different districts of Jharkhand Sl. No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. II. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. III. 20. 21. 22. Districts Area ( ha) Production ( tons) Yield ( kg / ha) 20031999-00 2003-04 1999-00 2003-04 1999-00 04 I. Central and north eastern plateau zone. 79 90 43 40 544 438 172 110 98 70 570 580 185 130 105 50 568 367 45 50 25 20 556 315 37 20 21 10 568 480 38 80 21 50 553 600 88 220 46 80 522 350 76 10 40 30 526 300 250 190 131 50 524 275 99 120 46 40 465 375 84 30 39 10 464 300 100 30 300 1,153 529 24 12 153 201 9 93 615 Western Plateau Zone 950 324 570 180 13 110 240 7 130 480 88 270 160 110 50 360 4 110 60 54 20 600 13 4 1 18 2192 8,590 Southern eastern plateau zone 680 8 540 3300 950 2 1 11 1226 4400 1750 400 553 612 542 583 575 547 444 581 588 615 500 1000 611 559 512 790 529 415 600 630 530 560 300 300 325

Dumka Deoghar Godda Pakur Sahebganj Jamtara Hazaribag Koderma Chatra Giridih Bokaro Dhanbad Sub-Total Zone I Ranchi-Khunti Lohardaga Gumla Palamau Garhwa Simdega Lathehar Sub-Total Zone II East Singhbhum West Singhbhum Saraikela Sub-Total Zone III Total

106

KHESARI
It is the fifth important pulse crop of the State with 33% grown in the Western plateau zone. Khesari is drought tolerant and it is also grown for cattle fodder.

107

URD BEAN
Urd is mainly grown in the Western plateau region where 90% of the total area is cultivated. Ranchi is one of the largest urd growing districts in the state and also has a high production of urd. Urd area, production and productivity in different districts of Jharkhand Sl. No 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. II. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. III 20. 21. 22. Districts Dumka Deoghar Godda Pakur Sahebganj Jamtara Hazaribag Koderma Chatra Giridih Bokaro Dhanbad Sub-Total ZoneI Ranchi-Khunti Lohardaga Gumla Palamau Garhwa Simdega Lathehar Sub-Total ZoneII East Singhbhum West Singhbhum Saraikela Sub-Total Zone-III Total Area ( ha) Production (tons) 1999-00 2004-05 1999-00 2004-05 I. Central and north eastern plateau zone. 48 1.961 39 1,225 4 0.392 3 235 61 1.068 47 485 7 0.937 5 409 73 0.863 57 475 23 1.600 18 960 1,861 1.700 1,330 510 378 1.174 260 411 837 1.108 545 399 123 2.292 93 1,077 215 0.072 146 18 0.736 239 3630 7,936 1,319 10,325 4,596 1,656 7,118 2,795 35,745 165 399 168 732 40,107 2,545 Western Plateau Zone 6.829 5,447 3.809 891 16.632 6,992 8.754 3,438 6,090 1,058 2.026 4,821 2.147 2,091 24,738 South- eastern plateau zone 1.284 129 869 8.476 278 5,685 7.845 117 3,491 624 27,805 5,463 2,133 9,314 5,095 1,827 810 483 Yield ( kg ha-1) 1999-00 2004-05 810 750 770 714 781 783 715 688 651 756 679 701 686 676 677 748 639 677 748 692 782 697 696 616 693 677 670 445 800 560 560 582 300 400 225 625 600 454 437 550 600 300 350 360 470 250 325

108

OILSEED CROPS
Oilseeds have the fourth largest acreage after Cereals, Pulses and Vegetables and occupy only 3% cropped area. There are 7 Oilseed crops in the State, and Niger (Surguja) occupies maximum area, followed by Til, Rapeseed & Mustard, Linseed, Groundnut, Sunflower and Kusum . Area, Production and productivity of different Oilseed crops in Jharkhand Sl. No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6 7 8. 9. Oilseed crops Rapeseed & Mustard Groundnut Linseed Til Niger (Surguja) Kusum ( Safflower) Castor Sunflower Soybean TOTAL OIL SEEDS Area (ha) 44,810 18,343 16,150 9,571 4,426 280 230 290 162 94,270 Production (tons) 25,370 16,703 6,120 3602 894 130 94 170 114 52,980 Yield (kg/ ha) 566 911 379 376 202 473 481 586 704 564 (2004-05)

Area, Production and Productivity of Total Oilseeds in Jharkhand Year 1990-00 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 Area (ha) 58,963 50,100 44,800 94,610 99,660 94,268 29,486 Production (tons) 40,901 34,300 28,000 53,670 56,500 52.98 19,324 Productivity (kg/ -ha) 694 685 625 567 567 564 655 Drought Drought Drought Remark

109

Niger (Surguja) It is a major oilseed crop having maximum area of 22, 865 ha in Jharkhand State . Its production is 16,551 tons with average productivity of 724 kg ha -1. It is mainly grown in Western Plateau zone, where it is cultivated in 73% of total area (Mishra, 2004). Gumla, Ranchi, and Simdega are the major Surguja growing districts, cultivating 5,723 ha, 4,139 ha and 3,946 ha, respectively. BAU has developed two varieties viz., Birsa Niger 1 in 1995, and Birsa Niger 2 in 2003 has been released. They are suitable for contingency cropping in early drought in July when rice crop fails. Niger is also good for apiary and its oil is beneficial for heart patients. For increasing Niger production in Jharkhand, seed multiplication of Niger varieties, seed availability and technology dissemination in drought years as contingency planning must be done. Area, Production and Productivity of Rapeseed & Mustard in Jharkhand
Year 1999-00 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 Area (ha) 8,200 21,890 21,420 47,960 47,920 44,810 Production (tons) 6,010 15,270 15,590 25,060 24,740 25,370 Productivity(kg/ha) 733 643 727 478 518 566 Remark

110

Area, Production and yield of Agricultural crops - (1999-2000) Rape Mustard SI. No. Districts Area Production I. Central and north eastern plateau zone 1. Dumka 644 496 2. Deoghar 57 41 3. Godda 866 638 4. Pakur 648 289 5. Sahebganj 866 708 6. Jamtara 305 235 7. Hazaribagh 349 427 8. Koderma 58 59 9. Chatra 423 356 10. Giridih 72 73 11. Bokaro 6 6 12. Dhanbad 2 2 Sub-Total Zone-I 4296 3330 II. Western plateau zone 13. Ranchi-Khunti 361 261 14. Lohardaga 300 161 15. Gumla 348 148 16. Palamau 1142 922 17. Garhwa 802 515 18. Simdega 240 102 19. Latehar 695 560 Sub-Total Zone-II 3888 2669 III. South eastern plateau zone 20. East Singhbhum 6 3 21. West Singhbhum 4 2 22. Saraikela 2 1 Sub-Total Zone-III 12 6 Total Jharkhand State 8196 6005 Yield Rate 770 719 737 446 818 770 1223 1017 842 1014 1000 1000 775 723 537 425 807 642 425 806 686 500 500 500 500 733

111

Linseed
Area, Production and Productivity of Linseed in Jharkhand Area Production Productivity Year (ha) (tons) (kg/ha) 1999-00 7,220 4,050 560 2000-01 5,960 2,500 419 2001-02 8,410 3,630 431 2002-03 13,620 6,040 398 2003-04 17,010 6,880 404 2004-05 16,150 6,120 379 Area, Production and yield of Agricultural crops -(1999-2000) Linseed SI.No. District Linseed Area Production I. Central and north eastern plateau zone 1. Dumka 2. Deoghar 3. Godda 1221 685 4. Pakur 282 158 5. Sahebganj 470 264 6. Jamtara 7. Hazaribagh 269 166 8. Koderma 23 13 9. Chatra 248 139 10. Giridih 11. Bokaro 12. Dhanbad Sub-Total Zone-I 2513 1425 II. Western plateau zone 13. Ranchi-Khunti 21 12 14. Lohardaga 34 19 15. Gumla 80 45 16. Palamau 996 550 17. Garhwa 768 425 18. Simdega 55 31 19. Latehar 605 335 Sub-Total Zone-II 2539 1417 III. South eastern plateau zone 20. East Singhbhum 127 71 21. West Singhbhum 1424 798 22. Saraikela 600 337 Sub-Total Zone-III 2151 1206 Total Jharkhand State 7223 4048 112

Remark

Yield Rate

561 560 561 617 565 560 567 571 559 563 552 553 564 554 554 559 560 562 561 560

Groundnut & Sarguja

Area, Production and Productivity of Groundnut in Jharkhand Area (ha) 5,030 220 150 15,810 17,590 18,340 Production (tons) 6,160 190 120 17,650 18,990 16,700 Productivity (kg/ha) 1,224 882 813 1116 1080 911

Year 1999-00 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05

Remark

Area, Production and Productivity of Niger (Sarguja) in Jharkhand Area (ha) 22,870 880 1,170 5,910 7,010 4,430 Production (tons) 16,550 450 520 1,330 1,370 890 Productivity (kg/ha) 724 508 445 296 195 202 Drought Drought

Year 1999-00 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05

Remark

Source: Department of Agriculture, Jharkhand

113

Area, Production and yield of Agricultural crops - (1999-2000)

Groundnut & Surguja SI.No. Groundnut Production Yield Rate I. Central and north eastern plateau zone 1. Dumka 2. Deoghar 3. Godda 1 1 1000 4. Pakur 5. Sahebganj 6. Jamtara 7. Hazaribagh 49 27 551 8. Koderma 9. Chatra 10. Giridih 23 13 565 11. Bokaro 1 1 1000 12. Dhanbad Sub-Total Zone-I 74 42 568 II. Western plateau zone 13. Ranchi-Khunti 543 678 1248 14. Lohardaga 390 487 1249 15. Gumla 1672 2087 1248 16. Palamau 480 591 1231 17. Garhwa 389 428 1100 18. Simdega 1153 1439 1248 19. Latehar 292 359 1229 Sub-Total Zone-II 4919 6069 1224 III. South eastern plateau zone 20. East Singhbhum 21. West 27 33 1222 Singhbhum 22. Saraikela 11 14 1273 Sub-Total Zone-III 38 47 1237 Total Jharkhand State 5031 6158 1224 Area District Area 3 33 6 1677 226 1798 191 75 4009 4139 374 5723 1691 56 3946 1028 16957 11 1328 560 1899 22865 Surguja Production Yield Rate 2 24 4 1097 148 1176 118 56 2625 3067 277 4241 1224 41 2924 745 12519 8 984 415 1407 16551 667 727 667 654 655 654 618 747 655 741 741 741 724 732 741 725 738 727 741 741 741 724

114

Til
Area, Production and Productivity of Til in Jharkhand Year 1999-00 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 Area (ha) 14,780 490 630 7,150 8,760 9,570 Production (tons) 7,390 160 230 2,790 3,630 3,600 Productivity (kg/ha) 500 325 370 349 422 376 Drought Drought Remark

115

Area, Production and yield of Agricultural crops - (1999-2000) Til & Sunflower SI.No. Til Area Production Yield Rate I. Central and north eastern plateau zone 1. Dumka 38 10 526 2. Deoghar 7 4 571 3. Godda 79 40 506 4. Pakur 19 10 526 5. Sahebganj 16 8 500 6. Jamtara 19 9 474 7. Hazaribagh 12 5 417 8. Koderma 41 18 439 9. Chatra 362 156 431 10. Giridih 56 24 429 11. Bokaro 33 14 424 12. Dhanbad 3 1 350 Sub-Total Zone-I 685 309 451 II. Western plateau zone 13. Ranchi-Khunti 52 26 500 14. Lohardaga 6 3 500 15. Gumla 168 85 506 16. Palamau 4892 1595 326 17. Garhwa 5881 4340 738 18. Simdega 115 58 504 19. Latehar 2975 970 326 Sub-Total Zone-II 14089 7077 502 III. South eastern plateau zone 20. East 5 3 600 Singhbhum 21. West 4 2 500 Singhbhum 22. Saraikela 1 1 1000 Sub-Total Zone-III 10 6 600 Total Jharkhand State 14784 7392 500 District Area 15 66 18 4 1 1 105 07 563 05 12 2 1 1 4 121 Sunflower Production Yield Rate 15 63 17 4 1 1 101 07 596 05 12 2 1 1 4 117 1000 954 944 1000 1000 1000 962 1000 1058 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 967

116

HORTICULTURE
Ranchi district has great potential for developing and expanding floriculture, spices and medicinal plants, these are all being promoted by the National Horticulture Mission and the state is setting up a strong support system for horticulture development. Various schemes have been taken up for this purpose during 2007-08 by the District administration, these are outlined below1. Integrated Horticultural development a) Upland - Organic Tea cultivation 50 units b) Establishment of tea processing unit 1 unit 2. 3. Impetus under support of vegetable production a) Establishment of poly house Production of planting material for fruit plants a) Mango b) Litchi c) Guava Development of organic farming 28 units 35000 nos. 25000 nos 30000 nos. 500 acres 3.1 Ha 18 units 100 units 221 units

4. 5. 6. 7.

Development of medicinal and aromatic plants Integrated farming -

Micro Irrigation system - Drip irrigation system - Sprinkler irrigation system

This will impact the following : Crop Fruit Vegetables Spices Initial area in Ha. 2900 32490 546 Area increase in Ha. 2400 2260 214 Total Area in Ha. 5300 34750 760 Production in MT 38193 541057 912

Other Horticulture initiatives: In Ranchi district one plant resource centre for floriculture is being set up. These plant resource centers will provide flowering plants to the farmers at subsidised rates. They will provide training to farmers and organise buy back arrangements between the farmers and the company called Florence Flora as per MOU signed with the State Government.

117

Area and Production of Horticulture Crops. Sl. Source No. 1. 2. Status Report 2006 Chapter on Food Crops BAU, Ranchi Area (in lakh ha.) Veg. 1.59 1.44 2.236 Fruits 0.224 0.327 0.275 Production MT) Veg. 23.31 22.10 37.77 (in lakh

Fruits 2.81 4.05 3.82

Area, Production and Productivity of Fruits. Fruits Mango Citrus (Lemon) Guava Banana Litchi Total Area (ha.) 7574 5516 5088 2747 1528 22453 Production (MT) 89930(32.0) 55160(19.7) 63000(22.4) 54945(19.6) 17592(6.3) 280627(100.0) Productivity (MT) 11.87(7.0) 10.00(9.0) 12.38(11.9) 20.00(32.5) 11.51(7.6)

118

Area, Production and Productivity of Horticultural Crops (Year 2003-04) Area in Ha, Production in MT, Productivity in MT/Ha Area under different Area under different of Area under different fruits spices vegetables Area Producti Productiv Area Producti Productiv Area Product Productiv on ity on ity ion ity
54266 11242 26102 12836 21345 15743 6578 12567 18896 10758 24483 12029 8404 10042 10164 16522 22422 9752 19722 9898 14266 24687 372724 12.62 10.82 15.22 10.85 10.89 11.11 11.00 11.20 10.85 11.00 10.58 10.10 11.22 10.54 11.20 11.41 10.00 11.26 10.89 11.35 11.11 11.11 246.33 25476 5896 3979 2489 13508 7545 3060 5214 6937 3734 13074 6208 6862 6627 12041 13589 4658 5155 10710 4644 6221 6166 173793 390554 91038 60639 38977 193569 113175 46574 799130 106205 57653 200425 91693 104028 100797 1848 209291 64654 79851 163006 71704 84979 94525 3164315 15.33 15.44 15.24 15.65 14.33 15.00 15.22 15.33 15.30 15.44 15.33 14.77 15.16 15.21 15.31 15.40 13.88 15.49 15.22 15.44 13.66 15.33 332.48 2140 673 478 346 981 630 355 650 746 499 785 554 680 442 1060 478 763 361 674 369 547 537 28296 9596 6506 4225 13185 9085 5088 9251 9027 6652 11893 7585 10275 6679 15243 6511 9408 5495 10481 5410 7412 7637 13.22 14.26 13.61 12.20 13.44 14.42 14.23 12.10 13.33 15.15 13.69 15.11 15.10 14.38 13.62 13.62 12.33 15.22 15.50 14.60 13.55 14.00 307.52 1039 1715 1183 1960 1417 598 1122 1740 978 2314 1191 749 952 907 1448 2020 866 1811 869 1284 2222 32685

Sl Name no District

1. 2. 3. 4. 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

Ranchi-Khunti 4300 Lohardaga Gumla Simdega E.Singhbhum W. Singhbhum Saraikela Garwa Palamu Latehar Hazaribagh Chatra Koderma Bokaro Dhanbad Giridih Deoghar Jamtara Dumka Pakur Sahebganj Godda Total

14748 204940

(Source department of horticulture and cane development GOI) 119

Area, Production and Productivity of Horticultural Crops (Year 2004-05)

Area in Ha, Production in MT, Productivity in MT/Ha

Sl. No.

