Large-Scale Path Loss

Large scale Path Loss
EE424 Communication EE424 Systems

Abdel Fattah Sheta Part 5 Mobile Radio Propagation: Large-Scale Path Loss
Introduction to Radio Wave Propagation

The mobile radio channel places fundamental limitations on the performance of wireless communication systems Mobile radio path is severely obstructed by buildings, mountains, and foliage Radio channels are extremely random and do not offer easy analysis The speed of motion impacts how rapidly the signal level fades as a mobile terminals moves in the space Modeling radio channel is one of the most difficult part and typically done in a statistical manner based on measurements
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Dr. Abdel Fattah Sheta
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Introduction.
Cont.
Mechanisms affect radio wave propagation are: Reflection Diffraction Scattering In urban areas, there is no direct line-of-sight path between the transmitter and the receiver, and where the presence of high- rise buildings causes severe diffraction loss. Multiple reflections cause multi-path fading
Introduction. Large Scale Propagation Models
Cont.
Propagation models are usually required to predict the average received signal strength at a given distance from the transmitter and estimating the coverage area (averaged over meters)
Small-Scale models (fading models) Propagation models that characterize rapid fluctuations of the received signal strength over very short travel distances (few wavelengths) or short time duration (on the order of seconds)
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Small Scale and Large-Scale fading for an indoor radio
Propagation models
Most radio propagation models are derived using a combination of analytical (from a set of measured data) and empirical methods. (based on fitting curves) All propagation factors through actual field measurements are included. Some classical propagation models are now used to predict large scale coverage for mobile communication systems design.
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Free Space Propagation Model

Far-field is assumed d > 2D2/ , where D is the largest linear dimension of antenna is the carrier wavelength No interference, no obstructions Pt Pr(d) Gt Gr d L Transmitted power, Received power Transmitter antenna gain, Receiver antenna gain, T-R separation distance System loss factor not related to propagation
Free Space Propagation Model
Examples 3.1
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Examples 3.2
(b)
Relating power to Electric Field
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Relating power to Electric Field
Cont..
Power flux density at distance d from a point source

Rant Vant (open circuit) V To matched receiver
Model for voltage applied to the input of a receiver
Example 3.3
(a)
(b) (c)
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Radio Propagation Mechanisms Reflection Conductors & Dielectric materials Propagation wave impinges on an object which is large as compared to wavelength - e.g., the surface of the Earth, buildings, walls, etc. Diffraction Radio path between transmitter and receiver obstructed by surface with sharp irregular edges Waves bend around the obstacle, even when LOS (line of sight) does not exist Scattering The through which the wave travels consists of objects with dimensions smaller than the wavelength and where the number of obstacles per unit volume is large rough surfaces, small objects, foliage, street signs, lamp posts.
Reflection from smooth surface

Geometry for calculating the reflection coefficients between two dielectrics
E-Field in the plane of incidence
E-Field normal to the plane of incidence
The plane of incidence: The plane containing the incidence, reflected, and transmitted rays
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If a dielectric material is lossy
= o r j ( = /2f)
Good conductor f < (/or): and are generally insensitive to frequency Lossy dielectric: o and r are generally constant with frequency ( may be sensitive to operating frequency)
E-Field in the plane of incidence E-Field normal to the plane of incidence
is the intrinsic impedance of a medium = / Velocity = 1/
Using boundary conditions:
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Brewster Angle
The angle at which no reflection occurs in the medium of origin. It occurs only for parallel polarization.
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Reflection from perfect conductors

Total reflection with i = r Ei = Er || = 1 Ei = -Er for E-Field normal to the plane of incidence = -1 for E-Field in the plane of incidence
Ground Reflection (2-ray) Model

Accurate for predicting the large-scale signal strength over distances of several kilometers for mobile radio systems that use tall towers (heights ~ 50 m) as well as LOS microcell channels in urban environment. If Eo is the free space E-field at a reference distance do from the transmitter, then for d > do, the free space propagating E-field is given by
Two propagating waves: Direct: Travel distance d reflected: Travel distance d
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2-Ray Model
Direct
Reflected
At the ground surface Eg = Ei
&
Et = (1 + ) Ei
Assuming perfect ground reflection = -1, the resultant total E-field |ETOT| = |ELOS + Eg|
2-Ray Model
Using the method of images = d - d =
If d is very large, using Taylor series, The phase difference between the two filed will be = 2 / = c /c
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2-Ray Model
As d becomes large, the difference between the paths becomes very small and |ELOS| |Eg| the difference only in phase i.e
At
t = d/c
2-Ray Model
Using the phasor diagram
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2-Ray Model
If /2 < 0.3 Radian i.e For sin (/2) /2
Then and For d > hthr , the received power decreases as 40 dB/decade
Example 3.6
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Diffraction
Allows radio signals to propagate around the curved surface of the earth, beyond the horizon, and propagate behind obstructions. Can be explained using Huygens principal All points on a wavefront can be considered as point sources for the production of secondary wavelets, and that these wavelets combine to produce a new wavefront in the direction of propagation
Diffraction
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Fresnel Zone Geometry

