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Suggested Solutions V2 MaDNVC06K5 trigonometry

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Make Up Chapter Test: Ch5 trigonometry; MATHEMATICS COURSE D; Spring 2008: MaDNVC06
Please note that you have to try to solve the problems by yourself before checking your solutions against mine. My solutions are just suggested ones. Usually there are more than one methods of solving a given problem. Warning: Just reading the solutions can never replace your own struggle in solving a given problem. By just reading the solutions you may not be able to understand the mathematics of the problem deep enough and therefore, just going through my solutions may not help you to solve a similar problem by yourself. Have Fun! Behzad Instructions Test period Tools The test 8:15-10:45 Formula sheet, ruler and graphic calculator. For most items a single answer is not enough. It is also expected that you write down what you do that you explain/motivate your reasoning that you draw any necessary illustrations.

All together there are 18 problems. 6 problems are multiple choice problems and are compulsory for all. From the problem 7 to 18 you are given a choice. You may choose from the given alternatives, a problem that suits you the best. In the box below mark the problems you want me to grade. ONLY AND ONLY THOSE PROBLEMS MARKED IN THE TABLE BELOW ARE GOING TO BE GRADED. After every item is given the maximum mark your solution can receive. [2/3] means that the item can give 2 g-points (Pass level) and 3 vg-points (Pass with distinction level). Items marked with give you a possibility to show MVG-quality (Pass with special distinction

quality). This means that you use generalised methods, models and reasoning, that you analyse your results and account for a clear line of thought in a correct mathematical language. Problems 8 and 10 are larger problems which may take up to 45 minutes to solve completely. It is important that you try to solve this problem. A description of what your teacher will consider when evaluating your work is attached to the problem. This problem is heavily graded. Even in G-level there are a lot of moments of the problem that you can solve. Mark limits G-Level: The test gives totally at the most 24 points. To pass the test you must have at least 15 points. VG/MVG-Level: The test gives totally at the most 27 points out of which 15 VG-points and 3 MVG-pints. To pass the test you must have at least 9 points and to get the test character Pass with distinction (VG) you must have at least 18 points out of which at least 5 points on Pass with distinction level. Excellence (MVG) requires 20 points out of which at least 10 VG points and excellent quality presentation of the solutions. Have fun!

Note: Only those problems checked here will be graded! Problem Grade 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Total

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Suggested Solutions V2 MaDNVC06K5 trigonometry

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In the multiple choice problems below, circle the correct alternative and write clearly the correct answer in the space provided as Alternative: Answer the questions 1 to 3 based on the accompanying diagram of the unit circle O with the radius OD = OB = 1 units . The line CD is tangent to the unit circle at D and the line AB is perpendicular to the x axis. 1. The distance CD represents: a. tan b. cos c. cos d. sin e. sin + 2 Answer: Alternative a: CD is tan 2. The distance OA represents: a. tan b. cos c. cos d. sin e. sin + 2 Answer: Alternative b: OA is cos 3. The distance AB represents: [1/0]

y B

Answer: Alternative:________________ [1/0]

Answer: Alternative:________________

[1/0]

tan cos cos sin e. sin + 2


a. b. c. d. Answer: Alternative d: AB is sin

Answer: Alternative:________________

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Suggested Solutions V2 MaDNVC06K5 trigonometry

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4. If is a positive acute angle and a = sin , an expression for cos 2 in terms of a may be written as [1/0] 2 cos 2 = 1 2a a. b. cos 2 = 2a c.

cos 2 = 1 a 2

a 1 a2 Answer: Alternative:________________ cos 2 = d. 1 a2 Suggested solutions: Answer: Alternative a: cos 2 = 1 2a 2 cos 2 = 1 2 sin 2 cos 2 = 1 2a 2 5. If cos = a. b. c. d.

sin sin sin sin

3 and tan is positive: 5 16 = 25 5 = 3 4 = 5 4 = 5

[1/0]

Answer: Alternative:________________

Suggested solutions: Answer: Alternative c: sin = Using the trigonometry unity: sin 2 + cos2 = 1

4 5

sin = 1 cos 2 Due to the fact that cos is negative while tan is positive, the angle lies in the third quadrant and therefore sin must be negative (of sin .) course, the same conclusion may be achieved using tan = cos
9 25 9 16 4 3 = = = sin = 1 cos = 1 = 1 25 25 25 5 5
2 2

sin =

4 5

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Suggested Solutions V2 MaDNVC06K5 trigonometry