Name District

of

Area under different fruits

Area under different vegetables

Area under different spices

Area 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Ranchi-Khunti 4300 Lohardaga Gumla Simdega E.Singhbhum 1039 1715 1183 1960

Productio Productivit Area n y 55864 12016 20768 13144 21776 15800 6668 11849 19276 10710 24529 12029 8651 10169 10472 16988 22382 9874 20231 9880 14548 24954 12.99 11.56 12.11 11.11 11.11 11.15 11.15 10.56 10.25 10.95 10.60 10.10 11.55 10.68 11.55 11.73 11.88 11.22 11.17 11.33 11.33 11.23 11.34 29272 6392 4651 2955 14086 8055 3199 5934 7847 4036 16266 6684 7134 6993 12407 13991 4800 5643 11698 5095 6865 7038

Productio Productivit Area n y 453130 97286 71299 45306 208051 121631 48529 90969 119275 60984 246430 98723 108081 105735 187470 217281 76032 87749 180618 78107 99131 108526 15.48 15.22 15.33 15.33 14.77 15.10 15.17 15.33 15.20 15.11 15.15 14.77 15.15 15.12 15.11 15.53 15.84 15.55 15.44 15.33 14.44 15.42 15.23 2154 715 522 378 1037 687 388 710 810 572 810 622 713 457 1108 514 899 402 698 394 610 553 15783

Productio Productivit n y 32752 11175 7904 5674 15120 10305 5832 10729 12329 8764 12272 9818 10802 6911 16875 7705 14241 6256 10854 5772 8797 8596 238983 15.00 15.63 15.14 15.01 14.58 15.00 15.03 15.11 15.22 15.32 15.15 14.98 15.15 15.12 15.23 14.99 15.84 15.56 15.55 14.65 14.42 15.54 15.14

W. Singhbhum 1417 Saraikela Garwa Palamu Latehar Hazaribagh Chatra Koderma Bokaro Dhanbad Giridih Deoghar Jamtara Dumka Pakur Sahebganj Godda Total 598 1122 1881 978 2314 1191 749 952 907 1448 2020 880 1811 872 1284 2222

32843 372578

191041 2910343

120

Area, Production and Productivity of Horticultural Crops (Year 2005-06) Area Productivity in MT/Ha Area under different fruits Sl. Name of No District Area
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Ranchi-Khunti 4311 Lohardaga Gumla Simdega E.Singhbhum W. Singhbhum Saraikela Garwa Palamu 1039 1715 1183 1960 1417 598 1122 1991 978 2314 1191 749 952 907 1448 2020 897 1811 879 1284 2222 32988

in

Ha,

Production

in

MT,

Area under different vegetables

Area under different spices Product Productiv ion ity

34745 12688 9134 7589 16138 11242 6598 11370 12647 9177 14589 9901 11559 7302 17727 8735 15190 7110 11498 6535 10145 10161 261780 15.56 15.88 15.29 15.24 14.83 15.03 15.00 15.23 15.20 15.22 15.15 14.98 15.15 15.12 15.23 15.01 15.80 15.50 15.56 15.56 15.58 1575. 15.32

Productio Productiv Area n ity

56732 12372 20408 13635 21632 15891 6701 12256 22259 10941 26784 14184 8680 11240 10657 17542 24160 10476 21177 10275 16078 26196 390276 13.16 11.91 11.90 11.53 11.04 11.21 10.21 10.92 11.18 11.19 11.57 10.91 11.59 11.81 11.75 12.11 11.96 11.68 11.69 11.69 12.52 11.79 11.83 31158 7102 5064 3362 14546 8624 3417 6432 9617 4920 18556 7300 7314 7693 12900 14462 4945 6077 12513 5234 7581 7334 206151

Product Productiv Area ion ity

485130 112779 77226 51270 215717 129704 91391 96544 146466 74931 281308 109427 110880 116395 196596 224739 78378 94618 194827 81493 118415 115437 15.57 15.88 15.25 15.25 15.83 15.04 15.75 15.01 15.23 15.16 14.99 15.16 15.13 15.13 15.24 15.54 15.85 15.57 15.57 15.57 15.62 15.74 2233 799 599 498 1089 748 439 758 831 603 963 661 763 483 1164 582 959 457 739 420 652 646 17086

10. Latehar 11. Hazaribagh 12. Chatra 13. Koderma 14. Bokaro 15. Dhanbad 16. Giridih 17. Deoghar 18. Jamtara 19. Dumka 20. Pakur 21. Sahebganj 22. Godda Total

3203671 15.54

121

Area, Production and Productivity of Horticultural Crops (Year 2006-07) Area in Ha, Production in MT, Productivity in MT/Ha Sl Name of no District Area under different fruits Area
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. Ranchi-Khunti 5666 Lohardaga Gumla Simdega E.Singhbhum 2559 1715 1183 2260

Area under different spices Area under different vegetables Producti Producti Area Producti Productivi Area Producti Producti on vity on ty on vity
56732 13.15 11.90 11.90 11.52 11.03 11.21 11.20 10.92 11.17 11.18 11.57 11.90 11.58 11.80 11.74 12.11 11.96 11.67 11.68 11.67 11.52 11.78 12.22 31158 7102 5064 3362 14546 8624 3417 4920 18556 7300 7314 7693 12900 7693 12900 14462 4945 6077 12513 5234 7581 7334 206151 485130 112779 77226 51270 215717 129704 91391 96544 146466 74931 281308 109427 110880 116395 196596 224739 78378 94618 194827 81493 118415 115437 3203671 15.56 15.88 15.25 15.25 15.82 15.03 15.03 15.00 15.22 15.22 15.15 14.99 15.15 15.12 15.24 15.53 15.84 15.56 15.56 15.56 15.61 15.73 15.35 2603 1114 599 498 1129 748 479 758 831 643 1213 661 763 483 1164 582 1004 457 739 420 652 646 18186 40502 17691 9134 7589 16732 11242 7199 11370 12647 9786 18377 9901 11559 7302 17727 8735 15903 7110 11498 6535 10145 10161 278845 15.56 15.88 15.25 15.24 15.82 15.03 15.03 15.00 15.22 15.22 15.15 15.98 15.15 15.12 15.23 15.01 15.84 15.56 15.56 15.56 15.56 15.73 15.32

12372 20408 13635 21632 15891 6701 12256 22259 10941 26784 14184 8680 11240 10657 17542 24160 10476 21177 10275 16078 26196 402579

W. Singhbhum 1417 Saraikela Garwa Palamu Latehar Hazaribagh Chatra Koderma Bokaro Dhanbad Giridih Deoghar Jamtara Dumka Pakur Sahebganj Godda Total 1428 1122 2971 1813 3164 2411 749 952 907 1448 2620 897 2171 879 1284 2222 41838

122

From the above data related to Ranchi district of the last four years from 2003-04 upto 2006-07 the following analysis can be made: 1. The area under Fruit has grown from 4300 Ha to 5666 Ha in 2006-07 and the production has increased from 54266 MT to 56732 tons being an increase of 2466 MT and the productivity has gone up by a mere 0.56% from 12.62 MT per Ha to 13.16 MT per Ha in terms of productivity since 2003-04. 2. The area under vegetables has grown from 25476 Ha to 31158 Ha being an increase of 5682 Ha and the production has improved to 485130 MT from 390554 MT being an increase of 94576 MT. The productivity per Ha has increased marginally from 15.33 MT per Ha to 15.57 MT per Ha. 3. The area under spices has grown from 2140 Ha to 2603 Ha being an increase of 463 Ha and production has increased from 28296 MT to 40502 MT making it a sizeable increase of 12206 MT and the productivity per Ha has gone up from 13.22 MT to 15.56 MT per Ha.being an improvement of 16% in terms of increase in yield. Mango: Mango has the highest area and production among all the fruits with a percentage share of 32.0 in production. It is grown mainly in the districts of Ranchi, which has the maximum area of 1493 ha. As far as productivity is concerned, the productivity of mango in Jharkhand is 11.87 MT/ha. as compared to the national average of 7.0 MT/ha., i.e. higher by 50% over national average. Even if we consider the leading mango growing States and neighboring States. Jharkhand is leading in productivity over all these States, except Bihar. Banana : It is the fourth most important crop in the State with a production level of 54,945 MT and an area of 2747 ha. It is grown in all the districts of the State. Ranchi is one of the major banana growing districts, with an area of 206 ha. The productivity at the State level (20.0 MT/ha.) is much below the national average of 32.5 MT/ha. (almost 40 percent less).

123

Recommended horticulture crops for Ranchi District Climate Crops recommended Moderate Temperature-summer Fruit rainfall 1300 1500mm No gaseous pollution Vegetables Litchi, mango, guava, strawberry, sapota, custard apple, jackfruit, papaya, bael

Off season cabbage, capsicum, off season califlower, tomato, peas, French bean, Kharif potato, Kharif onion,leafy vegetables, vegetable jackfruit, cucurbits, carrot, beet root, baby corn and cowpea.

Flowers

carnation, gerbera, rose, chrysanthemum, mari-gold.

Greenhouses The climate of Ranchi and adjoining region is quite favourable for growing high value vegetables, cut-flowers and nurseries round the year in greenhouses that would have low initial cost and would require minimum energy for operation..

124

Area under Horticulture crops in Ranchi district (Acres) 2006 Mango Fruit Jack fruit Guava Banana Litchi others Vegetables Potato Onion Peas Ginger Tomato Cauliflower cabbage okra other Spices coriander ginger garlic chilli 2351.44 177.84 129.89 0.36 36.15 204,41 5892 2137 2017.56 2733 1893.86 2762 1952 3603 9500 43.25 83.85 317.81 101.69

125

VEGETABLES
Area, Production and yield rate of Vegetable Crops 1999-2000. Sl No. Cauliflower Area Production Yield Rate I. Central and north eastern plateau zone 1. Dumka 2221 35560 16.01 2. Deoghar 856 13695 16.00 3. Godda 858 13728 15.99 4. Pakur 1066 17050 16.00 5. Sahebgnaj 784 12544 16.01 6. Jamtara 1050 16814 15.98 7. Hazaribagh 820 13100 16.02 8. Koderma 812 13012 16.00 9. Chatra 454 7264 16.00 10. Giridih 1148 18368 16.00 11. Bokaro 508 8128 16.00 12. Dhanbad 1602 25632 16.00 Sub-Total Zone-II 12179 194895 16.00 II. Western plateau Zone 13. Ranchi-Khunti 2762 44192 16.00 14. Lohardaga 586 9376 16.00 15. Gumla 393 6289 16.00 16. Palamau 372 5950 15.99 17. Garhwa 392 6272 16.00 18. Simdega 271 4335 16.00 19. Latehar 226 3618 16.01 Sub-Total Zone-II 5002 80032 16.00 III. South eastern plateau zone 20. East Singhbhum 762 12192 16.00 21. West Singhbhum 468 7498 16.02 22. Saraikela 498 3160 15.96 Sub-Total zone-III 1428 22850 16.00 Total Jharkhand State 18609 297777 16.00 Districts Area 514 262 391 246 462 243 540 568 342 8181 377 768 5631 1952 453 266 309 268 187 187 3622 634 444 187 1265 10518 Cabbage Production Yield Rate 8173 5792 6256 3989 7392 3886 8804 8860 5472 13088 6032 12288 90032 31232 7248 4252 4935 4288 3001 3001 57957 10144 7102 2994 20240 168229 15.90 16.00 16.00 16.22 16.00 15.99 16.30 15.60 16.00 16.00 16.00 16.00 15.99 16.00 16.00 15.98 15.97 16.00 16.05 16.05 16.00 16.00 16.00 16.01 16.00 15.99

126

Area, Production and yield rate of Vegetable Crops 1999-2000. Sl No. Potato Area Production Yield Rate I. Central and north eastern plateau zone 1. Dumka 1685 16393 9.73 2. Deoghar 614 5980 9.74 3. Godda 1860 18163 9.77 4. Pakur 2519 27632 10.97 5. Sahebgnaj 181 1783 9.85 6. Jamtara 538 5239 9.74 7. Hazaribagh 6480 61515 9.49 8. Koderma 1268 11439 9.02 9. Chatra 3252 28700 8.83 10. Giridih 2552 24742 9.70 11. Bokaro 1077 9375 8.70 12. Dhanbad 93 918 9.87 Sub-Total Zone-II 22119 211879 9.58 II. Western plateau Zone 13. Ranchi-Khunti 5892 52894 8.98 14. Lohardaga 1174 10506 8.95 15. Gumla 2218 20080 9.05 16. Palamau 1982 19260 9.72 17. Garhwa 1672 16250 9.72 18. Simdega 1529 13845 9.05 19. Latehar 1205 11715 9.72 Sub-Total Zone-II 15672 144550 9.22 III. South eastern plateau zone 20. East Singhbhum 208 1809 8.70 21. West Singhbhum 119 912 8.29 22. Saraikela 46 385 8.37 Sub-Total zone-III 364 3106 8.53 Total Jharkhand State 38115 359535 9.42 Districts Area 560 418 427 268 526 264 421 421 326 882 364 907 5784 2137 489 288 371 343 198 226 4052 851 466 197 1514 11350 Onion Production Yield Rate 11187 8360 8540 5363 10520 5290 8420 8420 6520 17640 7080 18140 115680 42750 9780 5753 7424 6860 3967 4516 81040 17020 9327 3953 30330 227050 19.98 20.00 20.00 20.01 20.00 20.04 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 19.98 20.01 20.00 20.04 19.98 20.00 20.00 20.02 19.96 20.03 20.00

