The Peoples National Partys Commitment to the Jamaican People in a Period of Cris is 1 On The Issue of Butch Stewart and

Ian Flemings 2 To The Peoples National Party Youth Organization on the City of Kingston 6 Working with Owners and Real Estate Agents 9 Reject tribalism and the temptations of revenge and retribution 12 Doggie and the Peoples National Party Youth Organisation 13 The PNP YO and the Development of Kingston as A Competitive Space 14 The Question of Homosexuality and a Competitive and Creative Space 16 The Former Senator and the Giving of Contracts to Dons 21 The Creation of Tactical Employment 22 Steam distillation 28 Principle 28 Applications 29 Expeller pressing 29 The Democratization of the Right To The Sea 35 Words To The Member Of Parliament For West Kingston 37 Fifteen Year Stall Lease To Higglers/Vendors 38 Congratulations To The Marcus Garvey Peoples Progressive Party 39 A Word To A Young Labourite 39

The Peoples National Partys Commitment to the Jamaican People in a Period of Cris is Given the high levels of unemployment and the growing levels of poverty facing m ost Jamaicans in this period, many would hope that a return of the Peoples Natio nal Party will signal an end of their tribulations and the beginning of a period of full employment, economic growth and hope. The truth however is that the Peoples National Party will be returning to power in a country saddled with a massive debt burden, low productivity, worsening ter ms of trade, high unemployment, increasing levels of both individual and social poverty, and a rapidly deteriorating physical infrastructure, in addition to he possibility of a next bout of economic decline in the global economy. The Peoples National Party in such a situation has but only one silver bullet an d that is a clear commitment to bring all parties and social groups around the t able to map a way forward. In other words, the Peoples National Party rejects th e view, which holds that a single visionary and extraordinary leader and a party of with elite members by themselves will be able to take Jamaica out of its cur rent crisis. Jamaica as a country, is very divided and in many ways polarized along lines of class, colour, religion etc, and each group has its own particular interests and given set of objectives. No single leader, regardless how gifted or talent that individual is, will be able to satisfy the minimum objectives of all social gro ups. This is why the Peoples National Party as government, in my view, would see k to take the Round Table approach to governance, an approach will brings the repr esentatives of Down Town around the same table as the representatives of Up Town , and approach which brings the owners of capital around the same table as those who earn their living by selling their labour. It is by taking such an approach to governance that will enable the government of the Peoples National Party to satisfy the basic interests and demands of all social groups. Equally at the constituency level, Members of Parliament and other elected repre sentatives of the peoples National Party would seek to promote a consultative ap proach to the management of the resources of the constituencies.

Basil Fletcher

An open note to The Peoples National Party Youth Organization On The Issue of Butch Stewart and Ian Flemings Power can be defined as the ability to influence the behaviour of others, and po wer in its most absolute form is slavery, where in an individual or group of ind ividuals have total control over the lives and activities of others. For decades , by instituting and operating a system aimed at forcing ever greater numbers of the Jamaican people into conditions of economic and individual poverty the poli tical elite has been able to maintain its power over the people. At present the great tacticians frightened by the attempts of the Jamaican people to exert and freely exercise their freedom of thought and independence of action, have begun to draw from their hat of tricks some very old cards. If we are to believe the p olitical elite, then we will also believe that the JLP represents the Brown/Red M an and the PNP represents the Blackman. What these tacticians fail to recognize is t hat such a position also means that the political elite does not represent the J amaican people. On the question of the Sweet Heart Deal Butch Stewart has receiv ed, the PNP YO needs to ask itself the following questions:1. Does Butch Stewart eat ackee and salt fish, roast breadfruit and fried d umplings? 2. Does Butch Stewart eat stew peas and rice? 3. Can Butch Stewart tell duppy stories? 4. Can Butch Stewart tell anasie stories? 5. As a boy did Butch Stewart play marbles or fly kites? 6. Has Butch Stewart ever slept with a Black woman? 7. Does Butch Stewart love the Brownings? 8. Can Butch Stewart dance Ska or Reggae? 9. As a boy, did Butch Stewart climb guinep trees? 10. As a boy, did Butch Stewart make sling shots 11. As a boy, did Butch Stewart stone mango trees? 12. Does Butch Stewart drink white rum and water or Pepsi Cola? 13. Do any of Butch Stewarts friends have children or relatives who sell in t he market? If the answers to all or most of the above questions are yes, then what the PNP YO, needs to do is not only to recognize that Butch Stewart a one a whi , a fi wh i pickney ,but also to demand that the country creates or bring into being 500 mo re Butch Stewarts. I personally would love to see even more White, Black, Chines e and Indian Butch Stewarts. One of the reasons for the level of poverty facing the Jamaican people is that it has yet to create enough Butch Stewarts. As a boy I knew a man who lived on near French Street in Denham Town who wore a white plastic ring on his nose to get it straight. This was a tall, stout and st rong Black man, who believed that he could get a white mans nose, perhaps a certa in popular dance hall singer who most aggressively attacks his skin to change it colour, suffers from the same type of illness. The PNP YO needs to ask itself, in which of Butch Stewarts companies, would Butch Stewart want employ a Black Man who wants to be White, a Chinese man who thinks that he is White or a Coolie Ma