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6. Which one/ones of the following equations has/have no solution in the interval 0 . Why? Explain [NPMaDVT02_modified 1/1] 4 sin = a. 5 4 cos = b. 5 16 tan = c. 25 4 sin = Answer: Alternative(s):________________ d. 5 Suggested solution: Answer: Alternatives d. 4 sin = has no solution in the interval 0 . All angles in the 5 interval 0 lie above x-axis and therefore have only a positive sinus. 4 sin = has two solutions in the interval 0 . One of the answers 5 is in the interval 0 , and the other is in the interval . 2 2 16 tan = has only one solution in the interval 0 . 25 4 cos = has also only one solution in the interval 0 . 5 Choose between the problems 7 and 8. Solve only one of them. Note that problem number 7 is in G level and problem number 8 is in VG-level. Note also that, even if you originally choose to solve problem 7, if you get extra time over at the end, you may try to solve problem number 8. If successful, you may then ask me to grade problem 8 instead of problem 7. You do not need to cross out problem 7. Leave it as it is. If not sure about your solutions of problem 8, you may ask me to check your solutions of problem 8, and if correct then choose it instead of 7. Obviously, you will get grade for your solution of problem 7 or 8 but not both simultaneously. 7. Solve cos x = 0.5 . [2/0] Suggested Solutions: cos x = 0.5 x = cos 1 (0.5) Answers: x = 60 + 360 n n = 0, 1, 2, 3, ... x = 360 30 + 360 n = 330 + 360 n n = 0, 1, 2, 3, ... Answers: x = 330 + 360 n n = 0, 1, 2, 3, ...

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Suggested Solutions V2 MaDNVC06K5 trigonometry

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8. Find all solutions of the equation 2 sin 2 3 x + = 1 in the interval 0 x 2 . [0/4] 5 Suggested Solutions: 1 2 1 = 2 sin 2 3 x + = 1 sin 2 3 x + = sin 3 x + = 5 5 2 2 5 2 2 n = 0, 1, 2, 3, ... 3x + = sin 1 2 = 4 + 2n 5 2 3 = + 2n = + 2n n = 0, 1, 2, 3, ... 3x + = sin 1 2 4 4 5 5 2 = + + 2n = + 2n n = 0, 1, 2, 3, ... 3x + = sin 1 2 4 4 5 7 2 = 2 + 2n = + 2n n = 0, 1, 2, 3, ... 3 x + = sin 1 2 4 4 5 Solving the equations above individually result in: 2 n = 0, 1, 2, 3, ... 3x + = sin 1 2 = 4 + 2n 5 4 + 5 3x = + + 2n = + 2n = + 2n n = 0, 1, 2, 3, ... 5 4 20 20 2n + n = 0, 1, 2, 3, ... Divide both sides by 3: x = [0/1] 60 3 2 3 n = 0, 1, 2, 3, ... 3x + = sin 1 2 = 4 + 2n = 4 + 2n 5 4 + 15 11 2n 3 3x = + + 2n = + 2n x = + n = 0, 1, 2, ... [0/1] 5 4 20 60 3 Similarly 5 2 n = 0, 1, 2, 3, ... 3x + = sin 1 2 = + 4 + 2n = 4 + 2n 5
5 4 + 25 21 + 2n = + 2n = + 2n 5 4 20 20 21 2n x= + n = 0, 1, 2, 3, ... 60 3 Similarly 7 2 = 2 + 2n = + 2n 3 x + = sin 1 2 4 4 5 3x = + 3x =

n = 0, 1, 2, 3, ...
[0/1]

n = 0, 1, 2, 3, ...