127

Area, Production and yield rate of Vegetable Crops 1999-2000. Sl No. Tomato Production Yield Rate I. Central and north eastern plateau zone 1. Dumka 745 14095 19.99 2. Deoghar 659 13180 20.00 3. Godda 646 12920 20.00 4. Pakur 357 7142 20.01 5. Sahebgnaj 571 11420 20.00 6. Jamtara 352 7043 20.01 7. Hazaribagh 686 13720 20.00 8. Koderma 686 13720 20.00 9. Chatra 561 11220 20.00 10. Giridih 1781 35620 20.00 11. Bokaro 572 11440 20.00 12. Dhanbad 1348 26960 20.00 Sub-Total Zone-II 8364 179280 20.00 II. Western plateau Zone 13. Ranchi-Khunti 1817 36340 20.00 14. Lohardaga 538 10760 20.00 15. Gumla 268 5351 19.97 16. Palamau 528 10592 20.06 17. Garhwa 458 9160 20.00 18. Simdega 184 3689 20.05 19. Latehar 321 6388 19.90 Sub-Total Zone-II 4114 82280 20.00 III. South eastern plateau zone 20. East Singhbhum 1386 27720 20.00 21. West Singhbhum 637 12746 20.01 22. Saraikela 269 5374 19.98 Sub-Total zone-III 2292 45840 20.00 Total Jharkhand State 15370 307400 20.00 Area Districts Area 770 549 467 369 372 364 729 729 503 1722 796 1177 8547 2733 957 378 785 484 260 477 6074 1289 734 309 2332 16953 Brinjal Production Yield Rate 15396 10980 9340 7383 7440 7281 14580 14580 10060 344.40 15920 23540 170940 54660 19140 7553 15694 9680 5207 9546 121480 25780 14673 6187 46640 339060 19.99 20.00 20.00 20.01 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 19.98 19.99 20.00 20.03 20.01 20.00 20.00 19.99 20.00 20.00 20.00

128

Area, Production and yield rate of Vegetable Crops 1999-2000. Sl No. Ladys Finger Production Yield Rate I. Central and north eastern plateau zone 1. Dumka 928 12994 14.00 2. Deoghar 478 6692 14.00 3. Godda 471 6594 14.00 4. Pakur 448 6230 14.00 5. Sahebgnaj 497 6958 14.00 6. Jamtara 439 6144 14.00 7. Hazaribagh 877 12271 13.99 8. Koderma 876 12271 14.00 9. Chatra 668 9352 14.00 10. Giridih 2250 31500 14.00 11. Bokaro 945 13230 14.00 12. Dhanbad 1934 27076 14.00 Sub-Total Zone-II 10808 151312 14.00 II. Western plateau Zone 13. Ranchi-Khunti 3603 50442 14.00 14. Lohardaga 477 6678 14.00 15. Gumla 411 5751 13.99 16. Palamau 1063 14877 14.13 17. Garhwa 838 11732 14.00 18. Simdega 283 3965 14.01 19. Latehar 646 9049 14.01 Sub-Total Zone-II 7311 102494 14.02 III. South eastern plateau zone 20. East Singhbhum 2406 33684 14.00 21. West Singhbhum 1539 21547 14.00 22. Saraikela 649 9085 14.00 Sub-Total zone-III 4594 64316 14.00 Total Jharkhand State 22713 318122 14.01 Area Districts Area 439 409 396 220 402 207 513 513 411 332 358 939 5129 1933 549 324 581 508 223 353 4471 839 448 189 1476 11076 Chilli Production Yield Rate 5262 4908 4752 2522 4824 2488 6156 6156 4932 3984 4296 11268 61548 23196 6588 3885 6969 6096 2679 4239 53652 10068 5377 2267 17712 132912 11.99 12.00 12.00 12.01 12.00 12.02 12.00 12.00 12.00 12.00 12.00 12.00 12.00 12.00 12.00 11.99 11.99 12.00 12.01 12.01 12.00 12.00 12.00 11.99 12.00 12.00

129

Area, Production and yield rate of Vegetable Crop 1999-2000. Sl No. Pumpkin Production Yield Rate I. Central and north eastern plateau zone 1. Dumka 429 6439 15.00 2. Deoghar 146 2190 15.00 3. Godda 102 1530 15.00 4. Pakur 206 3087 14.99 5. Sahebgnaj 103 1545 15.00 6. Jamtara 203 3044 15.00 7. Hazaribagh 286 4290 15.00 8. Koderma 286 4290 15.00 9. Chatra 168 2520 15.00 10. Giridih 372 5581 15.00 11. Bokaro 146 2190 15.00 12. Dhanbad 232 3480 15.00 Sub-Total Zone-II 2679 40185 15.00 II. Western plateau Zone 13. Ranchi-Khunti 393 5895 15.00 14. Lohardaga 94 1410 15.00 15. Gumla 72 1083 15.04 16. Palamau 154 2304 14.96 17. Garhwa 89 1335 15.00 18. Simdega 50 747 14.94 19. Latehar 93 1401 16.06 Sub-Total Zone-II 945 14175 15.00 III. South eastern plateau zone 20. East Singhbhum 528 7920 15.00 21. West Singhbhum 241 3619 15.02 22. Saraikela 102 1526 14.96 Sub-Total zone-III 871 13065 15.00 Total Jharkhand State 4495 67425 15.00 Area Districts Area 572 178 192 274 218 270 387 387 287 628 296 409 4098 681 162 147 231 239 101 135 1696 993 467 197 1657 7451 Sponge Gourd Production Yield Rate 6859 2136 2304 3289 2616 3244 4644 4644 3444 7536 3552 4908 49176 8172 1944 1761 2656 2868 1215 1616 20232 11916 5605 2363 19884 89292 11.99 12.00 12.00 12.00 12.00 12.01 12.00 12.00 12.00 12.00 12.00 12.00 12.00 12.00 12.00 11.98 11.50 12.00 12.03 11.97 11.93 12.00 12.00 11.99 12.00 12.00

130

Area, Production and yield rate of Vegetable Crop 1999-2000. Sl No. Ridge Gourd Production Yield Rate I. Central and north eastern plateau zone 1. Dumka 65 390 52 2. Deoghar 66 396 58 3. Godda 52 312 71 4. Pakur 31 187 25 5. Sahebgnaj 54 324 78 6. Jamtara 31 185 25 7. Hazaribagh 49 294 55 8. Koderma 49 294 55 9. Chatra 70 420 59 10. Giridih 76 456 88 11. Bokaro 65 390 85 12. Dhanbad 79 474 108 Sub-Total Zone-II 687 4122 759 II. Western plateau Zone 13. Ranchi-Khunti 101 606 6.0 14. Lohardaga 54 324 6.0 15. Gumla 31 185 6.0 16. Palamau 52 310 6.0 17. Garhwa 61 366 6.0 18. Simdega 21 127 6.1 19. Latehar 31 188 6.1 Sub-Total Zone-II 351 2106 6.0 III. South eastern plateau zone 20. East Singhbhum 194 1164 6.0 21. West Singhbhum 64 384 6.0 22. Saraikela 27 162 6.0 Sub-Total zone-III 285 1710 6.0 Total Jharkhand State 1323 7938 6.0 Area Districts Area 314 348 426 150 468 148 330 330 354 528 516 648 4560 187 62 60 58 71 41 41 520 137 72 30 239 1518 Bitter Gourd Production Yield Rate 39 19 29 19 27 19 30 29 44 48 48 54 405 1122 372 359 407 426 247 247 3180 822 430 182 1434 9174 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 5.9 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.1 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 7.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.1 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0

131

Area, Production and yield rate of Vegetable Crops 1999-2000. SI.No. Others Production Yield Rate I. Central and north eastern plateau zone 1. Dumka 785 9416 11.99 2. Deoghar 408 4896 12.00 3. Godda 432 5184 12.00 4. Pakur 376 4515 12.01 5. Sahebganj 428 5136 12.00 6. Jamtara 371 4453 12.00 7. Hazaribagh 1030 12354 11.99 8. Koderma 1029 12354 11.99 9. Chatra 856 10272 12.00 10. Giridih 2288 27456 12.00 11. Bokaro 763 9156 12.00 12. Dhanbad 1945 23340 12.00 Sub-Total Zone-I 10711 128532 12.00 II. Western plateau zone 13. Ranchi-Khunti 2258 27096 12.00 14. Lohardaga 538 6456 12.00 15. Gumla 309 3708 12.00 16. Palamau 639 7671 12.00 17. Garhwa 542 6504 12.00 18. Simdega 213 2556 12.00 19. Latehar 389 4665 11.99 Sub-Total Zone-II 4888 58656 12.00 III. South eastern plateau zone 20. East 2028 24336 12.00 Singhbhum 21. West 777 9319 11.99 Singhbhum 22. Saraikela 327 3929 12.02 Sub-Total Zone-III 3132 37584 12.00 Total Jharkhand State 18731 224772 12.00 Area District Area 8214 4683 4616 3939 4608 3884 6628 6627 4885 12794 5551 11824 78253 21158 5102 3064 5312 4433 2113 3231 44413 12546 6590 Total Vegetables Production Yield Rate 127895 74226 72668 61326 71973 60477 100450 100450 73086 198842 83972 180226 1205591 329535 81030 46736 80897 66539 32224 49204 686165 186004 99138 15.57 15.85 15.74 15.57 15.62 15.57 15.16 15.16 14.99 15.54 15.13 15.24 15.41 15.57 15.88 15.25 15.23 15.01 15.25 15.23 15.45 14.83 15.04 15.04 14.92 15.35

2779 41803 21915 326945 144581 2218701

132

Area, Production and Productivity of Vegetables. Vegetable Potato Onion Chilli Bhindi (Okra) Brinjal Tomato Cauliflower Cabbage Pumpkin Sponge gourd Ridge gourd Bitter gourd Pointed gourd Cow Pea Total Area (ha.) 38115 11550 `11076 22713 16953 15370 18609 10518 4495 7451 1323 1518 704 3761 164156 Production (MT) 359535 (15.43) 227000(9.74) 132000 (5.66) 318122 (13.65) 339000(14.55) 307000(13.17) 297000(12.74) 168000(7.21) 67425(2.89) 89292 (3.83) 7938(0.34) 9174(0.39) 7040(0.30) 2256(0.10) 2330782(100.00) Productivity (MT) 9.42 (17.6) 19.65(11.4) 11.91 (NA) 14.00 (10.0) 20.00(15.9) 20.00(17.7) 16.00 (18.4) 16.00(23.4) 15.00(NA) 12.00 (NA) 6.00 (NA) 6.04(NA) 10.00(NA) 0.60 (NA)

Productivity of Vegetables (MT/ha.). Vegetable Jharkhand AP Bihar MP Maharashtra Potato 9.42 8.8 15.3 22.6 Onion 19.65 9.6 3.2 11.4 Okra 14.00 6.6 14.0 6.0 Brinjal 20.00 14.4 20.0 15.0 Tomato 20.00 21.2 20.0 15.0 Cauliflower 16.00 16.0 16.0 13.9 Cabbage 16.00 16.0 27.2 Source : Indian Horticulture Data Base NHB 2000.

Orissa 21.0 7.9 9.1 12.6 -

UP 12.2 -

WB 11.0 10.5 30.3 29.3

Karnataka 25.0 24.6

There is great scope for expansion of vegetable farming in Ranchi district. Potato : The productivity of potato in three States, viz. M.P., Maharashtra and Orissa, is higher than in Jharkhand, by as much as 62%, 14.0% and 12.3% respectively. Around 40% of potato in the state is grown in the Western Zone. Ranchi is one of the major potato growing areas. Onion: The productivity of onion in Jharkhand is the highest among all States. In fact, it is almost double the productivity of onion in Bihar. Around 37% of the area is in Western Zone and Ranchi has maximum area and production. Okra: In the case of Okra also, the productivity in Jharkhand is higher than all other States, more than double the productivity in Andhra Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh. Ranchi is one of the major Okra growing districts Brinjal: Here too, the productivity is higher in Jharkhand than all other states, except Bihar, 133

Ranchi district has maximum area under brinjal and has maximum production as compared to other districts. Tomato: Karnataka has got the highest productivity of 22.00 MT/ha. which is 25% higher than the productivity in Jharkhand. One of the major tomato growing districts is Ranchi. Cauliflower: West Bengal has registered the highest productivity of 30.3% MT/ha. which is about 90% higher than Jharkhand. Ranchi district is one of the major producers of cauliflower. Cabbage : In the case of cabbage, Bihar has got a productivity level of 27.2 MT/ha. which is much higher than Jharkhand by 70%. One of the major cabbage growing districts is Ranchi.

134

SEED PRODUCTION, PROCESSING AND STORAGE FACILITY (GOVT. OF JHARKHAND) There are 6 (six) different districts producing seeds which have their own seed processing units of different capacities run by the Jharkhand Govt. Sl No 1 2 3 4 5 6 Districts Villages Processing capacity 1 TPH 1 TPH 1 TPH 1 TPH 1 TPH 1 TPH Status Seed storage capacity 4000 Q. 4000 Q. 4000 Q. 4000 Q. 4000 Q. 4000 Q.

Ranchi-Khunti Lohardaga Gumla West Singhbhum Sahebganj Dumka

Ranchi Kuru H.Q. Chakradharpur H.Q. H.Q.

Functionin g Functionin g Functionin g Functionin g Functionin g Functionin g

Seed village established, Govt. of Jharkhand 1 Ranchi-Khunti 2 East Singhbhum Sai Gram Beej Utpadak Sahyog Samiti, Lapung Beej Manush Bahragora, Chakuliya Gram Maya 1 TP H 1 TPH Functioning 3000 Q.

Functioning

3000 Q.

Garhwa

Gram Lok Kalyan Kendra, Mandwania Attaula Barkagaon

0.4 TPH 0.4 TPH 0.4 TPH

Functioning

3000 Q.

4 5

Garhwa Hazaribagh

Functioning Functioning

3000 Q. 3000 Q.

135

6 7 8

Kodarma Dhanbad Giridih

Jharitand Sampurn Gram, Beej

1 TPH 0.4 TPH 0.4 TPH

Functioning Functioning To installed be

3000 Q. 3000 Q. 3000 Q.

Krishak Sawayam Swawlambi Sahkari Samiti, Nawadih Bhadra Kali Beej Gram, Chatra

Chatra

0.4 TPH

To installed

be

3000 Q.

New seed villages (Group of atleast 50 farmers) during 2007-08 under other regional sub-scheme, Govt. of Jharkhand with the target to produce minimum 2000 Q. certified seed/year 1 4 Palamu, Bokaro, Hazaribagh and Godda 1 TPH each To be commiss ioned Seed storage facility of 3000 Q. at each seed village is to be developed Seed storage facility of 3000 Q. at each seed village is to be developed Seed storage facility of 3000 Q. at each seed village is to be developed

5 8

Chatra, Palamu, Deoghar and Giridih

1 TPH each

To be commiss ioned

9 1 7

Ranchi-Khunti, Gumla, West Singhbhum, Saraikela, Latehar, Dumka, Sahebganj, Pankur and Lohardaga

1 TPH each

To be commiss ioned

136

FERTILIZER USE
Ranchi district has a fertilizer consumption of nitrogen higher than the average in the state being (101 kg) per ha (Mishra, 2004). Urea is the major fertilizer, followed by DAP and mixed fertilizer of 12:32:16. Inorganic Fertilizers The consumption of fertilizers is abnormally low in the state of Jharkhand and in the year (2000-01), the total average consumption of inorganic sources of fertilizers was 51 Kg/ ha. Details of district- wise consumption both in Kharif and Rabi are given below.

