Internal structure of the earth: -

The earth consists of five parts: the first, the

atmosphere, is gaseous; the second, the hydrosphere, is
liquid; the third, fourth, and fifth, the lithosphere,
mantle, and core, are largely solid. The atmosphere is
the gaseous envelope that surrounds the solid body of
the planet. Although it has a thickness of more than
1100 km (more than 700 mi), about half its mass is
concentrated in the lower 5.6 km (3.5 mi). The
lithosphere, consisting mainly of the cold, rigid, rocky
crust of the earth, extends to depths of 100 km (60 mi).
The hydrosphere is the layer of water that, in the form
of the oceans, covers approximately 70.8% of the
surface of the earth. The mantle and core are the heavy
interior of the earth, making up most of the earth’s
mass.
The hydrosphere consists chiefly of the oceans, but
technically includes all water surfaces in the world,
including inland seas, lakes, rivers, and underground
waters. The average depth of the oceans is 3794 m
(12,447 ft), more than five times the average height of
the continents. The mass of the oceans is
approximately 1.35 quintillion (1.35 × 1018) metric
tons, or about 1/4400 of the total mass of the earth.
 The rocks of the lithosphere have an average density
of 2.7 and are almost entirely made up of 11 elements,
which together account for about 99.5 percent of its
mass. The most abundant is oxygen (about 46.60
percent of the total), followed by silicon (about 27.72
percent), aluminum (8.13 percent), iron (5.0 percent),
calcium (3.63 percent), sodium (2.83 percent),
potassium (2.59 percent), magnesium (2.09 percent)
and titanium, hydrogen, and phosphorus (totaling less
than 1 percent). In addition, 11 other elements are
present in trace amounts of 0.1 to 0.02 percent. These
elements, in order of abundance, are carbon,
manganese, sulfur, barium, chlorine, chromium,
fluorine, zirconium, nickel, strontium, and vanadium.
The elements are present in the lithosphere almost
entirely in the form of compounds rather than in their
free state. These compounds exist almost entirely in the
crystalline state, so they are, by definition, minerals.
The lithosphere comprises two shells—the crust and
upper mantle—that are divided into a dozen or so
rigid tectonic plates (see Plate Tectonics). The crust
itself is divided in two. The sialic or upper crust, of
which the continents consist, is made up of igneous
and sedimentary rocks whose average chemical
composition is similar to that of granite and whose
density is about 2.7. The simatic or lower crust, which
forms the floors of the ocean basins, is made of darker,
heavier igneous rocks such as gabbro and basalt, with
an average density of about 3.
The lithosphere also includes the upper mantle.
Rocks at these depths have a density of about 3.3. The
upper mantle is separated from the crust above by a
seismic discontinuity, called the Moho, and from the
lower mantle below by a zone of weakness known as
the asthenosphere. Shearing of the plastic, partially
molten rocks of the asthenosphere, 100 km (60 mi)
thick, enables the continents to drift across the earth’s
surface and oceans to open and close.
The dense, heavy interior of the earth is divided into
a thick shell, the mantle, surrounding an innermost
sphere, the core. The mantle extends from the base of
the crust to a depth of about 2900 km (1800 mi).
Except for the zone known as the asthenosphere, it is
solid, and its density, increasing with depth, ranges
from 3.3 to 6. The upper mantle is composed of iron
and magnesium silicates, as typified by the mineral
olivine. The lower part may consist of a mixture of
oxides of magnesium, silicon, and iron.
Seismological research has shown that the core has
an outer shell about 2225 km (1380 mi) thick with an
average density of 10. This shell is probably rigid, and
studies show that its outer surface has depressions and
peaks, the latter forming where warm material rises.
In contrast, the inner core, which has a radius of
about 1275 km (795 mi), is solid. Both core layers are
thought to consist largely of iron, with a small
percentage of nickel and other elements. Temperatures
in the inner core may be as high as 6650°C (12,000°F),
and the average density is estimated to be 13.