4 + 35 31 7 + 2n = + 2n = + 2n n = 0, 1, 2, 3, ... 5 4 20 20 31 2n x= + n = 0, 1, 2, 3, ... [0/1] 60 3 11 21 31 41 51 , , , , Answers: x = , in the interval 0 x 2 . 60 60 60 60 60 60 +


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Suggested Solutions V2 MaDNVC06K5 trigonometry

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Choose between the problems 9 and 10. Solve only one of them. Note that problem number 9 is in G level and problem number 10 is in MVG-level. Note also that, even if you originally choose to solve problem 9, if you get extra time over at the end, you may try to solve problem number 10. If successful, you may then ask me to grade problem 10 instead of problem 9. You do not need to cross out problem 9. Leave it as it is. If not sure about your solutions of problem 10, you may ask me to check your solutions of problem 10, and if correct then choose it instead of 9. Obviously, you will get grade for your solution of problem 9 or 10 but not both simultaneously. 9. In a triangle ABC , a side is measured to be BC = 77.5 cm , and its angles are A = 33.5 and C = 81.5 . B a. Find the length of the side AB . b. Find the area of the triangle ABC . [2/0] [1/0]
77.5 cm

81.5

33.5

Suggested solutions: Data: A = 33.5 , C = 81.5 , BC = 77.5 cm a. Answer: AB 139 cm . sin A sin B sin C = = a b c sin 33.5 sin 81.5 = 77.5 AB AB sin 33.5 = 77.5 sin 81.5 sin 81.5 AB = 77.5 cm = 138.87 cm sin 33.5

Answer: AB 139 cm

[1/0]

b. Answer: Area 4880 cm 2 A = 33.5 , C = 81.5 ; a = BC = 77.5 cm , c = AB 139 cm B = 180 (A + C ) = 180 (33.5 + 81.5) = 65 We may use the are formula to calculate the area of the triangle: ac sin B Area = . 2 ac sin B 77.5 139 sin 65 Area = = = 4881.6 cm 2 4880 cm 2 2 2 Answer: Area 4880 cm 2

[1/0]

[1/0]

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Suggested Solutions V2 MaDNVC06K5 trigonometry

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When assessing your work your teacher will consider: if the method you have used is reasonable if your calculations are correct what conclusions you have made from your investigation how plain and pronounced your presentation is, and what kind of mathematical knowledge you have shown to possess.

10. In the triangle ABC illustrated blow angle A = 3B and AB = 12.0 cm . If the relationship between the length of two corresponding sides are 5 : 8 , i.e. as illustrated in BC 8 = the figure below if AC 5 a. Find the angles of the triangle analytically. [0/2/] b. If B = 36.27 , Find the area of the triangle. [2/0] The figure is not properly scaled.
A

AC = 5 x

AB = 12.0 cm

C
BC = 8 x
B

Suggested solutions: Answer: B = 36.27 ; A = 108 .8 ; C = 34.9 ; Area 70.5 m 2 Data: AB = 12.0 cm , A = 3B , BC = 8 x , AC = 5 x ; B ; A 3 In order to solve the problem we must first find its angles. We may use the sine law for this task: sin A sin B sin C sin sin 3 = = = a b c 5x 8x / / Using sin( + ) = sin cos + cos sin , sin 2 = 2 sin cos and

cos 2 = 2 cos 2 1 sin(3 ) = sin( + 2 ) = sin cos 2 + cos sin 2 sin(3 ) = sin (2 cos 2 1) + 2 cos sin cos sin(3 ) = sin (2 cos 2 1 + 2 cos 2 ) = sin (4 cos 2 1) sin(3 ) = sin (4 cos 2 1)
sin sin 4 cos 1 1 4 cos 1 sin sin 3 = = = 5x 8x 5 8 5 8 / /
2 2

[0/1]

8 = 20 cos 2 5 20 cos 2 = 8 + 5 = 13 cos 2 =

13 13 cos = 20 20

= cos 1

13 = 36.27 20

Answer: B = 36.27 ; A 3 = 108.8 ; C = 180 4 = 180 36.27 = 34.9 13 = 180 36.27 = 143.73 Not acceptable. A 3 > 180 [0/1] = cos 1 20

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Suggested Solutions V2 MaDNVC06K5 trigonometry

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Use again the sine law to calculate the length of each side of the triangle: sin A sin B sin C = = a b c sin 36.27 sin 34.9 12 sin 36.27 = AC = = 12.4 cm [1/0] AC = 12.4 cm AC 12 sin 34.9 bc sin A 12 (12.4) sin 108.8 Area = = = 70.48 cm 2 [1/0] Answer: Area 70.5 cm 2 2 2

Choose between the problems 11 and 12. Solve only one of them. Note that problem number 11 is in G level and problem number 12 is in VG-level. Note also that, even if you originally choose to solve problem 11, if you get extra time over at the end, you may try to solve problem number 12. If successful, you may then ask me to grade problem 12 instead of problem 11. You do not need to cross out problem 11. Leave it as it is. If not sure about your solutions of problem 12, you may ask me to check your solutions of problem 12, and if correct then choose it instead of 11. Obviously, you will get grade for your solution of problem 11 or 12 but not both simultaneously.