137

Consumption of Inorganic Fertilizers in Ranchi District Jharkhand during 2000-01 (Figures in M.T.) Sl. No. District/ Region Total Area Crop Consumption of Inorganic Fertilizers Kharif 1,900 12,100 2,300 1,000 2,000 1,000 6,100 400 300 3,700 900 200 35,500 15,900 2,100 800 550 3,046 1,500 1,854 25,750 800 630 270 1,700 62,950 Rabi 1,568 6,800 2,100 300 2,000 632 3,500 700 300 1,500 1,100 200 20,700 10,500 1,300 500 350 1,680 1,100 1,021 16,451 300 280 120 700 37,850 Total 3,468 18,900 4,400 1,300 4,000 1,632 9,600 4,700 600 5,200 2,000 400 56,200 26,400 3,400 1,300 900 4,726 2,600 2,874 42,200 1,100 910 390 2,400 1,00,800 29 160 54 22 88 29 85 22 12 58 81 10 73 101 65 8 8 42 30 41 49 8 6 6 7 51 Consumption of fertilizers in kg. /ha.

(In ooo ha.) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. Total 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. Total 20. 21. 22. Total Dumka Deoghar Godda Pakur Sahebganj Jamtara Hajaribagh Koderma Chatra Giridih Bokaro Dhanbad Central & Plateau Zone I Ranchi-Khunti Lohardaga Gumla Simdega Palamu Garhwa Latehar E. Singhbhum W. Singhbhum Saraikela 119.88 61.99 81.00 60.38 45.53 56.68 113.29 20.94 49.61 89.67 24.79 38.65 North 762.30 260.87 52.71 162.67 112.16 113.86 85.57 69.25 144.22 156.31 65.91

Western Plateau Zone II 857.11

SouthWestern Plateau 366.44 Zone III Total Jharkhand State 1985.86

Source: - Agricultural Development of Jharkhand At A Glance through figures 2006 by R. K. Mishra & V. Jairam 138

Fertilizer Consumption in Jharkhand State (Tons) Year 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 N -----109,200 112,100 66,980 76,166 97,138 P ----42,150 43,820 41,900 42,962 67,122 K -----15,670 16,670 4,840 4,369 17,094 Total Consumption 100,800 167,020 173,600 113,720 123,497 171,354

Consumption of Fertilizers and Chemicals (In quintals) Fertilizers 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 Nitrogenous 7776 97877 117666 Phosphatic 34700 19700 34778 Potassic 6322 7674 8772 Micro-nutrients 340 380 310 Bio-fertilizers 870 877 769 Plant protection chemicals 422 318 377 Others 252 295 296 Note: In the above table amount of fertilizers is in terms of nutrients, and pesticides in active ingredients. Type of Fertilizer Consumption in different years Fertilizer Urea DAP SSP MOP Mixed (12:32:16) Mixed (20:20:0) Mixed (15:15:15) 2002-03 100,293 81,685 6,503 6,008 924 1,840 -2003-04 135,470 75,500 18,113 6,715 9,212 4,764 136 2004-05 163,378 106,358 341 3,235 21,050 6,573 357 2005-06 150,927 66,321 4,036 4,064 24,897 1292 Remark

139

Consumption of Fertilizers and Other Chemicals across Crops in the district (Latest Agriculture Census) Crops Nitrogen Phosphate Potash Micronutrients Biofertilize r 164 188 126 568 196 222 118 118 BioOthers pesticides 288 279 174 176 244 299 214 301 1975 178 295 198 210 149 210 310 292 1842

Paddy-S 142 122 41 210 Paddy-K 11774 2946 52 290 Paddy-B 177 186 114 210 Wheat-T 1417 3964 78 387 Wheat-L 141 176 64 181 Pulses-K 274 279 82 210 Pulses-R 174 196 94 232 Other 229 296 52 212 pulses Total 14328 8165 577 1932 1700 Note: The amount of fertilizers is in nutrients, pesticides in active ingredients.

Since the upland soil in the district is acidic resulting in poor crop yields, soil treatment with dolomite has been introduced in those areas to improve soil fertility.

140

LIVESTOCK
Demand for meat and meat product is high since the tribals consume meat as part of their diet. The state has a deficit in its milk, meat, eggs and fish requirements which means the level of production must be increased. The total live stock population in the state is 158.26 lakh which is 3.28% of the Indias live stock population. The dairy, poultry and fisheries industry has great scope for expansion and should be strengthened by providing inputs of better breeding stock, disease protection and availability of feed. Although the population of cattle in Ranchi is about 20% of the total in the state but the improved and cross bred animals are only about 2% so the milk yields are very low. The average milk production per dairy animal in ranchi district is 1.25 Kg per day whereas the the national production of milk is 3 kg per day Organic Sources of Nitrogen Besides fertilizers, other sources of nitrogen have also to be tapped. The most important source, that may be largely available, is compost and there is great scope for developing this source in this state. Other means, e.g. nitrogen donation to the soil by pulses and other leguminous crops capable to fixing nitrogen from atmosphere, use of blue- green algae of proper strain or Azola and other microbial fertilizers should also be exploited. The potential of organic materials in the State and their annual production are given in the following table.

Pesticide Consumption in Jharkhand State (2004-05)

Sl. No. 1. 2. Season Kharif Rabi Total Quantity Tons 55.0 27.0 82.0 Remarks

Pesticides name for use in Jharkhand State

Sl. No. i. Pesticides Insecticides Name Endosulphan, Monocrotophos, Methyl Demeton, Quinalphos, Endosulphan dust, Malathion, Fenvalerate, Chlorpyriphos, Phosalone, BT, Neem based insecticides. Mancozeb, Carbendazim, Copper Oxychloride, Sulpher, Thiram 2-4-D, Isoproturon, Fluchloration Zinc Phosphide. 141

ii. iii. iv

Fungicides Weedcides Rodenticides

Estimated Annual Production of Animal Wastes In Jharkhand by the terminal year of Xth Plan (2006-07) Categories of Number based on Rate of Manure Estimated Livestock 2003 livestock Production Per Production Animal ha.) (kg./ Animal (Lakh M.T.) census (in lakhs) Quantity of Animal of Wastes total used (60% as of Wastes manures

Production)

(Lakh M.T.) (a) Cattle (b) Buffaloes (c) Goats (d) Sheep (e) Pigs (f) Poultry Total 76.13 13.43 50.31 6.80 11.08 144.29 .. 750 650 75 80 25 20 57.10 8.73 3.77 0.55 0.28 2.89 73.52 34.26 5.24 2.26 0.33 0.17 1.73 43.79

Note: Based on the Presumption that 60 % of total animal wastes are used for compost making and the rest 40% is used as fuel.

142

Livestock and Poultry Profile in Ranchi District Jharkhand S no 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Distt Dumka Deoghar Godda Pakur Sahebganj Jamtara Hazaribagh Koderma Chatra Giridih Bokaro Dhanbad Ranchi-Khunti Lohardaga Gumla Palamu Garhwa Simdega Latehar E. Singhbhum W. Singhbhum Saraikela Cattle No. 487.97 396.35 324.14 224.65 196.27 277.64 483.68 144.75 331.02 588.16 327.23 308.93 671.17 132.44 438.60 498.87 356.8 323.77 253.39 276.26 393.77 222.85 Buffalo Sheep % of No. % of No state state 49.41 3.68 50.10 6.37 5.17 4.23 2.93 2.56 3.63 6.32 1.89 4.32 7.68 4.27 4.03 8.76 1.73 5.73 6.51 4.66 4.22 3.31 3.61 5.14 2.91 53.95 63.75 30.93 47.12 26.41 4.02 4.75 2.30 3.51 1.97 36.77 4.43 17.13 3.46 50.97 10.01 0.73 1.14 22.42 34.49 43.17 81.40 1.58 10.09 49.55 36.27 10.57 55.41 97.73 62.48 % of state 7.37 5.41 0.65 2.52 0.51 7.50 1.47 0.11 0.16 3.30 5.07 6.35 11.97 0.23 1.48 7.29 5.33 0.64 8.15 14.37 9.19 Goat No. 213.39 200.24 15.23 136.54 172.11 155.30 356.1 90.92 212.57 372.54 207.16 214.33 642.75 86.53 283.59 231.66 139.31 244.64 170.24 230.3 293.79 191.78

All nos. in Thousands) Pig Poultry % of No. % of No. % of state state state 4.24 108.74 9.81 597.7 4.14 3.98 3.68 2.71 3.42 3.09 5.09 1.81 5.31 7.4 4.12 4.26 12.77 1.72 7.29 4.60 2.77 4.86 3.38 4.58 5.84 3.1 28.75 47.55 69.04 57.64 50.43 71.21 6.28 46.97 51.29 43.21 6.0.81 2.59 4.29 6.23 5.20 4.55 6.43 0.57 0.48 4.63 3.90 5.49 322.59 2.24 473.05 3.28 656.02 4.55 559.13 3.88 440.37 3.05 918.73 6.37 95.57 0.66 280.21 1.94 429.97 2.98 600.14 4.16 686.14 4.76 2105 11.46 254.33 1.76 705.17 4.89 396 304.0 2.74 2.11

142.97 10.65 144.75 1.89 94.73 61.3 58.8 155. 12.25 62.05 97.58 58.86 21.1 35.79 3538 50.38 28.95 143 7.05 4.56 4.38 11.59 0.91 4.62 7.26 4.38 1.56 2.66 2.63 3.75 2.15 119.09 8.87

127.03 11.46 9.96 0.90 73.84 56 27.48 60.46 44.11 25.29 32.04 9.82 6.66 5.05 2.4 5.46 3.98 2.2 2.89 0.89

563.45 3.90 400.68 2.78 959.21 6.65 1835.9 12.75 5 830.05 5.75

(Source- Directorate of Animal Husbandry, Ranchi)

There is only one District Animal Husbandry officer, one Sub Divisional Animal husbandry officer and one veterinary surgeon's hospital in Ranchi district. Details of Animal Hospitals, Clinics & A.I. Centers of the State Sl. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Total BAHO Total District Dumka Jamtara Deoghar Godda Sahebganj Pakur Hazaribagh Chatra Koderma Giridih Dhanbad Bokaro Ranchi-Khunti Lohardaga Gumla Simdega Chaibasa Saraikela Jamshedpur Palamu Garhwa Latehar No. of Hospitals/ Clinics 31 15 17 30 47 38 27 48 12 26 49 21 44 405 211 616 No. of A. I. Centers 49 05 24 50 10 27 03 03 07 13 04 143 31 45 79 51 101 06 651 651

144

Status of Poultry & Duck Farm up to March 2005 Poultry Farm, Ranchi Capacity Layer Broiler Total Duck Farm, Hotwar, Ranchi No. of Poultry Capacity No. of Duck available available Layer Broiler Total M Fem Tot Male Female Total ale ale al 1721 542 2263 35 334 369

2000

5000

7000

Poultry Development: There is one Regional Poultry Farm at Hotwar in Ranchi . 1. One Duck Breeding farm at Hotwar Ranchi 2. One Small Dressing Plant at Hotwar in Ranchi . Livestock Research Institute: There is one Institute of Animal Health and production at Kanke in Ranchi. Pig Farming The state has a substantial pig population which constitutes around 10% of the countrys pig population and this is capable of playing an important role to improve the socio-economic status of poor farmers. Pig rearing is a traditional occupation in Jharkhand and was limited to the tribal population, but now a days due to their conversion efficiency, shorter generation interval, faster growth rate, low maintenance cost and ability to utilize agricultural byproducts and waste materials to produce high human value diet it has been taken up by other farmers too. Goat Development The Goat population in Jharkhand is about 5 million, comprising only about 4% of the total population of goats in the country. Despite the least attention from planners, the goat population in India has increased at the fastest rate among all major livestock species during the last two decades. However instead of increasing the goat population, emphasis should be laid on productivity per animal, organized marketing and prevention of emergence of new diseases like Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) which has led to higher mortality and abortion in goats. The goat improvement programme must be given a push through extending credit to poor landless farmers. The goat population is almost evenly distributed in all the districts of Jharkhand because it suits the natural habitat and the social status of the landless and marginal farmers. According to the census, the goat and sheep population in Ranchi is 6 lakhs and 1 lakh respectively.

145

FISHERY DEVELOPMENT

Freshwater aquaculture contributes more than 90% of the total fish production, most of the ponds and tanks are seasonal and dry up during the summer. The Department of Fisheries leases its ponds to the fishermen cooperative societies for short-term (3 years) and long-term (10 years). The Society in turn distributes these ponds to their members for fish culture activity. In recent years fish production has improved due to digging of a large number of new ponds and renovation of old ponds through Government schemes to help growth in the fisheries sector. The Department is constructing 30 decimal (0.16 ha) ponds on cent percent subsidy basis for the ST

beneficiaries under a centrally sponsored scheme. District-wise fish production from aquaculture Sl DISTRICT Available area under No ponds/ tanks (ha) Lohardaga 1. 431 Giridih 2. 860 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Ranchi-Khunti Hajaribagh Kodrama Devghar Godda Dhanbad Dhumka Jamthada Gumla Simdega Sahebganj Pakur Bokaro Jamshedpur Chaibasa Saraikela Palamau Lathehar Garhwa Chatra Total 2257 2935 460 1813 1180 1657 1955 721 1982 430 2011 857 2455 3745 2091 1511 1966 1286 875 1060 34106 146

Annual Production Average Annual (tonnes) production (t/ha) 800 1500 3700 4322 678 2500 1600 2100 2374 876 2136 464 1963 837 2000 3000 1567 1133 604 396 220 200 32670 1.86 1.74 1.64 1.47 1.47 1.38 1.36 1.27 1.21 1.21 1.08 1.08 0.98 0.98 0.81 0.80 0.75 0.75 0.31 0.31 0.25 0.19 0.96

District-wise ponds/tanks resources Sl. District No. Total Pond/Tank Resources Govt. ponds (ha) No 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Lohardaga Giridih RanchiKhunti Hajaribagh Kodrama Devghar Godda Dhanbad Dhumka 155 645 663 1274 190 1350 815 1170 705 435 406 85 802 716 1710 Total area 119 445 802 1250 200 948 378 1345 430 395 297 65 846 512 1621 1515 916 546 706 95 410 615 14456 Avg. size 0.77 0.69 1.21 0.98 1.05 0.70 0.46 1.15 0.61 0.91 0.73 0.76 1.05 0.72 0.95 1.58 1.22 0.91 1.77 0.61 1.37 1.21 0.98 Private ponds (ha) No 950 895 2345 2546 585 1433 1285 846 2280 655 2416 585 2450 980 745 3515 1624 1645 2065 2400 850 845 33940 Total area 312 413 1455 1685 260 865 802 312 1525 326 1685 365 1165 345 402 2230 1175 965 1260 1191 465 445 Avg. size 0.33 0.46 0.62 0.66 0.44 0.60 0.62 0.37 0.67 0.50 0.70 0.62 0.48 0.35 0.54 0.63 0.72 0.59 0.61 0.50 0.55 0.53 Total (ha) No 1105 1540 3008 3820 775 2783 2100 2016 2985 1090 2822 670 3252 1696 2455 4474 2374 2245 2465 2555 1150 1355 48735 Total area 431 860 2257 2935 460 1813 1180 1657 1955 721 1982 430 2011 857 2455 3745 2091 1511 1966 1286 875 1060 34106 Avg. size 0.39 0.56 0.75 0.77 0.59 0.65 0.56 0.82 0.65 0.66 0.70 0.64 0.62 0.51 1.00 0.84 0.88 0.67 0.80 0.50 0.76 0.78 0.70

10. Jamthada 11. Gumla 12. Simdega 13. Sahebganj 14. Pakur 15. Bokaro

16. Jamshedpur 959 17. Chaibasa 750 18. Saraikela 600 19. Palamau 20. Lathehar 21. Garhwa 22. Chatra Total 400 155 300 510 14795