n who thinks that he is White or a Brown Man who thinks that he is white. I pers onally do not know of Mr. Butch Stewart operating an institution for the care of the insane nor do I know of him operating a circus. I would like to think that Butch Stewart would prefer to live in a country with twenty Marcus Garvey People s Parties, than a country with a third of its population insane. Mad people pose a danger to Butch Stewart, not Black people, not Brown people, not Chiny peopl e nor Coolie people, the truth be told, Butch Stewart possible has more problems dealing with White people than with Black people. If the mortgage financing Mr. Stewart received (which one can only but assume is above board) will enhance his firms ability to compete, if it creates a model of state participation which can be replicated elsewhere, if such a model would se rve to enhance the countrys ability to compete, then the decision of the governme nt is correct. If however the decision to give Mr. Stewart mortgage was aimed at firstly further dividing the Jamaican people into camps of colours, if it was a imed at dividing the business community into large and small, into JLP owned, PN P owned, Chiney owned, Coolie owned or Blackman owned businesses, then it should be condemned. If it is aimed at having Mr. Stewart believe that he is in a bigg er and better boat than the vendors at Coronation Market, or the small wholesale shop owner on Princess Street, then it must be loudly condemned and the mortgag e withdrawn. The YO needs to remember, that prior to the fall out with Mr. Stewa rt, it was the Peoples National Party which started the process of partnership w ith Mr. Stewart. Mr. Stewart has always proven that he is first and foremost a b usiness man with staff to pay and a family to take care of; there is no reason t o believe that Mr. Stewart has changed. What the Peoples National Party Youth Organization needs to understand, is that a Peoples National Party gaining power, would need to meet with organizations su ch as the Master Builders, The Private Sector Organization of Jamaica, The Jamai ca Chamber of Commerce, the Security Forces and the various interest groups in t he tourism industry, to identify how many more Sandals White House type of proje cts the state needs to embark on with co- financing partners and or lease agreei ng partners. These types of projects will be important in stimulating economic g rowth and in reducing unemployment, even if detractors would want to label such an approach as Development by Crash Programme, what would be most important is tha t both the construction industry and tourism industry have clear minds and growt h objectives. Rather than criminalizing and killing large numbers of the youth p opulation, use their energy and drive to create stable employment in other secto rs and to stimulate economic growth. If such an approach is taken, then there wo uld be no reason for anybody to bad mind Butch Stewart. The higglers and wholesale rs Down Town can tell how the bad mindedness of others has affected their wellbe ing. The Ian Flemings Airport falls into the same category as the attempts to exploit the image Butch Stewart. Here once again, our great political tacticians are do ing their very best to change the JLP-PNP debate, into a debate about race, each pushing their own horses and stoking their own fires. If one should pick up the bait laid by these great political tacticians, one would be forced to say that Revolutionary Cuba was stupid to have done its utmost best to preserve the memor y of Earnest Hemmingway , the author of novels such as The Old Man And The Sea. Th e Cubans are very mad to try to preserve the house, in which Hemmingway lived, t he notes Hemmingway left behind, the pub in which Hemmingway drank. The simple truth, is that any given country, has numerous connections with the w ider world, some connections established through sports, some through trade, som e through Roger Mais, some through Claude McKay and the poem If We Must Die, other s through Bob Marleys Buffalo Soldier and other songs, some through Cappo, some thr ough Edna Manley and the wider arts community, for Iceland, Jamaica is the count ry of the pimento they use to spice up their canned fish ;some through the movem

