Vehicle Dynamics 3 Driveline Dynamics

Section

Performance of a car
The maximum achievable acceleration of a vehicle is limited by two factors:

maximum torque at driving wheels:

depends on engine and transmission performance

maximum traction force at tire prints

depends on tire-road friction. In this chapter

we examine

engine and transmission performance.

Power of an Engine
The maximum attainable power Pe of an IC engine is a function of

the engine angular velocity (e). must be determined experimentally. called the power performance function, can be estimated by a third-order polynomial

The function Pe = Pe (e),

Power and Torque performance of a spark ignition engine

PM = 50kW at M = 586 rad/ s 5600 rpm. The curve begins at an angular velocity at which the engine starts running smoothly.

Maximum attainable power Pe, Pe(e)

a third-order polynomial

(M) to indicate the angular velocity, measured in [rad/s], at which the engine power reaches the maximum value PM , measured in [Watt = Nm/s],

for spark ignition engines we use

Maximum attainable power Pe, Pe(e)

For indirect injection Diesel engines we use for direct injection Diesel engines we use

The driving torque of the engine Te

The driving torque of the engine Te is the torque that provides Pe

Example (R10, p166)

Porsche 911 engine

The power performance equation for the Porsche 911 engine has the coefficients

and, its power performance function is

9

Corvette Z06

10

Corvette Z06 engine

The power performance equation for the engine of Corvette Z06 has the coefficients

and, its power performance function is

11

The resulting Pe
no limit for developing a powerful engine any engine with power around 100 hp would be enough for street cars with normal applications. It seems that engines with 600 hp reach the limit of application for street cars.

12

Street Cars vs. Race Cars

For street cars

No design limitation for power No design limitation for physical properties

For race cars (Formula 1, F1)

13

It must be a four-stroke engine, less than 3000 cm3 (3 lt) swept volume no more than ten cylinders no more than five valves per cylinder but there is no limit for power.

Engine efficiency curves

Engines convert

chemical energy of fuel, into mechanical energy at the engine output shaft

Conversion happens at a specific efficiency Constant efficiency contours can be added to the performance map Hence, every point under the curve Pe = Pe (e) can be an operating condition at a specific efficiency. The maximum efficiency

14

around the angular velocity corresponding to the maximum torque when the throttle is almost wide open.

Power performance of a spark ignition engine with constant efficiency contour

15

Power Units
There are many different units for expressing power. The metric unit for power is Watt [W].

Horsepower [ hp] is also used in vehicle dynamics.

16

Fuel Consumption
Consider a vehicle moving straight at a constant speed vx. The energy required to travel can be calculated by multiplying the power at the drive wheels by time

d is the distance travelled E is the needed energy to turn the wheels

17

Fuel Consumption
To find the actual energy needed to run the whole vehicle include the coefficients of efficiencies.

e for engine efficiency, H for thermal value of fuel f for density of the fuel.

Vehicle moves at constant speed,

the traction force Fx is equal to the resistance forces. Therefore, the fuel consumption per unit distance, q, is

(m3/m)
18

Ideal Engine Performance

It is said that an ideal engine is one that produces a constant power (Po) regardless of speed. For this kind of ideal engine we have

19

Ideal Engine
Power and Torque performance curves for an ideal engine. Po = 50 kW Not realistic
20

10

Lets optimise to operate at high power

we introduce a gearbox

to keep the engine running at the maximum power or in a working range around the maximum power achieve the power of the engine efficiently the power at wheels constant at max. value.

practically aim is to

21

An ideal engine!?
However, internal combustion engines do not work like an ideal engine. Figure on the left illustrates such an ideal performance for Ce = 0.14539.

22

11

Maximum power and torque at same M

Ideal performance for an engine would be having maximum power and maximum torque at the same angular velocity M. However, it is impossible

because the maximum torque TM of a spark ignition engine occurs at

half of the speed at which the power is maximum.

23

Maximum power and torque at same M

When the torque is maximum, the power is at

When the power is maximum at e = M, the torque is

24

12

Performance curves of an ideal engine having a linear torque-speed relationship Te = 0.14539 e

25

Driveline (transmission) and efficiency

the systems and devices that transfer

torque and power from the engine to the drive wheels of a vehicle manual gear transmission automatic transmission with torque converter. the engine Clutch Gearbox propeller shaft differential drive shafts drive wheels

Most vehicles use one of two common transmission types: A driveline includes

26

13

Driveline
The engine: power source

The clutch connects and disconnects the engine to the rest of the driveline when the vehicle is equipped with a manual gearbox.