19650 0.58

147

District wise reservoirs and check dam resources Sl. no 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. District Ranchi-Khunti Lohardaga Gumla W. Singhbhum E. Singhbhum Palamu Garwa Hazaribagh Chatra Koderma Dhanbad Bokaro Giridih Deoghar Dumka Godda Sahahebganj Pakur Latehar Saraikela Jamtara Simdega Total Reservoir No. 15 6 12 9 7 9 3 9 6 5 4 4 3 0 2 0 0 0 5 2 0 3 104 Area (ha) 4512 2452 2500 3254 2450 3514 1200 12465 2554 10210 11250 9650 650 0 4500 0 0 0 2845 18575 0 2250 94831 Check dams No. 115 50 120 95 55 90 45 92 45 30 28 24 26 12 103 30 25 22 68 58 16 35 1184 Area (ha) 485 125 540 315 160 285 130 360 135 140 180 135 155 85 422 135 98 102 265 106 52 160 4570

148

Fish Seed production and distribution (in lakhs) during 2001-2006 Sl No 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. Name of District Ranchi-Khunti Gumla Simdega Lohardaga Palamu Lathehar Garwa Jamshedpur Chaibasa Saraikela Sahebganj Pakuda Dhumka Jamthada Deoghar Godda Hajaribagh Kodrama Bokaro Dhanbad Giridih Chatara Total 2001-02 27.61 20.80 Nil 10.22 13.61 Nil 2.75 17.10 12.90 Nil 14.45 Nil 20.32 Nil 17.00 1.70 50.69 Nil 1.52 3.29 3.85 Nil 217.81 2002-03 43.03 32.85 Nil 8.60 15.20 Nil 1.57 18.20 13.06 Nil 8.84 Nil 21.00 Nil 25.00 4.95 44.34 Nil 7.01 4.37 10.17 Nil 258.19 2003-04 36.50 32.60 Nil Nil 18.00 Nil Nil 17.0 9.18 Nil 12.21 Nil 28.04 Nil 10.81 1.20 47.56 Nil 7.55 7.10 13.03 5.25 246.03 2004-05 84.47 87.50 Nil 14.00 26.00 Nil 7.00 140.00 63.00 Nil 35.00 Nil 70.00 Nil 17.50 52.50 55.00 Nil 17.50 17.50 17.50 70.00 774.47 2005-06 127.00 150.00 Nil 33.00 84.00 Nil 10 46.00 60.00 Nil 77.8 Nil 1.59 Nil 12.80 3.90 58.41 Nil 30.00 5.96 46.50 12.87 787.08

149

Training to Fish Farmers through District Fisheries Office Training Sl. District No. 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10 11 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. Ranchi-Khunti Gumla Lohardaga Palamu Garwa Jamshedpur Chaibasa Sahebganj Dumka Deoghar Godda Hazaribagh Bokaro Dhanbad Giridih Chatra Total 100 75 50 50 50 75 37 100 100 41 62 140 121 41 140 0 1182 42 42 42 42 37 43 48 42 42 59 39 71 54 57 47 17 724 200 50 0 200 200 200 200 200 200 300 136 307 248 248 216 135 3040 300 300 200 300 200 200 200 200 200 300 200 300 250 250 250 150 3800

2005-06 147 125 125 125 125 125 125 125 125 150 65 150 0 150 135 150 1947

150

New pond construction by Fisheries Department during 2001-2006 Sl. No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. District Ranchi-Khunti Gumla Lohardaga Palamu Garwa Jamshedpur Chaibasa Sahebganj Dumka Deoghar Godda Hazaribagh Bokaro Dhanbad Giridih Chatra Total 2001-02 3 Nil 4 5 Nil Nil 5 25 19 Nil 5 Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil 66 2002-03 0 5 0 25 5 15 15 60 Nil 12 19 15 5 5 5 Nil 186 2003-04 10 Nil 0 6 Nil 25 25 50 25 7 25 7 7 7 7 5 206 2004-05 20 35 15 30 10 20 30 20 20 10 10 15 10 10 10 6 271 2005-06 20 20 15 25 5 15 25 20 20 10 10 15 10 10 5 15 245 Total 53 60 34 85 20 75 100 175 84 39 69 52 32 32 27 26 977

Other Departments like DRDA, MESO, Soil Conservation, etc are also involved in construction of ponds under rural development schemes, for SC/ST members. Besides, the Department of Fisheries, some NGOs are also involved in the development of fisheries, especially in imparting training to the farmers on fish seed production and demonstration of culture technology. The important NGOs are Ramakrishna Mission, Gram Vikas Trust, Jharkhand Tribal Development Society, Gieesa and Aviram Gramin Vikas Swayamsevi Sansthan.

151

Centralized fish hatcheries Sl.No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Centralized hatchery Ranchi Lathehar Hajaribagh Gumla Bokaro Deoghar Dumka Sahebganj Pakur Jamshedpur Palamu Chatra Simdega Dhanbad Jamtara Godda Covering District Lohardaga Garhwa Kodrama Chaibasa Giridih Saraikela

The number of fish hatcheries in the Government and private sector are insufficient to meet the requirement for fish seed. To meet the demand of fish seed of the state it will be necessary to motivate the private entrepreneurs to take up fish hatcheries In fact there is financial support for hatchery construction by the Government.

152

Proposed categorization of the districts of Jharkhand based on fish production Groups Districts Present Avg. Targeted average production (tonne/ha/yr) Production (tonne/ha/yr) XI Plan XII Plan .86

p1

Lohardaga, Giridih, Ranchi, Hajaribagh, Koderma, Deoghar, Godda

p2

Dhanbad, Dumka, Jamtara, .27 Gumla, Simdega, Sahebganj, Pakur Bokaro, Jamshedpur, Chaibasa, Saraikela 0.81

p3 p4

Palamau, Lathehar, Garhwa, 0.31 Chatra

There should be seed banks in each district for the fish seed so that the farmers can have yearlings year the round and stock their ponds by the first rain so that they could have more culture period and get better returns.

153

District-wise existing and proposed aquaculture area under ponds and tanks to be covered and expected production by the end of XI Five Year Plan (2011-12) Area under Ponds / Tanks (ha) 431 860 2257 2935 460 1813 1180 1657 1955 721 1982 430 2011 857

S No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

District Lohardaga* Giridih* Ranchi-Khunti* Hajaribagh* Koderma* Deoghar* Godda* Dhanbad Dumka Jamtara Gumla Simdega Sahebganj Pakur Bokaro Jamshedpur Chaibasa Palamau Garhwa Chatra Total
#

Averag e Annual Produc Expected Produc tion (tons/h increase in Total tion area (ha) area (ha) a) (tons) 800 1500 3700 4322 678 2500 1600 2100 2374 876 2136 464 1963 837 2000 3000 1567 1133 604 396 220 200 32670 1.86 1.74 1.64 1.47 1.47 1.38 1.36 1.27 1.21 1.21 1.08 1.08 0.98 0.98 0.81 0.80 0.75 0.75 0.31 0.31 0.25 0.19 0.96 25 10 30 20 5 15 15 15 20 10 35 10 20 10 15 30 25 15 5 5 5 5 345 456 870 2287 2955 465 1828 1195 1672 1975 731 2017 440 2031 867 2470 3775 2116 1526 1971 1291 880 1065 34451

Target Average production (t/ha) 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

Average production (tons) 1140 2175 5717.5 7387.5 1162.5 4570 2987.5 3344 3950 1462 4034 880 4062 1734 3705 5662.5 3174 2289 1971 1291 880 1065 64643.5

2455 3745 2091 1511 1966 1286 875 1060 34106

Saraikela Lathehar
#

# #

154

Estimated district-wise carp spawn, fry and fingerlings requirement during XI Plan Sl. District No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Lohardaga Giridih Ranchi-Khunti Hajaribagh Kodrama Devghar Godda Dhanbad Dhumka Requirement of seed (in lakh) and area (ha) No. of Rearing fingerling Area 34.2 65.3 171.5 221.6 34.9 137.1 89.6 125.4 148.1 54.8 151.3 33.0 152.3 65.0 123.5 188.8 105.8 76.3 98.6 64.6 44.0 53.3 2238.9 22.8 43.5 114.4 147.8 23.3 91.4 59.8 83.6 98.8 36.6 100.9 22.0 101.6 43.4 82.3 125.8 70.5 50.9 65.7 43.0 29.3 35.5 1492.6 No. of fry 57.0 108.8 285.9 369.4 58.1 228.5 149.4 209.0 246.9 91.4 252.1 55.0 253.9 108.4 205.8 314.6 176.3 127.2 164.3 107.6 73.3 88.8 3731.5 Nursery area 3.2 6.0 15.9 20.5 3.2 12.7 8.3 11.6 13.7 5.1 14.0 3.1 14.1 6.0 11.4 17.5 9.8 7.1 9.1 6.0 4.1 4.9 207.3 No. of Area for spawn broodstock 190.0 362.5 952.9 1231.3 193.8 761.7 497.9 696.7 822.9 304.6 840.4 183.3 846.3 361.3 686.1 1048.6 587.8 423.9 547.5 358.6 244.4 295.8 0.5 0.9 2.3 2.9 0.5 1.8 1.2 1.7 2.0 0.7 2.0 0.4 2.0 0.9 1.6 2.5 1.4 1.0 1.3 0.9 0.6 0.7

10. Jamthada 11. Gumla 12. Simdega 13. Sahebganj 14. Pakur 15. Bokaro 16. Jamshedpur 17. Chaibasa 18. Saraikela 19. Palamau 20. Lathehar 21. Garhwa 22. Chatra Total

12438.2 29.6

Assumption: Stocking density: Nursery- 5.0 million spawn/ha/crop for 2 crops/season; Rearing- 0.3 million fry/ha; Brood pond- 1200 kg brood/ha Survival: Spawn to fry in nursery-30%; Fry to fingerlings in rearing pond-60%; and Fingerlings to table fish in grow-out ponds-70% Effective breeding success is 70% and 2 kg (male+female) produce 1 lakh spawn

155

Estimated seed deficit and proposed district-wise requirement of carp hatcheries during XI and XII Plan Sl. Districts No. Estimated spawn Present Spawn deficit requirement production (in lakhs) (lakhs) (in lakhs) XI Plan XI Plan 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Lohardaga Giridih Hajaribagh Kodrama Devghar Godda Dhanbad Dhumka 190.0 362.5 1231.3 193.8 761.7 497.9 696.7 822.9 304.6 840.4 183.3 846.3 361.3 686.1 1048.6 587.8 423.9 547.5 358.6 244.4 295.8 12438.2 XII Plan 281.1 494.4 1303.9 1663.9 263.9 1032.2 680.6 709.2 839.6 312.9 869.6 191.7 862.9 369.6 1041.7 1597.9 902.5 648.3 550.3 361.4 247.2 298.6 300 0 900 600 0 300 0 0 300 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 300 300 0 0 -110 363 53 631 194 462 498 697 523 305 840 183 846 361 686 1049 588 424 248 59 244 296 9658 19 494 404 1064 264 732 681 709 540 313 870 192 863 370 1042 1598 903 648 250 61 247 299 12561 33 +3 7 +3 0 XII Plan Hatchery requirement XI Plan XII Plan

Ranchi-Khunti 952.9

10. Jamthada 11. Gumla 12. Simdega 13. Sahebganj 14. Pakuda 15. Bokaro 16. Jamshedpur 17. Chaibasa 18. Saraikela 19. Palamu 20. Lathehar 21. Gadva 22. Chatara Total

15523.3 3000

*- Group-1 districts; o- Group-2 districts; - Group-3 districts; #- Group-4 districts

156

FORESTRY
Forests cover a large portion of the district. They are scattered throughout the district, the major forest types are Sal forest with patches of mixed forest like Asan, Gamhar, Keund, Simul and Mahua. The tribals live in and around the forest areas and are solely dependent on the forest for fuel, fodder, food and timber. A faculty of forestry under Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi was opened in 1981 which is a pioneer in the country to develop education and awareness in the field of forestry with the prime objective to protect, preserve and propagate wild fauna and flora. Forest resources of the State: Total forest area % forest area Reserved forests Protected forests Dense forests Open forests No. of forests division Tasar and Lac Tasar /Lac culture holds great promise for forestry sector as a supplementary activity. The natural forests of Jharkhand are the store house of Tasar and Lac flora. Arjun, Asan and Sal (Shorea robusta) are primary Tasar host plants and Kusum (Schleichera oleora), Palas and Ber are the primary food plants of Lac insects. Jharkhand ranks first among Tasar and Lac producing States with a contribution of about 50-65% and 60% respectively. Food plants of both Tasar and Lac occur not only as isolated trees in association with other tree species but also grow abundantly in some of the forested areas of Jharkhand. For the conservation of Tasar/Lac host species, Tasar/Lac jungles need to be protected and preserved. Women SHGs are involved in sericulture work. The district administration is actively promoting mulberry plantation for ST and SC beneficiaries under the Tribal sub plan. The NGOs are involved in procurement of mulberry, reeling and weaving. Printing is presently done in West Bengal.This sector is experiencing a favourable growth and Women SHGs are earning Rs. 1200-1500 per annum. Tasar Sericulture Jharkhand ranks first among the tasar producing states, with a contribution of about 50-65% of the country's production. Tasar culture is concentrated mainly in the tribal areas of the state such as Santhal Parganas and Chotanagpur regions in the districts of Ranchi. Over 47000 rearers are reported to be engaged in tasar silkworm rearing but only 50-60% of them are active and conduct rearings every year. Ranchi district has a large number of rearers. As per estimates, the food plants availability in the forest is spread over 9 lakh hectares but only 36000 hac. are presently being used for tasar silkworm rearing. Terminalis arjuna and T. tomentosa are two main species of tasar food plants available in abundance in the state. 157 23.60 lakh ha. 29.32 04.38 lakh ha. 19.18 lakh ha. 11.11 lakh ha. 10.61 lakh ha. 26

The Central Silk Board (CSB) established the Central Tasar Research and Training Institutes (CTR & TI) at Ranchi. Non-mulberry silk worms and their host plants. Zoological name of Food plants common Food plants Botanical Variety silkworm name name Tropical Tasar Arjun Terminalia arjuna Antheraea mylitta Asan T. tomentosa Sal Shorea robusta Oak Tasar A. proylei Quercus serrata Uyung A. roylei Q. incana Q. semicarpifollia Heteropanax fragrans Eri Philosamia ricini Kesseru Ricinus communis Castor Machilus bombycina Muga Antheraea Som Litsaea polyantha Assama Soalu

Trends in production of different kinds of raw silk and production of tasar raw silk in the different states of the country during last few years are indicated in the below: Raw silk Production in India during last few years Raw silk production in country (MT) Year 1997-98 1998-99 1999-2000 2000-2001 2001-2002 2002-2003 2003-2004 2004-2005 Mulberry 14048 (92.21) 14260 (91.74) 13994 (91.68) 14432 (91.02) 15823 (90.78) Non-mulberry Tasar 312 (2.05) 242 (1.56) 211 (1.38) 237 (1.49) 245 (1.40) 284 315 322 Muga 32 (0.40) 72 (0.46) 85 (0.56) 99 (0.62) 103 (0.59) 102 105 110 Eri 814 (5.34) 970 (6.24) 974 (6.38) 1089 (6.87) 1260 (7.23) 1316 1352 1448

