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PGE368 Fall 2001 Semester September 24, 26, and 28, and October 5
Porosity
Definition:
The volume fraction of the rock occupied by pore space
= Vp / VR * 100 %
Water Saturation
Definition:
The fraction of the pore space containing water Sw = Vw / f
THEORY
REALITY
1 cm Clay Close-Up
Thin Sections
1 cm
POROSITY
TOTAL WATER SATURATION? BOUND-FREE (MOVABLE) WATER? IRREDUCIBLE WATER SATURATION (i.e. clay-bound water and capillary-bound water)?
V + Rm
Rock Matrix Pore Fluid
Rf 1 1 1 = + R Rm Rf V R= I
Double-Layer Dispersed Clay Electrical Models Waxman-Smits Dual-Water Mixed Dispersed-Clay / Laminar-Shale Electrical Model Patchett-Herrick
Archie (1942)
In clean sandstones with saline brines, the resistivity of the rock is proportional to the salinity of the saturating brine. The constant of proportionality is called the formation factor. F = R0 / Rw . The formation factor varies as the inverse square of the porosity. F = 1 / 2 . The saturation index in a reservoir (IR = Rt / R0 ) varies as the inverse square of the saturation. I = 1 / Sw2.
In conductivity notation
1 1 m n n t = w Sw = w Sw F a
Archie 1
Archie 1
Archie 2
Summary Archie 1
Archie valid at high salinities > 100ppk at 200F Archie also valid if there are no conductive materials (clays). In very fresh water surface conductance of ordinary grains can also be a problem
F=
2 . 0 . 5
2 . 5
. 0
1 5
. 0
vugs
fractures
1 0
. .
0 5 0 .1 8 2 , 6 p o 8 r 1 o 0 s i 2 t 0 y 3 04 5 0 0
Carbonate Texture
On the left, a crystalline dolomite with = 47% and m = 1.95. On the right, a moldic bioclastic packstone with = 36% and m = 3.27. This large variation in m illustrates the importance of rock texture on petrophysical evaluation. Environmental scanning electron microscope images, scale bar is 100 mm at left and 200 mm at right.
V + I + + + +
?
R
V R= I
Oil
Matrix
Dry Clay
ClayBound Water
Mobile Water
Hydrocarbon
Water
Matrix
Dry Clay
Mobile Water
Hydrocarbon
Matrix
Dry Clay
Mobile Water
Solid HC
Matrix
Dry Clay
ClayClayBound Water
Mobile Water
Hydrocarbon
Vugs
Archie 2 Summary
In water-wet rocks estimations of water saturation from resistivity logs are generally pessimistic
V(f)
I (f)
+ + + +
?
Z(f)
LABORATORY SAMPLES
Brine-Water Saturation
Fine Grains
Coarse Grains Coarse Grains and Dispersed Clay Super-Fine Sand Grains
Stacked Grains
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Baker Atlas Schlumberger Tony Bermudez