11. Solve sin x =

2 has two solutions in the interval 0 x 2 , one of them is x = . 4 2 What is the other solution? [1/0] 3 Suggested solutions: Answer: x = 4 2 Data: sin x = , x = , 0 x 2 4 2 3 4 4 3 x = = = = [1/0] Answer: x = 4 4 4 4 4 4

12. Find exact value of cos( + ) if cos( ) = 0.23 . Suggested solutions: Answer: cos( + ) = 0.23 Data: cos( ) = 0.23 cos( + ) = cos = 0.23 [0/1]

[0/1]

Answer: cos( + ) = 0.23

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Suggested Solutions V2 MaDNVC06K5 trigonometry

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Choose between the problems 13 and 14. Solve only one of them. Note that problem number 13 is in G level and problem number 14 is in VG-level. Note also that, even if you originally choose to solve problem 13, if you get extra time over at the end, you may try to solve problem number 14. If successful, you may then ask me to grade problem 14 instead of problem 13. You do not need to cross out problem 13. Leave it as it is. If not sure about your solutions of problem 14, you may ask me to check your solutions of problem 14, and if correct then choose it instead of 13. Obviously, you will get grade for your solution of problem 13 or 14 but not both simultaneously. 13. If cos = 0.3 find the exact values of: a. sin b. sin 2 tan c. Suggested solutions: Answer: sin a = 0.91 , sin 2 = 0.06 91 ;
tan = 91 3
2

[1/0] [2/0] [1/0]

sin 2 a + cos 2 a = 1 sin 2 a = 1 cos2 a sin a = 1 cos2 a

sin a = 1 cos2 a = 1 (0.3) = 1 0.09 = 0.91 sin 2 = 2 sin cos sin 2 = 2 sin cos = 2 0.3 0.91 = 0.06 91 sin 0.91 10 0.91 = = tan = cos 0 .3 3

sin a = 0.91
sin 2 = 0.06 91

tan =

91 3

14. If the point B( 3, 4 ) is on the terminal side of the angle find the exact values of: cos a. [0/1] b. [0/2] sin 2 tan c. [1/0]
Suggested solutions: Answers: cos = 0.6 ; sin 2 = 0.96 ; tan =

r 2 = ( 3) + ( 4 ) = 9 + 16 = 25 r = 5 Using the properties of the unit circle that sinus is the y-component and cosine is the x-coordinates of the point on the unit circle, we may conclude that: 3 = 0.6 a. Answer: cos = [0/1] 5 24 4 3 24 = 0.96 = 0.96 = b. sin 2 = 2 sin cos = 2 Answer: sin 2 = 5 5 25 25 sin 4 = c. Answer: tan = [1/0] cos 3 Of course, the value of the tangent could directly be calculated from the information regarding the coordinates of the point on the unit circle.: tangent is simply the ratio of the y-component of the point and that of its x-component:
2 2

sin 4 = cos 3 The radius of the unit circle may be calculated using the information about the coordinates of the point B( 3, 4 )

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Suggested Solutions V2 MaDNVC06K5 trigonometry

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Choose between the problems 15 and 16. Solve only one of them. Note that problem number 15 is in G level and problem number 16 is in MVG-level. Note also that, even if you originally choose to solve problem 15, if you get extra time over at the end, you may try to solve problem number 16. If successful, you may then ask me to grade problem 16 instead of problem 15. You do not need to cross out problem 15. Leave it as it is. If not sure about your solutions of problem 16, you may ask me to check your solutions of problem 16, and if correct then choose it instead of 15. Obviously, you will get grade for your solution of problem 15 or 16 but not both simultaneously. 15. The point P (a, b ) lies on a unit circle as illustrated below. With the help of the coordinates of the point P (a, b ) : y a. Find cos( +180) . b. Find cos(90 ) . c. Find sin ( + 90) . [NPMaDVT97 modified]
Suggested solutions: First Method: a. As illustrated below, if we add 180 to the point P (a, b ) moves to a new location with the coordinates: A ( a, b ) . [1/0] This claim may be proven by just making a normal from the point P and from the point A to the x-axis. The created triangles ACO and PDO are exactly equal. This is due to the fact that they have identical hypotenuse PO = AO = 1 units (which is the radius of the unit circle), as well as an angle the angle POD = AOC = . cos( + 180) is the x-coordinate of the y P (a, b ) point A ( a, b ) . Therefore: Answer: cos( +180) = a [1/0] Second Method: Of course, we may as well use the trigonometric relationship cos( + 180) = cos( ) = a [2/0]