* Figures in parenthesis indicate percentage 158

State-wise Tasar silk production (MT) State Andhra Pradesh Bihar Jharkhand* Madhya Pradesh Chhattishgarh* Maharastra Manipur Nagaland Orissa Uttar Pradesh West Bengal 1995-96 3.00 128.00 15.00 1.00 2.00 Neg. 26.00 2.00 17.00 1996-97 3.00 135.00 33.00 Neg. 1.00 Neg. 43.00 2.00 18.00 1997-98 1.80 144.00 96.00 Neg. 2.00 0.05 47.40 2.50 18.00 1998-1999 1.00 12.00 68.00 0.19 0.68 0.12 33.27 2.74 16.00 1999-2000 1.00 95.00 79.00 0.99 1.00 0.13 17.00 2.00 14.00 2000-01 2.00 24.00 96.00 2.00 73.00 3.00 1.00 19.00 2.00 15.00

159

Production Capacity of Different Govt. Seed Production Agency/Centre No. of Units Capacity/Unit (DFLS) 40,000 10,000 5,000 15,000 Cumulative capacity (DFLS) 9,60,000 1,00,000 2,55,000 60,000 13,75,000

Pilot project Centre 24 (PPC) Tasar stations Tasar Sub-station Block Plantation Total 10 51 4 99

160

Lac Culture
The lac growers are mainly tribals, families living below poverty line and having low literacy . The tribal population mainly depends on rain-fed agriculture and forest produce for their livelihood and lac is an important source of cash. About 28% of their agricultural income is contributed by lac cultivation. Lac cultivation in India and Jharkhand S. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 India Area under cultivation (approx.) No. of host trees (approx.) No. of host trees exploited Total production (2006-07) No. of families dependent on lac No. of Large (licensed) industries/ units Employment generation 80,00 sq. km 200-250 million 70-80 million 23,229 t 8-9 lakhs 103 Jharkhand 40,000 110 million 35 million 7490 4 lakhs 29 % Share 50 50 50 32 50 28

80-90 million 35-40 million 35-50 mandays/ year mandays / year Value of lac exploited (2003- Rs. 1, 300 million 600 45 04) Contribution to lac growers 25-32% income

` Potential of lac cultivation in income and employment generation

Income generation by cultivation of lac on major lac-host trees (Rs. / ha). Lac-host (No./ ha) Kusum (70) Ber (494) Ber (494) Palas (770) Lac insect Expenditure strain involved Kusmi Kusmi Rangeeni Rangeeni 1,17,000 1,60,000 1,19,000 37,000 Income generated 5,47,000 6,93,000 2,54,000 76,000 Net profit 4,30,000 5,33,000 1,35,000 39,000

161

Employment (man-days/ ha) generated by cultivation of lac on major lac-host trees. Lac-host (No./ ha) Lac strain insect Man-days generated Male 268 67 47 45 Female 212 58 110 35 Total 480 125 157 80

Kusum (70) Ber (494) Ber (494) Palas (770)

Kusmi Kusmi Rangeeni Rangeeni

Major Lac Processing Industry Centres S. No. Districts 1 2 3 4 Ranchi Palmau W. Singhbhum Garhwa Total Market Place Ranchi, Bundu Daltonghunj, Latehar (Total-3) Chakradharpur (1) Garhwa(1) 14

162

WASTELAND DEVELOPMENT
The state of Jharkhand is characterized by denudational land forms with plateau of different heights, upland and undulating valleys and plains. The wastelands in the state occur in the form of gullied and ravinous land, rocky areas with or without vegetation and degraded lands in mining areas. Wastelands in these areas are result of intense rainfall which causes sheetwash and mass washing. Degradation of land in mining areas is the result of overburden deposit, digging of pits, land subsistence and water logging and mine fires. There are large tracts of wasteland in Gumla district and this can be utilised for plantation of bio fuel trees like Jatropha, Neem and karanj. Bamboo plantation can also be promoted on wastelands. Oil Seed Yielding Trees in Jharkhand Some of the important oil seed yielding trees in Jharkhand forests are Karanj (Derris indica), Mahua (Madhuca latifolia), Neem (Azadirachta indica) and Kusum (Schleichera oleora). These are found in abundance in Jharkhand forests as well as on community lands and road side plantations. Jatropha (Jatropha curcus) and Castor (Ricinus communis) are other plants which have high potential to meet the oil seed needs of the tribal population.

163

MEDICINAL PLANT CULTIVATION

Gumla is eminently suited to grow Medicinal plants.Cultivation of Medicinal and Aromatic plants can make a significant contribution in boosting the economy of the people in the forest region and the farmers of Gumla district as growing of cash crops can provide them with a better income as a shift from their traditional mono cropping. Safed Musli cultivation Safed Musli is an annual herb having many medicinal properties. It can be grown as a cash crop since it has a big demand both in national and international markets. It starts giving a return from the first year of cultivation. Brahmanand Farms and Research Center BFRC along with DRDA provided the quality planting material and training to the farmers. They have also undertaken 100% buy back guarantee for the crop. A 100 ST and SC beneficaries were selected in villages of Bharno block and the first year crop should have come up in March 2007. Stevia Cultivation Stevia is a herbal sugar alternative and its demand has grown rapidly in recent years. There is a huge market for this herb and it is a very profitable cash crop. DRDA Gumla has involved Brahmanand Farms and Research Center BFRC to provide the quality planting material and training to the farmers. They have also undertaken 100% buy back guarantee for the crop. The Agriculture Department has provided the necessary technical support to the farmers by organising training programs and field trips. They have also monitored the project at site. A 100 ST and SC beneficaries have successfully begun stevia cultivation and the first year crop should have come up in March 2008. This has opened a new avenue for cash crop farming in the district. Banks are also coming forward to finance stevis cultivation projects.

164

CREDIT, INSURANCE AND MARKET REFORMS

To make the rural credit system development oriented and efficient, the following steps should be undertaken. The lending rate for agricultural loans extended by co-operatives should be subsidized and fixed at 4 per cent for loans upto Rs. 25,000 and at 6 per cent for loans exceeding Rs. 25,000. Kisan Credit Cards (KCC) should be issued to farmers so that they can procure agriculture inputs in a timely fashion. Housing Loans for farmers for construction or repairing of houses may be extended at a lending rate of 6 per cent per annum. Self Help Groups should be provided adequate credit to take up production and processing of agricultural commodities. SHGs comprising farmers should be assisted to adopt new farm technologies and to establish agro- based processing units for valueaddition. Subsidies should be provided to SHGs to cover part of the cost of growing horticultural crops, fodder crops, agro-forestry and silvi-pasture in waste lands. Liberal institutional credit should be provided to SHGs to take up piggery, poultry and sheep / goat and establish retail outlets in urban, semi urban areas and also in farmers markets. Introduce weather based crop insurance programs Climate change leading to adverse changes in temperature, precipitation and sea level is likely to result in more frequent droughts and floods. Jharkhand has witnessed fluctuations in the onset and intensity of the SW Monsoon in recent years, accompanied by storms and un-seasonal rain. Metrological data should be compared for the last ten years to detect trends in rainfall pattern and continuing plant should be made to adjust for varying rainfall. Computer simulation models can be used to make contingency plans and alternative land and water use strategies for the different agro climatic zones in the state. Metrological data should be used to generate location- specific land use advice, based on cropping patterns and water availability. Panchayat Level Farm Science Managers, trained to give appropriate land use suggestions, can use the Agrometeorological Advisories issued by the Indian Agromet Advisory Service Centre, Pune. Also, the National Land Use Advisory Service, recommended by the National Commission on Farmers would help to make the information relevant to farm families. This should be linked to the Gyan Chaupal network The economic viability of farming depends heavily on assured markets and remunerative prices. Direct sale by farmers and absence of farmers organizations to reach volumes and protect the interests of the small producers result in reduced income to the farmers. Organized marketing should be promoted through a network of 165

regulated markets. A massive programme for creation of the marketing network needs to be taken up. The State Government should bring into force the APMC Act to enable the development of agriculture produce markets.

166

ANNEXURES

167

Annexure I

SOIL SURVEY REPORT OF RANCHI BY NBSS & LUP & BAU

1.

INTRODUCTION

Reliable information on the location, extent and quality of soil and land resources is the first requirement in planning for the sustainable management of land resources. The components of land i.e., soils, climate, water, nutrient and biota are organised into eco-system which provide a variety of services that are essential to the maintenance of the life support system and the productive capacity of the environment. Our land mass is fixed, but the competition among different kinds of uses for this land is increasing because of rapidly rising global population. Therefore, integrated land resource planning and management are required to resolve these conflicts and soil resource survey seems to be a viable means in this process and knowledge of soil fertility status and problems of soils like soil acidity/alkalinity become essential for sustainable land use plan. Soil fertility is an aspect of the soil-plant relationship. Fertility status of the soils is primarily and importantly dependent upon both the macro and micronutrient reserve of that soil. Continued removal of nutrients by crops, with little or no replacement will increase the nutrient stress in plants and ultimately lowers the productivity. The fertility status of the soils mainly depends on the nature of vegetation, climate, topography, texture of soil and decomposition rate of organic matter. Optimum productivity of any cropping systems depends on adequate supply of plant nutrients. GIS is a versatile tool used for integration of soil database and production of a variety of users specific and user-friendly interpretative maps. This further leads to accurately and scientifically interpret and plan some of the aspects like conservation of organic matter, soil reaction (pH) control and fertilization. Keeping in view NBSS & LUP, Regional Centre, Kolkata in collaboration with Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, BAU, Ranchi, Jharkhand undertook a project entitled Assessment and mapping of some important soil parameters including soil acidity for the state of Jharkhand (1:50,000 scale) towards rational land use plan from Department of Agriculture, Govt. of Jharkhand. The major objectives of the project were 168

Preparation of districtwise soil acidity maps Preparation of districtwise soil fertility maps (Organic carbon, available N, P, K, S and available Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu and B)

The above maps will provide information regarding soil nutrients and soil acidity status for the districts, which will be very useful in identification of site specific problems for planning purposes. The present report deals with the above mentioned objectives of the Ranchi district, Jharkhand.

169

2.

GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE AREA

2.1 Location and Extent Ranchi district is located in the centre of the state. It is bounded by the districts of Hazaribag and Chatra in the north, West Singhbhum in the south, Latehar, Lohardaga and Gumla in the west and Bokaro and Saraikela in the east. It has an area of 7698 sq. km and population of 27,83,577 persons (Census of India, 2001). The district comprises three subdivisions namely Ranchi Sadar, Bundu and Khunti and twenty development blocks. 2.2 Physiography, Geology and Drainage Ranchi consists of tabular landmass. It has even flat surface with isolated hillocks known as Tongri. Hills lying on west have elevation above 800 metres and those lying in east have elevation less than 75 metres. The average elevation of the district is 650 metres but western portion is relatively higher than eastern part. The entire area is full of tanrs and Dons on account of rolling topography. Tanrs are the comparatively highlands and Dons are lower lands. Geologically the area is comprised with Archean granites, gneisses and schists. Important rivers in the district are Subarnarekha, South Koel and Shankh.

2.3 Climate The district experiences pleasant climatic condition though tropic of capricorn passes over it due to higher elevation. Relative humidity also remains low, so summer season is also not uncongenial. December is the coldest month with minimum temperature of 10.30C and May is the hottest month with maximum temperature of 37.20C. Average annual rainfall of the district is 1375 mm and more than 80 percent precipitation received during monsoon months. 2.4 Agriculture and Land Use The lower area provide suitable condition for paddy cultivation. The higher elevations provide condition for orchards and cultivation of pulse, millet and vegetables. The forest cover 20.99 % of total area of the district. Major crops grown in the district are rice and pulses. Only 8.30 percent area of agricultural use have irrigation facility and major source of irrigations are well and canals.

170

Land Use in Ranchi District (1997-98) Ranchi 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Forest Net sown area Barren and unculturable waste Non agricultural use Orchards Pasture Culturable wasteland Current and other fallow 20.99 33.18 5.21 10.95 1.39 0.27 3.47 24.54 2.5 % 3.5 % 25.0 % Jharkhand 29.2 % 22.7 % 7.2 % 9.9 %

Source: Fertilizer and Agriculture Statistics, Eastern Region (2003-2004) 2.5 Soils

The soils occurring in different landforms have been characterised during soil resource mapping of the state on 1:250,000 scale (Haldar et al. 1996) and three soil orders namely Entisols, Inceptisols and Alfisols were observed in Ranchi district (Fig.1 and table 1). Alfisols were the dominant soils covering 71.0 percent of TGA followed by Inceptisols (17.2 %) and Entisols (9.6 %). Table 1. Soils of the district and their extent
Map unit 15 17 19 24 33 34 36

Taxonomy
Loamy-skeletal, mixed, hyperthermic Lithic Ustorthents Fine loamy, mixed, hyperthermic Ultic Haplustalfs Loamy, mixed, hyperthermic Lithic Ustorthents Fine, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Rhodustalfs Loamy-skeletal, mixed hyperthermic Lithic Ustorthents Fine loamy, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Haplustepts Fine, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Haplustalfs Fine-loamy, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Haplustepts Fine, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Paleustalfs Fine, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Rhodustalfs Fine loamy, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Paleustalfs Fine-loamy, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Rhodustalfs Fine, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Paleustalfs Fine loamy, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Rhodustalfs

Area (00ha) 354 134 85 4 1800 1316 910

% of TGA 4.60 1.74 1.10 0.05 23.38 17.10 11.82

171

Loamy, mixed, hyperthermic Lithic Haplustalfs Fine, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Paleustalfs Fine loamy, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Paleustalfs 38 Fine loamy, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Haplustepts Fine, mixed, hyperthermic Rhodic Paleustalfs 39 Fine-loamy, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Haplustepts Fine loamy, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Haplustepts 40 Fine loamy, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Haplustalfs Coarse loamy, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Ustorthents 41 Fine loamy, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Paleustalfs Fine, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Rhodustalfs 42 Fine loamy, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Ustorthents Fine, mixed, hyperthermic Aeric Endoaquepts 44 Fine, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Haplustepts Loamy-skeletal, mixed, hyperthermic Lithic Ustorthents 48 Fine, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Rhodustalfs Loamy, mixed, hyperthermic Lithic Ustorthents 50 Fine loamy, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Haplustepts Loamy, mixed, hyperthermic Lithic Ustorthents 54 Fine, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Haplustalfs Loamy, mixed, hyperthermic Lithic Ustorthents 64 Fine, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Paleustalfs Coarse loamy, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Ustorthents 67 Fine, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Haplustalfs Fine, mixed, hyperthermic Aeric Endoaquepts 71 Fine, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Haplustepts Fine, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Paleustalfs 78 Fine loamy, mixed, hyperthermic Ultic Haplustalfs Miscellaneous Total 37

77 256 835 657 37 26 345 293 190 2 11 108 35 55 168 7698

1.00 3.33 10.85 8.53 0.48 0.34 4.48 3.81 2.47 0.03 0.14 1.40 0.46 0.71 2.18 100.00

172

3. METHODOLOGY
The base map of the district was prepared on 1:50,000 scale using Survey of India toposheets (73A/14,15,16, 73B/13, 73E/2,3,4,6,7,8,10,11,12,,15,16 and 72F/1,2,5,9,13) and all the maps were demarcated with grid points at 2.5 km interval. Surface soil samples from demarcated grid points and other related informations were collected through field survey. Soil samples were air dried, processed and analysed for pH, organic carbon, available phosphorous and potassium (Page et al., 1982), available nitrogen (Subbaiah and Asija, 1956), available sulphur by using 0.15 percent CaCl2 as the extractant (William and Steinbergs, 1959), available (DTPA extractable) Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu (Lindsay and Norvell, 1978) and available B (hot water soluble) by Carmine method (Hatcher and Wilcox, 1950). The soils are grouped under different soil reaction classess viz extreamely acidic (pH<4.5), very strongly acidic (pH 4.5 5.0 ), strongly acidic (pH 5.1 5.5), moderately acidic (pH 5.6-6.0), slightly acidic (pH 6.1-6.5), neutral (pH 6.6-7.3), slightly alkaline (pH 7.4-7.8), moderately alkaline (pH 7.9-8.4), strongly alkaline (pH 8.5-9.0) according to Soil Survey Manual (IARI, 1970).The soils are rated as low (below 0.50 %), medium (0.50-0.75 %) and high (above 0.75 %) in case of organic carbon, low (<280 kg ha-1), medium (280 to 560 kg ha-1) and high (>560 kg ha-1) in case of available nitrogen, low (< 10 kg ha-1), medium (10 to 25 kg ha-1) and high (> 25 kg ha-1) for available phosphorus, low (< 108 kg ha-1), medium (108 to 280 kg ha-1) and high (> 280 kg ha-1) for available potassium and low (<10 mg kg-1), medium (10-20 mg kg-1) and high (> 20 mg kg-1) for available sulphur (Singh et. al. 2004, Mehta et. al.1988). Critical limits of Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu and B, which separate deficient from non-deficient soils followed in India are 4.5, 2.0, 0.5, 0.2 and 0.5 mg kg-1 respectively. (Follet and Lindsay, 1970 and Berger and Truog, 1940). The maps for the above mentioned parameters have been prepared using Geographic Information System (GIS) from data generated by analysis of grid soil samples.

