TwoStatecitizensundertheConstitution oftheUnitedStatesofAmerica

2011DanGoodman SincetheadoptionoftheFourteenthAmendment,therearenowtwocitizens undertheConstitutionoftheUnitedStates.ThefirstisacitizenoftheUnitedStates. ThesecondisacitizenofaStatewhoisnotacitizenoftheUnitedStates.Bothhave privilegesandimmunitiesoftheirown: OftheprivilegesandimmunitiesofthecitizenoftheUnitedStates,andof theprivilegesandimmunitiesofthecitizenoftheState,andwhattheyrespective are,wewillpresentlyconsider;butwewishtostateherethatitisonlytheformer whichareplacedbythisclause(Section1,Clause2oftheFourteenthAmendment) undertheprotectionoftheFederalConstitution,andthatthelatter,whateverthey maybe,arenotintendedtohaveanyadditionalprotectionbythisparagraphofthe amendment.SlaughterhouseCases:83U.S.(16Wall.)36,at74(1873).[Footnote 1]
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And: ...Thereisnoinherentrightinacitizentothussellintoxicatingliquorsby retail.ItisnotaprivilegeofacitizenoftheStateorofacitizenoftheUnited States.Crowleyv.Christensen:137U.S.86,at91(1890).

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...IntheConstitutionandlawsoftheUnitedStates,thewordcitizenis generally,ifnotalways,usedinapoliticalsensetodesignateonewhohastherights andprivilegesofacitizenofaStateoroftheUnitedStates.Baldwinv.Franks: 120U.S.678,at690(1887).

http://books.google.com/books?id=c04GAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA690#v=onepage&q&f=false

AcitizenoftheUnitedStatescanbecomealsoacitizenofaState,underSection1, Clause1oftheFourteenthAmendment: Thequestionispresentedinthiscase,whether,sincetheadoptionofthe fourteenthamendment,awoman,whoisacitizenoftheUnitedStatesANDtheState ofMissouri,isavoterinthatState,notwithstandingtheprovisionoftheconstitution andlawsoftheState,whichconfinetherightofsuffragetomenalone.... Thereisnodoubtthatwomenmaybecitizens.Theyarepersons,andbythe fourteenthamendmentallpersonsbornornaturalizedintheUnitedStatesand subjecttothejurisdictionthereofareexpresslydeclaredtobecitizensofthe UnitedStatesandoftheStatewhereintheyreside.Minorv.Happersett:88U.S. (21Wall.)162,at165(1874).
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TheFourteenthAmendmentdeclaresthatcitizensoftheUnitedStatesare citizensofthestatewithintheyreside;thereforetheplaintiffwasatthetimeof makingherapplication,acitizenoftheUnitedStatesANDacitizenoftheStateof Illinois. Wedonotheremeantosaythattheremaynotbeatemporaryresidenceinone State,withintenttoreturntoanother,whichwillnotcreatecitizenshipinthe former.Buttheplaintiffstatesnothingtotakehercaseoutofthedefinitionof citizenshipofaStateasdefinedbythefirstsectionofthefourteenthamendment. Bradwellv.theStateofIllinois:83U.S.130,at138(1873).

http://books.google.com/books?id=DkgFAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA138#v=onepage&q=&f=false

InsuchcasethentherewouldbeacitizenofaState,underArticleIV,Section2, Clause1oftheConstitutionandalsoacitizenoftheUnitedStatesandacitizenofa State,underSection1oftheFourteenthAmendment: ...Thereisnoinherentrightinacitizentothussellintoxicatingliquorsby retail.ItisnotaprivilegeofacitizenoftheStateorofacitizenoftheUnited States.Crowleyv.Christensen:137U.S.86,at91(1890).

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Anotherobjectiontotheactisthatitisinviolationofsection2,art.4,ofthe constitutionoftheUnitedStates,andofthefourteenthamendment,inthatthisact discriminatesbothastopersonsandproducts.Section2,art.4,declaresthatthe citizensofeachstateshallbeentitledtoalltheprivilegesandimmunitiesofthe citizensoftheseveralstates;andthefourteenthamendmentdeclaresthatnostate 2

shallmakeorenforceanylawwhichshallabridgetheprivilegesandimmunitiesof citizensoftheUnitedStates.Butwehaveseenthatthesupremecourt,inCrowleyv. Christensen,137U.S.91,11Sup.Ct.Rep.15,hasdeclaredthatthereisnoinherent rightinacitizentosellintoxicatingliquorsbyretail.Itisnotaprivilegeofacitizen ofastateorofacitizenoftheUnitedStates.Cantiniv.Tillman:54Fed.Rep.969, at973(1893).

http://books.google.com/books?id=Ehg4AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA973#v=onepage&q&f=false