P (a, b )

[2/0] [0/2] [0/2]

+180
C O

b. First Method: We may use the trigonometric relationship: cos(90 ) = sin = b [0/2]

A ( a, b )

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Suggested Solutions V2 MaDNVC06K5 trigonometry

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Second method: As illustrated below, the new point on the circle E (b, a ) is created by just switching the x and y-coordinates of the point P (a, b ) moves to a new location with the coordinates: E (b, a ) . [0/1]

P (a, b )

E (b, a )

90 C

D This claim may be proven by just making a normal from the point P and from the point E to the x-axis. The created triangles ECO and PDO are exactly equal. This is due to the fact that they have identical hypotenuse PO = EO = 1 units (which is the radius of the unit circle), as well as an angle the angle POD = CEO = . Therefore, the corresponding sides must be the same: OC = DP = b , and EC = OD = a . But OC is the sinus of the angle 90 .

Therefore: cos(90 ) = OC = PD = b

[0/1]

Answer: cos(90 ) = b

c. As illustrated below, if we add 90 to the point P (a, b ) moves to a new location with the coordinates: y B ( b, a ) . [0/1] P (a, b ) This claim may be proven by just making a normal from the point P and from the point B to the x-axis. The created B ( b, a ) triangles BCO and PDO are exactly + 90 equal. This is due to the fact that they C O have identical hypotenuse D PO = BO = 1 units (which is the radius of the unit circle), as well as an angle the angle POD = BOC = . Therefore, the corresponding sides must be the same: BC = OD = a . But BC is the sinus of the angle + 90 . sin ( + 90) = a . [0/1] Second Method: Of course, we may as well use the trigonometric relationship sin ( + 90) = cos = a . Third Method: sin ( + 90) is the y-coordinate of the point B ( b, a ) . Therefore cos( + 90) = a

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Suggested Solutions V2 MaDNVC06K5 trigonometry

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When assessing your work your teacher will consider: if the method you have used is reasonable if your calculations are correct what conclusions you have made from your investigation how plain and pronounced your presentation is, and what kind of mathematical knowledge you have shown to possess.

16. In the triangle ABC illustrated blow the side a is opposite to the angle A , the side b is opposite to the angle B , and the side c is opposite to the angle C . Show that: A 2 [0/4/] a 2 = (b c ) + 4bc sin 2 2
A

a 2 = (b c ) + 2bc (1 cos A) 1 cos A 1 cos A Use sin 2 = sin 2 = 2 2 2 2


2

Suggested solutions: Use the cosine law: a 2 = b 2 + c 2 2bc cos A Add and subtract 2bc to the equation above: a 2 = b 2 + c 2 2bc + 2bc 2bc cos A 2 Use (b c ) = b 2 + c 2 2bc and factorize 2ac :

[0/1] [0/1] [0/1]

Multiply it by 2 and switch the sides: 1 cos A = 2 sin 2

A 2 A 2 2 Therefore: a 2 = (b c ) + 2bc (1 cos A) a 2 = (b c ) + 2bc 2 sin 2 2 A 2 a 2 = (b c ) + 4bc sin 2 2

[0/1/] QED.