173

4. SOIL ACIDITY AND FERTILITY STATUS

4.1 Soil Reaction Soil pH is an important soil property, which affects the availability of several plant nutrients. It is a measure of acidity and alkalinity and reflects the status of base saturation. The soils of the district have been grouped under seven soil reaction classes according to Soil Survey Manual (IARI, 1970). The soil pH ranges from 4.2 to 7.6. The soil reaction classes with area are given in table 2 and figure 2. The data reveals that majority of the area is acidic (96.4 % of TGA), in which 41.9 percent area is strongly acidic, 28.6 percent ver strongly acidic, 18 percent moderately acidic, 5.2 percent slightly acidic and 2.7 percent extremely acidic in reaction. Soils of 1.2 percent area of the district are neutral whereas 0.2 percent area is slightly alkaline in reaction. Table 2. Soils under different reaction classes Soil reaction Extremely acidic (pH <4.5) Very strongly acidic (pH 4.5 to 5.0) Strongly acidic (pH 5.1 to 5.5) Moderately acidic (pH 5.6 to 6.0) Slightly acidic (pH 6.1 to 6.5) Neutral (pH 6.6 to 7.3) Slightly alkaline (pH 7.4 to 7.8) Miscellaneous Total 4.2 Organic Carbon The effect of soil organic matter on soil properties is well recognized. Soil organic matter plays a vital role in supplying plant nutrients, cation exchange capacity, improving soil aggregation and hence water retention and soil biological activity. The organic carbon content in the district ranges from 0.14 to 3.76 %. They are mapped into three classes i.e., low (below 0.5 %), medium (0.5-0.75 %) and high (above 0.75 %) (Table 3 and Figure 3). From table 3 it is seen that 43.8 percent area of the district shows 174 Area (00ha) 206 2205 3226 1388 400 90 15 168 7698 % of the TGA 2.7 28.6 41.9 18.0 5.2 1.2 0.2 2.2 100.0

high organic carbon content. Medium and low organic carbon content constitute 28.7 and 25.3 percent area respectively. Table 3. Organic carbon status Organic carbon (%) Low (below 0.50 %) Medium (0.50-0.75 %) High (above 0.75 %) Miscellaneous Total 4.3 Macronutrients Nutrients like nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) are considered as primary nutrients and sulphur (S) as secondary nutrient. These nutrients help in proper growth, development and yield differentiation of plants and are generally required by plants in large quantity. Area (00ha) 1945 2211 3374 168 7698 % of the TGA 25.3 28.7 43.8 2.2 100.0

4.3.1 Available Nitrogen Nitrogen is an integral component of many compounds including chlorophyll and enzyme essential for plant growth. It is an essential constituent for amino acids which is building blocks for plant tissue, cell nuclei and protoplasm. It encourage aboveground vegetative growth and deep green colour to leaves. Deficiency of nitrogen decreases rate and extent of protein synthesis and result into stunted growth and develop chlorosis. Available nitrogen content in the surface soils of the district ranges between 109 and 638 kg/ha and details are given in table 4 and figure 4. Majority soils (67.2 % of TGA) of the district have medium availability status of nitrogen (280-560 kg ha-1) and soils of 26.1 percent area have low available nitrogen content (<280 kg ha-1).

Table 4. Available nitrogen status in the surface soils 175

Available nitrogen (kg ha-1) Low (below 280) Medium (280-560) High (above 560) Miscellaneous Total 4.3.2 Available Phosphorus

Area (00ha) 2012 5171 347 168 7698

% of the TGA 26.1 67.2 4.5 2.2 100.0

Phosphorus is important component of adenosine di-phosphate (ADP) and adenosine tri-phosphate (ATP), which involves in energy transformation in plant. It is essential component of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), the seat of genetic inheritance in plant and animal. Phosphorous take part in important functions like photosynthesis, nitrogen fixation, crop maturation, root development, strengthening straw in cereal crops etc. The availability of phosphorous is restricted under acidic and alkaline soil reaction mainly due to P-fixation. In acidic condition it get fixed with aluminum and iron and in alkaline condition with calcium. Available phosphorus content in these soils ranges between 0.5 and 26.6 kg/ha and their distribution is given in table 5 and figure 5. Data reveals that majority of the soils are medium (56.2 % of TGA) in available phosphorous content. Soils of 40.1 percent area are low and 1.5 percent area are high in available phosphorous content. Table 5. Available phosphorous status in the surface soils Available phosphorous (kg ha-1) Low (below 10) Medium (10-25) High (above 25) Miscellaneous Total Area (00ha) 3091 4323 116 168 7698 % of the TGA 40.1 56.2 1.5 2.2 100.0

176

4.3.3 Available Potassium Potassium is an activator of various enzymes responsible for plant processes like energy metabolism, starch synthesis, nitrate reduction and sugar degradation. It is extremely mobile in plant and help to regulate opening and closing of stomata in the leaves and uptake of water by root cells. It is important in grain formation and tuber development and encourages crop resistance for certain fungal and bacterial diseases. Available potassium content in these soils ranges between 49 and 941 kg/ha and details about area and distribution is given in table 6 and figure 6. The data reveals that majority of the soils (57.1 % of TGA) have medium available potassium content (108-280 kg ha-1). Soils of 27.7 percent area are high (above 280 kg ha-1) and 13.0 percent area are low (below 108) in available potassium content. Table 6. Available potassium status in the surface soils Available potassium (kg ha ) Low (below 108) Medium (108-280) High (above 280) Miscellaneous Total 4.3.4 Available Sulphur Sulphur is essential in synthesis of sulphur containing amino acids (cystine, cysteine and methionine), chlorophyll and metabolites including co-enzyme A, biotin, thiamine, or vitamin B1 and glutathione. It activates many proteolytic enzymes, increase root growth and nodule formation and stimulate seed formation. The available sulphur content in the soils ranges from 0.64 to 72.13 mg kg-1 and details about area and distribution is given in table 7 and figure 7. Soils of 36.7 percent of the area are low (<10 mg kg-1) whereas soils of 30.5 and 30.6 percent area are medium (10-20 mg kg-1) and high (>20 mg kg-1) in available sulphur content respectively.
-1

Area (00ha) 1004 4396 2130 168 7698

% of the TGA 13.0 57.1 27.7 2.2 100.0

177

Table 7. Available sulphur status in the surface soils Available sulphur (mg kg-1) Low (<10) Medium (10-20) High (>20) Miscellaneous Total Area (00ha) 2825 2350 2355 168 7698 % of the TGA 36.7 30.5 30.6 2.2 100.0

4.4

Micronutrients
Proper understanding of micronutrients availability in soils and extent of their

deficiencies is the pre-requisite for efficient management of micronutrient fertilizer to sustain crop productivity. Therefore, it is essential to know the micronutrients status of soil before introducing any type of land use.

4.4.1 Available Iron Iron is constituent of cytochromes, haems and nonhaem enzymes. It is capable of acting as electron carrier in many enzyme systems that bring about oxidation-reduction reactions in plants. It promotes starch formation and seed maturation. The available iron content in the surface soils is ranges between 11.4 and 301.2 mg kg1

. As per the critical limit of available iron (> 4.5 mg kg-1), all the soils are sufficient in

available iron. They are grouped and mapped into six classes. Majority of the soils (50.0 % of TGA) have available iron content between the range of 25 to 50 mg kg-1. The details of area and distribution is presented in table 8 and figure 8. Table 8. Available iron status in the surface soils Available iron (mg kg ) <15 15-25
-1

Area (00ha) 199 550

% of the TGA 2.6 7.1 178

Rating

Sufficient

25-50 50-100 100-200 200-400 Miscellaneous Total

3846 2774 108 53 168 7698

50.0 36.0 1.4 0.7 2.2 100.0

4.4.2 Available Manganese Manganese is essential in photosynthesis and nitrogen transformations in plants. It activates decarboxylase, dehydrogenase, and oxidase enzymes. The available manganese content in surface soils ranges between 9.2 and 179.2 mg kg1

. As per the critical limit of available manganese (> 2 mg kg-1), all the soils are sufficient in

available manganese. They are grouped and mapped into five classes. Soils of 78.3 % area of district have available Mn content between 25 and 50 mg kg-1. The details of area and distribution are presented in table 9 and figure 9.

Table 9.

Available manganese status in the surface soils Area (00ha) 90 895 6025 463 57 168 7698 % of the TGA 1.2 11.6 78.3 6.0 0.7 2.2 100.0 Sufficient Rating

Available manganese (mg kg ) <10 10-25 25-50 50-100 100-200 Miscellaneous Total
-1

4.4.3 Available Zinc Zinc plays role in protein synthesis, reproductive process of certain plants and in the formation starch and some growth hormones. It promotes seed maturation and production. 179

The available zinc in surface soils ranges between 0.26 and 4.86 mg kg-1. They are grouped and mapped into five classes. Soils of Majority of soils (93.7 % of TGA) are sufficient (>0.5 mg kg-1) whereas soils of 4.1 percent area are deficient (<0.5 mg kg-1) in available zinc. The details of area and distribution are presented in table 10 and figure 10.

Table 10. Available zinc status in the surface soils Available zinc (mg kg ) <0.5 0.5-1.0 1.0-2.0 2.0-3.0 3.0-5.0 Miscellaneous Total
-1

Area (00ha) 316 1740 3829 1174 471 168 7698

% of the TGA 4.1 22.6 49.7

Rating

Deficient

Sufficient 15.3 6.1 2.2 100.0

4.4.4 Available Copper

Copper involves in photosynthesis, respiration, protein and carbohydrate metabolism and in the use of iron. It stimulates lignifications of all the plant cell wall and is capable of acting as electron carrier in many enzyme systems that bring about oxidation-reduction reactions in plants. The available copper status in surface soils ranges between 0.14 and 5.80 mg kg-1. They are grouped and mapped into six classes. Majority of soils (92.2 % of TGA) have sufficient amount of available copper (>0.2 mg kg-1) and soils of 5.6 % area are deficient in available copper (<0.2 mg kg-1). The details of area and distribution are presented in table 11 and figure 11. Table 11. Available copper status in the surface soils Available copper (mg kg-1) <0.2 0.2-0.5 Area (00ha) 433 731 % of the TGA 5.6 9.5 Rating

Deficient Sufficient

180

0.5-1.0 1.0-2.0 2.0-4.0 4.0-6.0 Miscellaneous Total

1645 2366 2035 320 168 7698

21.4 30.7 26.4 4.2 2.2 100.0

4.4.5 Available Boron Boron increases solubility and mobility of calcium in the plant and it act as regulator of K/Ca ratio in the plant. It is required for development of new meristematic tissue and also necessary for proper pollination, fruit and seed setting and translocation of sugar, starch and phosphorous etc. It has role in synthesis of amino acid and protein and regulates carbohydrate metabolism. The available boron content in the soils ranges from 0.02 to 3.52 mgkg-1 and details about area and distribution is given in table 12 and figure 12. The critical limit for deficiency of the available boron is <0.5. Soils of 42.8 percent area of district are deficient (<0.50 mgkg1

) whereas 55.0 percent area are sufficient (>0.50 mgkg-1) in available boron content.

Table 12. Available boron status in the surface soils Available boron (mg kg ) <0.25 0.25-0.50 0.50-0.75 >0.75 Miscellaneous Total
-1

Area (00ha) 1523 1774 1807 2426 168 7698

% of the TGA 19.8 23.0 23.5 31.5 2.2 100.0

Rating

Deficient

Sufficient

181

5. SUMMARY
The soil pH ranges from 4.2 to 7.6. Majority of the area is acidic (96.4 % of TGA) in reaction. Soils of 1.2 percent area of the district are neutral whereas 0.2 percent area is slightly alkaline in reaction. The organic carbon content in the district ranges from 0.14 to 3.76 %. Soils 43.8 percent area of the district have high organic carbon content. Medium and low organic carbon content constitute 28.7 and 25.3 percent area respectively. Available nitrogen content in the surface soils of the district ranges between 109 and 638 kg/ha. Majority soils (67.2 % of TGA) of the district have medium availability of nitrogen (280-560 kg ha-1) whereas soils of 26.1 percent area have low available nitrogen content (<280 kg ha-1).Available phosphorus content in these soils ranges between 0.5 and 26.6 kg/ha. Majority of the soils are medium (56.2 % of TGA) in available phosphorous content. Soils of 40.1 percent area are low and 1.5 percent area are high in available phosphorous content. Available potassium content in these soils ranges between 49 and 941 kg/ha. Majority of the soils (57.1 % of TGA) have medium available potassium content (108-280 kg ha-1). Soils of 27.7 percent area are high (above 280 kg ha-1) and 13.0 percent area are low (below 108) in available potassium content. Available sulphur content in the soils ranges from 0.6 to 72.1 mg kg-1. Soils of 36.7 percent of the area are low in available sulphur, whereas soils of 30.5 and 30.6 percent area are medium and high in available sulphur content respectively. Soils are analysed for available (DTPA extractable) micronutrients and seen that all the soils are sufficient in available iron and manganese whereas soils of 4.1 and 5.6 percent area are deficient in available zinc and copper respectively. Available boron content in the soils ranges between 0.02 and 3.52 mg kg-1 and 42.8 percent area of district is deficient (<0.50 mg kg-1).