ent of people between countries, some through crime etc. Jamaica equally as Cuba symbolizes different things to different people, in a bar in Germany, Jamaica s ymbolizes rum, Bonnie M, and Bolt. , For the coffee conisours in Japan and the w ider world, Jamaica is the land of the Blue Mountain Coffee. In white America , Jamaica symbolizes reggae, the spirit of freedom, Bob Marley; in Panama and Cost a Rica, Jamaica for many symbolizes homeland, Marcus Garvey, the Baptist Church , good education etc. Jamaica is able to mean so many things to some many differ ent people in so many different places, thanks to many ways in which it connects with the world. Through Ian Flemings, Jamaica is able to maintain a particular set of symbols and meanings in Blue Blood England and the most WASP like of Nort h America. What is important to recognize, is that all these symbols come together to creat e that image of the place called Jamaica. The argument therefore should not be a bout the validity or content superiority or inferiority of a given symbol or set of symbols, but rather about the utility of the symbol, its meaning and its val ue. Here one recognizes the power of symbols such as Shabba Ranks , Yellow Man a nd Vibes Kartel, the three evoking a sense a freedom of being, the destruction of barriers and imposed limitations, symbols of rebellion against the norm; even as we might seek to question the meaning of the content identity of the symbols they create ,represent and promote. One also realizes that there is a very prof ound contradiction between the number, variety, intensity and density of the sym bols emitted from Jamaica on one hand and the state and size of the Jamaican eco nomy on the other hand. The symbols speak of a land in the heavens, the abode of the gods and not the country existing on earth. How can the symbol of Ian Flemings and other similar images be mobilized to con tribute to the development of the Jamaican dream, to enrich the Jamaican cultura l landscape, to lift the standard of living of the Jamaica people among other th ings? This is the real question. Jamaica is the home of Black people, White peop le, Indian people, Chinese people, Maroon people poor people, rich people, middle class people Jamaica is the home of a loving, hardworking , law abiding and crea tive people- our very great political tacticians must not be allowed to change i t into Jamaica is the home of warring, envious , bad minded and quarrelling peopl e. One can only pray strength of the Peoples National Party Youth Organization in t heir contributing to the making and development of a better, more caring and lov ing Jamaica for all Jamaicans, and hope that their contributions to the debates will be in keeping with the great traditions of the Peoples National Party and t hat they do not fall prey to the virus of tribalism and political narrow mindedn ess -which has ruined this country.

Basil Fletcher

To The Peoples National Party Youth Organization on the City of Kingston It the duty of the elders of any society to provide inspiration, guidance and c hallenge the youth of the society. There is nothing more painful and saddening t han to see young people playing the role of defenders of a way of life and a system of administration that have failed all with exception of a morbid minorit y which in vulture like manner preys on the dead and decaying. Jamaica now stands some two years away from celebrating its fiftieth year of ind ependence, and one of the best indicators of a societys progress or regression is the state of its capital city, in our case Kingston. If one should look from an y given vantage point at Kingston as a city, what one would have seen is decay, starting from Harbour Street and extending up to Manor Park in the north, from H arbour View in the east extending to Six Miles in the West. One of the many faces of the decay of Kingston. Scrapped building on Barry Stree t sits begging for a framework agreement between owners and potential users. Cou ld the YO in meeting with the owners develop a framework for its restoration and usage? A city fulfills several functions in a society. In the case of Kingston some of the functions which it should be fulfilling are:1. Facilitating trade and commerce, 2. Proving employment and stable livelihoods for its residents, 3. Creating safe, secure and decent areas for residency, 4. A place for the treating of the sick and caring for the weak. 5. Providing education and training, 6. Being a source of inspiration and dreams. 7. Being a place driving and stimulating creativity and innovation, 8. Providing avenues and places of rest and recreation for all segments of its population, 9. Cultivating and driving the hope that for its residents tomorrow will be better than today ,

10. es.