Second method:
A 2 RHS = (b c ) + 4bc sin 2 2 A RHS = b 2 2bc + c 2 + 4bc sin 2 2 1 cos A RHS = b 2 + c 2 2bc 1 2 sin 2 using sin 2 = cos = 1 2 sin 2 2 2 2 2

RHS = b 2 + c 2 2bc cos A = a 2 = LHS

QED

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Suggested Solutions V2 MaDNVC06K5 trigonometry

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Choose between the problems 17 and 18. Solve only one of them. Note that problem number 17 is in G level and problem number 18 is in MVG-level. Note also that, even if you originally choose to solve problem 17, if you get extra time over at the end, you may try to solve problem number 18. If successful, you may then ask me to grade problem 18 instead of problem 17. You do not need to cross out problem 17. Leave it as it is. If not sure about your solutions of problem 18, you may ask me to check your solutions of problem 18, and if correct then choose it instead of 17. Obviously, you will get grade for your solution of problem 17 or 18 but not both simultaneously. 17. Area of a triangle of sides a , b and c may be calculated using Herons formula: A = l(l a )(l b )(l c ) p a+b+c is half of the triangles perimeter. where l = = 2 2 Heron was a Greek Mathematician and inventor who advanced developments in hydraulics, pneumatics, and automated devices. Some inventions credited to him are disputed by historians and may have been invented by others. One thing is certain by the 1'st century AD technology had advanced to the point that if it had advanced just a little more (maybe if they had spent just a little more time perfecting the steam engine for instance) the industrial revolution may have started then. A triangles sides are a = 57 cm , b = 31 cm and c = 63 cm . a. Find the area of the triangle using sine and cosine laws. b. Find the area of the triangle using Herons formula. [3/0] [2/0]

Suggested solutions: Data: a = 57 cm , b = 31 cm and c = 63 cm . Use the cosine law to calculate one of the angles, for example the angle A b2 + c2 a2 a 2 = b 2 + c 2 2bc cos A 2bc cos A = b 2 + c 2 a 2 cos A = 2bc 2 2 2 31 + 63 57 cos A = [2/0] cos A = 0.43 A = cos 1 (0.43) = 64.5 2(31)(63) Answer: A = 64.5 bc sin A Area = 2 (31)(63) sin 64.5 = 881.4 cm 2 Area = [1/0] Answer: Area 880 cm 2 2 Using Herons formula: A = l(l a )(l b )(l c ) p a + b + c 57 + 63 + 31 = = 75.5 l= = [1/0] 2 2 2 A = 75.5(75.5 57 )(75.5 63)(75.5 31) = 881.4 cm 2 [1/0] Answer: Area 880 cm 2

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18. In the triangle ABC illustrated blow, h is the height of the triangle from the angle A to the opposite side to it, the side a . Show that: a sin B sin C h= [0/4/] sin (B + C ) A

c h
B

C
D

Suggested solutions:

h=

a sin B sin C sin (B + C )


[0/1]

In the right triangle ADB : sin B =

h BD , cos B = . c c h DC In the right triangle ADC : sin C = , cos C = b b Using sin( + ) = sin cos + cos sin h DC BD h sin( B + C ) = sin B cos C + cos B sin C = + c b c b h h h h a a a sin B sin C bc ahh c b c b RHS = = = = h DC BD h bc h DC BD h h BD + h DC sin (B + C ) + + c b c b c b c b / a sin B sin C ahh ah / = = RHS = =h [0/1/] / sin (B + C ) h (BD + DC ) a /

[0/1]

[0/1]

QED

Second method (Martins method): h In the triangle ADB : sin B = h = c sin B c In the triangle ABC , sinus law requires:
c sin A = a sin C c = a

sin A sin B sin C = = a b c

sin C sin A

a sin C sin B a sin C sin B a sin B sin C sin C h = c sin B = a = = sin B = sin A sin (180 (B + C )) sin (B + C ) sin A a sin B sin C Answer: h = sin (B + C )

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Third method (Mikaels method):


A

c h
B

C
D

h h = b sin C b a sin B sin C Replace h = b sin C in the equation h = : sin (B + C ) a sin B a sin B sin C a sin B a sin B b sin C = b= b= b= sin (180 A) sin A sin (B + C ) sin (B + C ) In the equations above we used sin (B + C ) = sin (180 A) = sin A . Multiply both sides by SinA : b sin A = a sin B Divide both sides by a b sin A sin B = a b This is the Sinus law in the triangle ABC . a sin B sin C Therefore, starting from h = we were able to get a well-known sin (B + C ) a sin B sin C . trigonometric law named sinus law, proving that h = sin (B + C )
In the triangle ADC : sin C =

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