Therefore,inanyStateoftheUnion,therearetwoStatecitizens,acitizenofa State,underArticleIV,Section2,Clause1oftheConstitution,andalsoacitizenofa State(andacitizenoftheUnitedStates),underSection1,Clause1oftheFourteenth Amendment.[Footnote2] ________________________ Footnotes: 1.ItistobenotedthatprivilegesandimmunitiesofacitizenofaStateareinthe constitutionandlawsofaparticularState: ...Whatevermaybethescopeofsection2ofarticleIVandweneednot,in thiscaseenteruponaconsiderationofthegeneralquestiontheConstitutionof theUnitedStatesdoesnotmaketheprivilegesandimmunitiesenjoyedbythe citizensofoneStateundertheconstitutionandlawsofthatState,themeasureofthe privilegesandimmunitiestobeenjoyed,asofright,byacitizenofanotherState underitsconstitutionandlaws.McKanev.Durston:153U.S.684,at687(1894).
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2.TheConstitutionforbidstheabridgingoftheprivilegesofacitizenoftheUnited States,butdoesnotforbidthestatefromabridgingtheprivilegesofitsowncitizens. TherightswhichapersonhasasacitizenoftheUnitedStatesarethosewhichthe ConstitutionandlawsoftheUnitedStatesconferuponacitizenasacitizenofthe UnitedStates.Forinstance,amanisacitizenofastatebyvirtueofhisbeing residentthere;but,ifhemovesintoanotherstate,hebecomesatonceacitizen therebyoperationoftheConstitution(Section1,Clause1oftheFourteenth Amendment)makinghimacitizenthere;andneedsnospecialnaturalization,which, butfortheConstitution,hewouldneed. 3

 Ontheotherhand,therightsandprivilegeswhichacitizenofastatehasare thosewhichpertaintohimasamemberofsociety,andwhichwouldbehisifhis statewerenotamemberoftheUnion.Overthesethestateshavetheusualpower belongingtogovernment,subjecttotheprovisothattheyshallnotdenytoany personwithinthejurisdiction(i.e.,totheirowncitizens,thecitizensofotherstates, oraliens)theequalprotectionofthelaws.Thesepowersextendtoallobjects, which,intheordinarycourseofaffairs,concernthelives,liberties,privileges,and propertiesofpeople,andoftheinternalorder,improvement,andprosperityofthe state.Federalist,No.45Hopkinsv.CityofRichmond:86S.E.Rep.139,at145;117 Va.692;Ann.Cas.1917D,1114(1915),citingtheentireopinionofTownofAshland v.Coleman,initsopinion(percuriam);overruledonothergrounds,Irvinev.Cityof CliftonForge:97S.E.Rep.310,310;124Va.781(1918),citingtheSupremeCourtof theUnitedStatescaseofBuchananv.Warley,245U.S.60;38Sup.Ct.16,62L.Ed. 149.
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TownofAshlandv.Coleman:
http://books.google.com/books?id=1SoZAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA427#v=onepage&q&f=false

...Itiscontendedthatthe1stsectionoftheFourteenthAmendmenthasbeen violated?ThatsectiondeclaresthatallpersonsbornintheUnitedStatesare citizensoftheUnitedStatesandtheStatewhereintheyreside,andprovidesthat noStateshallmakeorenforceanylawwhichshallabridgetheprivilegesorcitizens oftheUnitedStates,nordenytoanypersonwithinitsjurisdictiontheequal protectionofthelaws.Thissection,afterdeclaringthatallpersonsborninthe UnitedStatesshallbecitizens(1)oftheUnitedStatesand(2)oftheStatewherein theyreside,goesoninthesamesentencetoprovidethatnoStateshallabridgethe privilegesofcitizensoftheUnitedStates;butdoesnotgoontoforbidaStatefrom abridgingtheprivilegesofitsowncitizens.Leavingthematterofabridgingthe privilegesofitsowncitizenstothediscretionofeachState,thesectionproceeds,in regardtothelatter,onlytoprovidethatnoStateshalldenytoanypersonwithinits jurisdictiontheequalprotectionofthelaws.... TherightswhichapersonhasacitizenofaStatearethosewhichpertaintohim asamemberofsociety,andwhichwouldbelongtohimifhisStatewerenota memberoftheAmericanUnion.OverthesetheStateshavetheusualpowers belongingtogovernment,andthesepowersextendtoallobjects,which,inthe 4

ordinarycourseofaffairs,concernthelives,liberties,(privileges),andpropertiesof people;andoftheinternalorder,improvement,andprosperityoftheState. Federalist,No.45.... Ontheotherhand,therightswhichapersonhasasacitizenoftheUnitedStates aresuchashehasbyvirtueofhisStatebeingamemberoftheAmericanUnion undertheprovisionsofourNationalConstitution.Forinstance,amanisacitizenof aStatebyvirtueofhisbeingnativeandresidentthere;but,ifheemigratesinto anotherStatehebecomesatonceacitizentherebyoperationoftheprovisionofthe Constitution(Section1,Clause1oftheFourteenthAmendment)makinghima citizenthere;andneedsnospecialnaturalization,which,butfortheConstitution,he wouldneedtobecomeacitizen.ExParteEdmundKinney:3Hughes9,at12thru 14(1879)[4thcirctVa.].
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