The output from the engine is an engine torque Te and engine speed e.

The gearbox can be used to change the transmission ratio between the engine and the drive wheels. The propeller shaft does not exist in front-engined front-wheel-drive and rearengined rear-wheel-drive vehicles. In those vehicles, the differential is integrated with the gearbox in a unit that is called the transaxle.

The propeller shaft connects the gearbox to the differential.

27

The differential is a constant transmission ratio gearbox that allows the drive wheels to have different speeds. So, they can handle the car in a curve. The drive shafts connect the differential to the drive wheels. The drive wheels transform the engine torque to a traction force on the road.

Driveline @

28

14

Power transmission on driveline

The available power at the drive wheels is (P) < 1 indicates the overall efficiency between the engine and the drive wheels c < 1 is the converter efficiency and t < 1 is the transmission efficiency.
29

Power transmission on driveline

The relationship between the angular velocity of the engine and the velocity of the vehicle is where

30

ng is the transmission ratio of the gearbox, nd is the transmission ratio of the differential, e is the engine angular velocity, R is the effective tire radius.

Engine e

Rw Gear Box ng Tire

Differential nd

15

Power transmission on driveline

Transmission ratio or gear reduction ratio of a gearing device, n, is the ratio of the input velocity to the output velocity while the speed ratio r is the ratio of the output velocity to the input velocity.
31

The input and output torque and angular velocity of each driveline components

32

16

Torque at the wheel

The power at the wheel is P = Pe, and the angular velocity at the wheel is
w = e/ (ng nd). P = T , the available torque at the wheel, Tw, is

33

Volumetric, thermal, and mechanical efficiencies

There is an efficiency between the attainable power in fuel and the power available at the engines output shaft

V is the engine volumetric efficiency, T is the thermal efficiency, and M is the mechanical efficiency.
34

17

Efficiencies
Volumetric efficiency V identifies how much fuelled air gets into the cylinder. (%80-100) Thermal efficiency T identifies how much of the fuel is converted to usable power (%26 %34) Mechanical efficiency M identifies how much power is consumed by the engine to run itself (system dependent!?)
35

Front or rear-engined, front or rear drive

The engine may be installed in

front : front-engined back : rear-engined the front the rear all wheels .

The driving wheels may be:

6 six combinations Most common combinations are

front-engined front-wheeldrive front-engined rear-wheel-drive front-engined all-wheel-drive vehicles

A few manufacturers make cars with rear-engined rear-wheel-drive. However, there is no rear-engined front-wheel-drive vehicle.

36

18

Gearbox and Clutch Dynamics

The internal combustion engine

can not operate below a minimum engine speed min.

37

Gearbox and Clutch Dynamics

Consider a vehicle with only one drive wheel

forward velocity vx of the vehicle tire traction force Fx is

proportional to the angular velocity of the engine e proportional to the engine torque Te

Rw is the effective tire radius, nd is the differential transmission ratio, ni is the gearbox transmission ratio in gear number i, is the overall driveline efficiency e eq. is called the speed equation, Te eq. is called the traction equation.

38

19

Available torque at the wheel, Tw, is

39

R10 - Page 180

40

20

41

42

21

A Sample Calculation for

e = 10.875ni vx
n1 = 3.827 n2 = 2.36 vx1 = 10 m / s vx 2 = 24 m / s

e1 = 10.875n1vx1 = 10.875 3.827 10 = 416.19 rad/s e 2 = 10.875n2 vx 2 = 10.875 2.36 24 = 615.96 rad/s
43

A sample of a gear-speed plot for a gearbox.

e2 e1

44

22

A Sample Calculation
Tw = ni nd Te
2 Tw = 5.7405 102 ni3vx + 3.7588ni2 vx + 246.13ni

vx = 17 m / s n1 = 3.827 Tw = 5.7405 102 (3.827)3 (17) 2 + 3.7588 (3.827) 2 (17) + 246.13 (3.827) Tw = 947.93 mN

45

Wheel torque-speed Equation (4.77) at each gear ni of a gearbox, and the envelope curve simulating an ideal engine behaviour.

46

23

Summary
Driveline system is presented Engine performance curves discussed Related properties are presented Homework: (R10)

Revising: 164 - 181 Reading: 182 - 206 Exercises 207 -217:

47

24