A platform for the projection of national values beyond the countrys shor

If one should take the position of the defenders of things as they are, the posi tion of most of the senior politicians of both parties, one would end up saying that the fact that some new apartment buildings are being built here and there, the city is thriving and kicking, losing sight of the fact that residents of the se apartments are not safe at the gates of their apartment complexes after night fall, that these residents find greater inspiration and hope by looking at thei r cable television sets than they would have gotten from looking through their w indows and that many of these residents either boast the possession of multiple entrance visas , green cards or dual nationality as insurance coverage. If one should take the position of the defenders of things as they are, the posi tion of most of the senior politicians of both parties, one would end up agreein g with the Lebanonization of Kingston, with strongholds, fortresses and strategi c reserves of both parties all across the city, held in readiness for the next s et of elections be they General Elections or Local Government Elections. Here on e notes that these types of urban monsters did not exist before 1962. Should the PNP YO take the position of the defenders of things as they are, the position of most of the senior politicians of both parties, one would also be ta king the position that claims that a lot has been done, but there is still a lot to do. The plain and simple truth is that Kingston pays far more money locking aw ay and burying a segment of its youth population in any given year, than it spen ds trying to restore the city center in that same given period. Perhaps a very good exercise for the YO to carry out, is to calculate the cost of rearing a child from birth to the age of eighteen, factoring the cost of medi cal care, basic school education, primary school education, secondary school edu cation, the cost twelve years of books, pencils, pens, painting sets, school bag s, geometry sets, the amount of money spent of lunch money, bus fares, the cost of breakfast and dinner for eighteen years, clothes and toys etc, and multiplyi ng the final sum by the number of youths killed, maimed or imprisoned in one cal endar year. One would be forced to wonder if Kingston is either the richest or m ost wasteful city on planet earth. The police force and the other branches of armed forces have been given the task of replacing urban planners, social workers, city engineers , local government officers and in many cases parents; tasks which the police, nor prison system w ere designed , instituted or tooled to carry out. What would a wasp do if it was given the task of protecting plants, making honey and removing debris from the roots of the plants? Should it get mad begin sting everything, from the bees to the ants, who could blame the poor wasp? At the same time , there is also a need to examine the role played by many senio r officials, managers and directors of public bodies, Local and Central governme nt departments in order to ascertain the extent that their own lack of professio nalism and licky lickiness have contributed to the sad state of affairs. Is it not true that not only have some of these so called professionals gone on long walk s to very dark places with not only politicians but also with individuals whose names should not even have entered into their minds? Is it not also true that so me of these so called professionals are themselves Deans and Senior Lecturers in their own rights in the Faculty of Corruption? If yes, what steps or set of me asurers can be put in place to reduce if not to eliminate incidents of state led corruption? Is there a role for the wider public and Civil Society in removing this Faculty of Corruption along with its lecturers, senior lecturers and deans from the administration of the city? Here, one recognizes that for the PNP YO as with any group composed of professi