Assuming h << d1, d2 and h >> , the difference between direct path and diffracted path, called the excess path length ()
The corresponding phase difference is
Fresnel Diffraction parameter () =+ = tan + tan
Fresnel Zone Geometry It can be shown that
The phase difference between the direct and reflected path is function of d1, d2, h, ht and hr
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Fresnel Zones
Diffraction loss as a function of the path difference around an obstruction is explained by Fresnel Zones Fresnel zones represent successive regions where secondary waves have a path length from the transmitter to receiver which are n/2 greater than the total path of a LOS path. The concentric circles on the plane represent the loci of the origins of the secondary wavelets which propagate to the receiver such that the total path length increases by /2 for successive circles.
Fresnel Zones The radius of the nth Fresnel zone is given by This approximation is valid for d1, d2, >> rn
The maximum radii occurs if the plane is midway between the transmitter and receiver The radii become smaller when the plane is moved towards either the transmitter or the receiver.
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Fresnel Zones
For design of line-ofsight microwave links 55% of the first Fresnel zone is kept clear
Knife-edge Diffraction Model

It is impossible to make very precise estimates of the diffraction losses Knife edge approximation is good when shadowing is caused by a single object such as hill or mountain Prediction: (Theoretical approximation modified by necessary empirical corrections) Knife edge case gives good insight into the order of magnitude of diffraction loss.
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Knife-edge Diffraction Model Can be estimated using the classical Fresnel solutions for the field behind a knife edge. The field strngth at point R is a vector sum of the field due to all the scondary Huygens sources in the plane above the knife edge. The electric field strength Ed of a knife edge diffracted wave is given by
Eo is the free space value with no obstacles or ground F(), is the complex Fresnel integral The diffraction gain due to the presence of knife edge as compared to the free space field Gd(dB) = 20 log | F()| |
Knife-edge Diffraction Model Graphical representation of Gd(dB) as a function of
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Approximate solution by Lee
Example 3.7
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Example 3.8
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Multiple Kinfe-Edge Diffraction
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Scattering
The medium which the wave travels consists of objects with dimensions smaller than the wavelength and where the number of obstacles per unit volume is large rough surfaces, small objects, foliage, street signs, lamp posts. The diffusion, or the reflection in multiple different directions of a signal.
In mobile communication, the actual received signal is often stronger than that is predicted by reflection and diffraction models.
Scattering
Rough surfaces hc Rayleigh Critical height Angle of incidence of i Smooth surface: Min to max protuberance (h < hc) ref can be used If h > hc correction should be consider rough = s smooth Scattering loss factor (s) is modeled with Gaussian distribution
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Scattering
Nearby metal objects (street signs, etc.) Usually modeled statistically Large distant objects Analytical model: Radar Cross Section (RCS) Bistatic radar equation
Ideal smooth surface Gaussian rough surface Measured data Gaussian rough surface
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Ideal smooth surface Gaussian rough surface Measured data Gaussian rough surface
Practical Link Budget Design Using Path Models Combination of analytical and emperical methods The emperical approach is based on fitting curves and analytical expressions that recreate a set of measured data
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Log Distance Path Loss Model Theoretical propagation models and measurement: (Average received signal strength decreases logarithmically with distance). This relationship are valid for in-door and outdoor radio wave propagations. The average large-scale propagation path loss (PL) (d/do)n
d do n
is the T-R (Transmitter-Receiver) separation, is the free space reference distance which is closer to the
transmitter (should always be in the far field). is the path loss exponent (it indicates the rate of path loss) It depends on the propagation environment.
Log Distance Path Loss Model In dB format: (PL)dB = PL(do) + 10nlog(d/do) The PL includes all possible average path losses. Bars denote the ensemble average of all possible path loss values for a given d On a log-log scale plot, the modeled path loss is a straight line with a slope equal to 10n dB per decade. In large coverage cellular system , 1 km reference distances are commonly used and in microcell systems much smaller distances (100 m to 1 m) are used
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Log Distance Path Loss Model The reference path loss is calculated from free pace path loss or through measurements at do.
Path loss exponents for different environments
Log-normal shadowing
The environmental conditions are different and not considered in the above PL equation. A simple statistical model can account for unpredictable shadowing The measurement shows that all PL(d) are random at a distance d and distributed log-normally (normal in dB) about the mean distancedependent value. Thus, [PL(d)]dB = PL(do) + 10nlog(d/do) + X where X is a zero mean Gaussian distributed random variable (in dB) with standard deviation (dB).
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log-normal shadowing. Simply implies that measured signal levels at a specific T-R separation have a Gaussian (normal) distribution about the distance-dependent mean of (3.68),
d0, n, (the standard deviation), statistically describe the path loss model for an arbitrary location having a specific T-R separation This model may be used in computer simulation to provide received power levels for random locations in communication system design and analysis.
In practice, the values of n and are computed from measured data, using linear regression such that the difference between the measured and estimated path losses is minimized in a mean square error sense over a wide range of measurement locations and T-R separations.
The log-normal distribution describes the random shadowing effects which covers a large number of measurement locations which have the same TR separation but have different levels of clutter on propagation path. This phenomenon is referred to as log-normal shadowing.
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Large scale Path Loss

EE424 Communication EE424 Systems

Introduction to Radio Wave Propagation

Dr. Abdel Fattah Sheta