182

REFERENCES Berger, K. C. and Truog, E.(1940) J. Am. Soc. Agron. 32,297 Census of India (2001) Primary Census Abstract. FAI (2003 2004) Fertiliser and agriculture statistics, Eastern Region. Follet, R. H. and Lindsay , W. L.(1970) Tech. Bull. Colo. Agric. Exp. Station 110. Haldar, A. K., Srivastava, R., Thampi, C. J., Sarkar, D., Singh, D. S., Sehgal, J and Velayutham, M. (1996) Soils of Bihar for optimizing land use. NBSS Publ. 50b. (Soils of India Series), National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur, India, pp. 70+4 sheets soil Map (1:500,000 scale). Hatcher, J. T. and Wilcox, L. V. (1950) Analyt. Chem. 22, 567 I.A.R.I. (1970). Soil survey manual, All India Soil and Land Use Organization, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi. Lindsay , W. L. & Norvell, W.A.(1978). Development of a DTPA micronutrients soil test for Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proceedings: 42, 421-428 Mehta, V. S. , Singh, V and Singh, R. P. (1988) J. Indian Society of Soil Science, 36, 743 Mishra, R. K. (2004) Planning for Food and Nutritional Security in Jharkhand, Published by Agricultural Data Bank, BAU, Ranchi, Jharkhand, p. 275 Page, A. L., Miller, R. H. and Keeney, D. R.(1982) Method of Soil Analysis, Part-II, Chemical and Microbiological Properties, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. And Am. Soc. Agron. Madison, Wisconsin, USA. Singh Dhyan, Chhonkar, P. K. and Pandey, R. N.(2004) Soil Plant and Water Analysis, A Manual, IARI, New Delhi. Subbaiah, B.V. and Asija, G.L. (1956). A rapid procedure for determination of available nitrogen in soil. Current Science 25, 259-260 Tandon, H. L. S. (Ed) (1999) Methods of analysis of soils, plants, waters and fertilizers. Fertilizer Development and Consultation Organisation, New Delhi, India. William, C. H. and Stainbergs, A. (1959) Aust. J. Agric. Res. 10, 342

183

Annexure II

AMELIORATION AND MANAGEMENT OF ACID SOIL

Extent of Acid Soil: The acid soils are Sedimentary in nature belonging to lateritic ferruginous red and other red soil groups. They are developed mainly by the influence of relief, acidic parent material and wet climate.The acid soils are found in the Himalayan region, the eastern and north eastern plains, peninsular India and the coastal plains under varying agro- climatic conditions. About 25 M ha of cultivated land (pH <5.5) is suffering from acidity in the states of Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar ,Chhattisgarh, Goa, Himachal Pradesh, J & K, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizorum, Nagaland, Orissa, Sikkim, Tamilnadu, Tripura, Uttaranchal, West Bengal. Details are given at Annexure-I. Effects of Acidity on Soil Fertility: The acid soils have poor supply of calcium and magnesium and more concentration of iron & aluminium. The soils, therefore, suffer due to deficiencies of phosphorous, calcium, magnesium, molybdenum and boron and toxicities of aluminium and iron. The soils have low organic carbon and available nitrogen. The productivity, therefore, suffers due to poor availability of nutrients, toxicities of iron and aluminium, poor biological activity of soil and frequent moisture stress. Management of Acid Soil: The ICAR have conducted 871 experiments on farmers field and recommended the package for reclamation of acid soil .It can be managed two ways viz. either by growing crop suitable for a particular soil pH or by ameliorating the soil though the application of amendment. (a) Crop Suitable for Acid Soils. (b) Amelioration of Acid soils (A) Crop suitable for acid soils: Pigeon pea, soyabean, Groundnut, Lentil, Gram, Pea, Cotton, Maize, Sorghum, Wheat, Linseed and mustard etc. are suitable for acid soils. These crops could be grouped according to their responses to acidity as given below. (i) High response groupPigeon pea, Soyabean, Cotton. 184

(ii) Medium response group- Gram, Lentil, Groundnut, Maize, Sorghum, Wheat, pea. (iii) Low response group- Barley, Minor millet and Paddy. The ICAR has suggested different varieties of suitable crops for acid soils as given below. Sl .No. 1. Acid response group High response group Crops Soyabean Pigeon pea 2. 3. Medium response group Low response group Gram Wheat Groundnut Paddy Barley Bajra Varieties Bragg, Pb-1, Harosoya UPAS-120 K-851, Sonmuge K-9107, PBW343 Smruti Madhukar, Jassuria Azad, K-125 Co-1, Co-2.

(B) Amelioration of acid soils: The slightly acidic soils (pH 5.5-6.5) could be managed by appropriate cropping system. However, moderately acidic soils (pH 5.5- 4.5) and strongly acidic soils (pH <4.5) would need amelioration i.e. treating by lime (Sources of lime are given as annexure- II), application of fertilizer and suitable cropping system. Liming should be practiced only to neutralize the low magnitude active acidity due to hydrogen and aluminium ions in the soil solution and part of exchange acidity. Liming is not recommended to neutralize the reserve acidity. The application of lime @ 1/10 th of lime requirement in furrows alongwith the fertilizers is economical. The lime at the rate of 2-4 q/hac is applied in furrow alongwith basal dose of fertilizers (50 % of Nitrogen + Full dose of Phosphorous and full dose of Potash) at the time of sowing of crops. Cost of Treatment: The unit cost of treatment will vary from state to state and other conditions. However an average cost of Rs. 7000.00 per hac. Would be required as per details at Annexure-III

185

Extent of Acid Soils in different States of India (million ha)

Name of the states Extent of area of acid soils Strongly acidic 4.78 0.02 0.15 ----0.14 --0.43 --0.12 -0.28 0.28 0.21 0.06 ---6.19 Moderately acidic 1.74 2.31 0.04 6.30 0.11 0.09 0.09 1.00 0.06 2.87 1.12 0.21 1.44 1.19 1.27 1.48 0.26 0.32 0.32 0.35 0.75 1.18 0.56 24.81 Slightly acidic 0.27 2.33 2.32 4.39 0.19 1.48 1.48 5.77 3.25 0.75 10.60 4.33 0.32 1.05 0.78 0.05 8.41 --4.29 0.24 2.30 4.20 58.94 6.79 4.66 2.36 10.84 0.30 1.57 1.57 6.77 3.31 3.76 11.72 0.54 2.19 2.24 2.05 1.65 8.67 0.60 0.60 4.85 1.05 3.48 4.76 89.94 Total area

Arunachal Pradesh Assam Bihar Chhattisgarh Goa Himachal Pradesh Jammu & Kashmir Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Manipur Meghalaya Mizorum Nagaland Orissa Sikkim Sikkim Tamilnadu Tripura Utteranchal West Bengal Total

186

Liming Materials available in India: Sl.No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Acid Soil Region/ States Assam H.P. Jharkhand Kerala Maharashtra North-Eastern Region Orissa West Bengal Others Hill Liming material Limestone Marketable lime Limestone Lime shells Marketablelime Limestone Paper mill sluge Basic Sluge Basic Slag Quality available (m tonnes) 15.0 -1.0 4.0 14.0 14.0 0.2 0.3 3.0 Cost/Tonne (Rs.) 4000 4000 1000 6000 1000 1000 500 1000 1000

Amelioration of Acid Soil (pH (< 5.5)

Sl.No. 1. Components Survey, Project preparation and soil testing of acid soils On Farm Developmental activitiesBunding, Ploughing & mixing of lime with fertilizer in furrows. Cost of Soil amendment including transportation -@ (3-4 qs/ha. Supply of Agricultural input like seeds, insecticide, fertilizer. Demonstration and Transfer of technology Total Unit Cost Rs /ha 500 GOI 500 Beneficiaries -

2.

2500

2500

3. 4. 5.

2000 1500 500 7000

1500 500 2500

500 1500 4500

187

Annexure III

ORGANIC MANURES AND ORGANIC FARMING

Organic manure improves soil physical condition including soil porosity and water holding capacity and microbial environment, replenishes essential micronutrients in soil, increases the utilisation efficiency of applied fertilizers and favours micronutrient availability to the plant. Organic manure is of paramount importance not only in augmenting the crop production but also for making the agriculture sustainable as an ecofriendly means of soil health management. Unlike chemical fertilizers that supply only the major nutrients, FYM is a store house of several plant nutrients and acts as a good soil conditioner. Estimates suggest that a 40-50 days old green manure crop can supply up to 80-100 kg. N/ha. Even at halh rate, a green manure crop can be a substitute to 50-60 kg. fertilizer N/ha. Some of the potential green manuring legumes are dhanicha, sunhemp, cowpea, mung, bean, guar and berseem etc. Dhanicha, sunhemp, mung bean and guar grown during kharif season as green manure crops have been reported to contribute 8-21 tones of green matter and 42-95 kg. of N/ha. Similarly, Khesari, cowpea and berseem grown during rabi season can contribute 12-29 tons of green matter and 67-68 kg of N/ha. Vermicomposting Vermicomposting is a mixture of worm casts enriched with macro and micronutrients (N, P, K, Mn., Fe, Mo, B, Cu and Zn.), some growth regulating substances such as gibberellins and auxins) and useful micro flora (Azospirillum, Actinomyces and Phosphobacillus) etc. The nutrient level of vermicompost (1-1.5%N, 0.6-0.8% P and 1.21.5 K) is higher than any other compost. The earthworms can consume all types of organic matter and convert them into available form of nutrients. Vermicompost improves the physical and biological condition of soil, improves soil fertility and pulverizes it through their churning and turning action in addition to contributing plant nutrients, improves aeration and water holding capacity. Exploitation of Biological Nitrogen Fixation BNF is a natural system of biological mobilization of atmospheric nitrogen 188

which can be easily available to and utilized by plants mediated by microorganisms like some eubacteria, cynobacteria, actinomyces and a few archaebacteria which are commonly called diazotrophs. They have the ability to convert atmospheric elemental nitrogen (N2) to ammonia (NH3) with the help of nitrogenase enzyme system. The efficacy of true bacteria like Rhizobium, Azotobacter, Azospirillum and cynobacteria like Anabaena, Aulosira, Nostoc, Plectonema and Tolypothrix etc. have gained wide acceptance due to their high nitrogen fixing potentiality. Minimum or Zero Tillage It is well established that in stead of frequent tillage operations minimum/zero tillage is more useful not only because it offers cost effectiveness but also contributes to conservation of soil and moisture. This has led to necessity of stubble mulching due to which the soil is protected by the crop residues left on the soil surface during fallow periods. Available information reveals that it gives as good as or even better yield than the conventional tillage practices. It aims at reducing tillage to the minimum, necessary for ensuring a good seed bed, rapid germination, satisfactory crop stand and favorable growing conditions.

189

Annexure IV

MAIN PROGRAMMES /SCHEMES OF CENTRAL GOVT.

Centrally Sponsored Programme of Ministry Of Agriculture 1. Macro Management of Agriculture (MMA) MMA scheme comprised the following 17 components, or subschemes, focusing on rice, wheat, coarse cereals, sugarcane, soil health, nutrient and pest management, farm mechanization and watershed development: i. Integrated Cereal Development Programmes in Rice Based Cropping System Areas ii. Integrated Cereal Development Programmes in Wheat Based Cropping System Areas iii. Integrated Cereal Development Programmes in Coarse Cereals Based Cropping System Areas iv. Special Jute Development Programme v. Sustainable Development of Sugarcane Based Cropping System vi. Balanced and Integrated Use of Fertilizer vii. Promotion of Agricultural Mechanization among Small Farmers viii. National Watershed Development Project for Rainfed Areas ix. Scheme for Foundation and Certified Seed Production of Vegetable Crops x. Soil Conservation in Catchments of River Valley Projects and Flood Prone Rivers xi. Reclamation and Development of Alkali Soils xii. State Land Use Board xiii. Assistance to Cooperatives of Weaker Section xiv. Assistance to Women Cooperatives xv. Non-overdue Cover Scheme xvi. Agriculture Credit Stabilization Fund xvii. Special Scheme for SC/ST 2. Horticulture Mission A National Horticulture Mission has been launched as a Centrally Sponsored Scheme to promote holistic growth of the horticulture sector through an area based regionally differentiated strategies. The scheme is fully funded by the Government and different components proposed for implementation financially supported on the scales laid down in the guidelines.

190

3. Technology Mission for Oil Seed and Pulses The following schemes have been implemented under TMOP: a) Oilseeds Production Programme (OPP) b) National Pulses Development Project (NPDP) c) Accelerated Maize Development Programme (AMDP) d) Post Harvest Technology (PHT) e) Oil Palm Development Programme (OPDP) f) National Oilseeds and Vegetable Oils Development (NOVOD) Board. g) UNDP Sub-Programme on Maize based Cropping System for Food Security in India (EAP) 4. National Food Security Mission 5. Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY)

Ministry of Rural Development i. ii. iii. iv. Bharat Nirman includes road, drinking water, irrigation etc watersheds programme viz. DPAP, DDP, IWDP NREGA/NREGP Emlpoyment Generating Schemes

Ministry of Water Resources

Accelerated Irrigation Benefit Project (AIBP) A large number of river valley projects, both multipurpose and irrigation have spilled over from Plan to Plan mainly because of financial constraints being faced by the State Governments. As a result of this, despite a huge investment having already been made on these projects, the country is not able to derive the desired benefits. There were 171 Major, 259 Medium and 72 ERM on-going Irrigation projects in the country at various stages of construction at the end of VIII Plan(i.e. end of March,1997) with spillover cost of Rs. 75690 crore. This was a matter of grave concern for the Union Government and remedial measures for expeditious completion of some of the projects 191

which were in advanced stage of completion became necessary. The AIBP was conceived in the year 1996 by the Government of India in order to provide financial assistance to States to complete various ongoing projects in the country so that envisaged irrigation potential of the project could be created and thereby extend irrigation to more areas. Since its formulation, the terms of the programme have been widened and liberalized over the time. Only those projects are considered under the Programme, which have the investment clearance of the Planning Commission. The Projects which are already receiving assistance from domestic agencies such as NABARD etc. are not eligible for assistance under the Programme. However, the components of such projects which are not covered under such assistance by NABARD are considered for inclusion under the AIBP. Assistance to large projects is given for their phased completion so that benefits could start flowing early with comparatively smaller investments. Presently, major, medium and Extension, Renovation and Modernization (ERM) projects are eligible for Central Assistance under AIBP. The surface water minor irrigation schemes of Special Category States as well as such schemes satisfying specified criteria in Non-Special Category States are also eligible for Central Assistance under AIBP. AIBP was started as Central Loan Assistance (CLA). Initially 50% of the project outlay was provided as CLA and the balance 50% was to be met by State i.e. on 1:1 basis. Subsequently Special Category States were provided CLA on 3:1 basis whereas nonSpecial Category States on 2:1 basis. Later, it was decided that 30% of the CLA to nonSpecial Category States and 90% for Special Category States be converted into grant. In March, 2005 in order to accelerate the provision of irrigation to drought prone areas and tribal area, the project providing irrigation benefits to such area (in consultation with Planning Commission) were extended the same facility as allowable to the Special Category States. From April, 2005 the Centre is providing only grant assistance to the projects under AIBP and rest of the finances are to be raised by States themselves either through Plan allocations or State resources or loans.

National Project for Repair, Renovation & Restoration (RRR) The Government of India sanctioned a Pilot Scheme for National Project for Repair, Renovation & Restoration (RRR) of Water Bodies directly linked to Agriculture 192

in January, 2005 with an estimated cost of Rs.300 crore to be shared by Centre and State in the ratio of 3:1 to be implemented during the remaining period of Xth Plan. The objectives of the Scheme were to restore and augment storage capacities of water bodies, and also to recover and extend their lost irrigation potential. The water bodies having culturable command area of more than 40 hectares and upto 2000 hectares were included under the pilot scheme. The Scheme had been approved for 26 district projects in 15 States, namely, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal, Himachal Pradesh, J&K, Gujarat, Kerala and Maharashtra at an estimated cost of Rs.299.92 crore and Central Share of Rs.197.30 crore has been released to the states so far.

193