onals, be they engineers, social scientists or which ever other group, at times membership might also benefit or look forward to getting a piece of the Pop Off o r a Small Slice Of the Bread. It is the professionals who assist these individuals in writing project documents and proposals for phantom projects. It is professi onals who add their names to project documents to make this or that phantom proj ect pass. It is no easy task to fight against ones self, or to box bread out of ones own mouth, yet this is what is required for the real rebuilding of our beloved city. This is why this is a task for the membership of the YO, because they are not as yet players or major players in this system, with little to loose and lo t to gain from a more open and transparent administration of the city. The PNP YO needs to ask itself:- Why is it that some of the senior politicians o f both parties are so afraid of looking at Kingston as it is? Is it because it i s an admission of failure of a cycle fifty eight persons and two leaders who f eel that they were and are smarter than nearly three million persons? Is it beca use it is an admission of the failure of some sixty persons who thought and stil l think that they do not have to listen to anybody? Or is because sixty persons, a body of parish councillors along with some of our leading public servants dec ided to take the country in general and the citizens of Kingston in particular, on a very long walk around a ring road leading nowhere? It is important for the youth organization to be critical of the legacy of its f athers and grandfathers, because without such an approach, the youth organizatio n would be preventing itself from seeing the many opportunities which exist toda y. For example, if one should take the view that Kingston can contribute much mo re to the Jamaican economy both in terms of creating new revenue flows and in te rms of creating new job opportunities, one possible would begin to look at the b uilding stock that exists between North Street and Harbour Street, and ask onese lf what type of partnership would be needed in order to engage the owners of ex isting abandoned but repairable buildings , to create new affordable business sp ace for young professionals, designers, music studios among others. Working with Owners and Real Estate Agents Could a programme of user repair and deduct from lease be agreed on? Is it poss ible for NCU, UTECH, UWI and other tertiary institutions to come into agreement with the owners of existing abandoned but repairable buildings on Tower, Harbour and other such streets, for the repair and usage of their buildings? Abandoned building on Barry Street, an ideal site for a down town campus site of UTECH or NCU. This approach firstly recognizes that the renewal of Kingston means:1. Recognizing existing property rights, 2. The clear understanding that urban renewal in the case of Kingston also means the restoring of property rights of those who through no fault of their ow n have been forced to abandon their property and 3. The bringing into being new property rights. 4. The above would firstly mean the finding of those who are owners of both existing and abandoned property, property lawyers and real estate agents in ord er to chart a path for redevelopment. The Musson Building on Laws Street Kingston Would such an approach of seeking for and widen the opportunities for partnershi ps not lead to the creation of new possibilities, the renewal of hope, the rekin dling of dreams as well as satisfying the interests of the various real estate a gents? Maybe it would be good if the PNP YO explored the social and economic me

anings of word Hope. This is important because it would lead to a better and dee per understanding of what the Jamaican people of all classes, races and religion s are expecting of the new generation of politicians and. in particular from the PNP YO. A deeper and better socio-economic understanding of the construct Hope wo uld also allow the YO to better contribute to the formulation of the PNPs nationa l policies. A critical approach would maybe open the door to seeing the possibilities of ove rcoming the fear and deep dislike of the small businesses felt my many of the Sta lwarts , and coming to the understanding that it is the size and variety of small businesses that serves to define the character of a city, not the mega factorie s nor big banks, but rather the bistros, caf, pizza bar, the hagglers, the news p aper vendors, the local grill, the coffee shop, the tailor, the specialty baker, the corner shop among others who adds life and vibrancy to the city. Stripped building on Barry Street, near to the East Street corner a potential Candidate for a repair and deduct costs from rent/lease approach. Would the PNP YO oppose meeting with the owners to discuss such an approach to urban renewal? The older politician disliked and feared the small business owner, because the s mall business owners as a rule do not owe Mr. Politician anything, do not want a nything from Mr. Politician, works well with both Mr. Labourite and Mr. PNP, and are surely not afraid of telling those Stalwarts where and how their grandparents were built. This fear and legacy, a critical PNP YO has the opportunity of putt ing aside. The renewal of Kingston is the restoration of the citys historic legacy. Could this building on Barry Street with the agreement of the owners be restored and Used as a centre for the writers of computer programmes and games? God in His wisdom sends rain on the just and the unjust, He provides for the bir ds of the air, the fish of the sea and the beasts of the field. Yet many of our older politicians promoted and continue to promote a system of distribution bas ed on first to myself, secondly to myself and thirdly to my party. This system o f distribution of scarce resources has lead to the formation of garrisons, encla ves and fortresses all across the city and has caused great loss of life and des truction of property as can be seen in West Kingston, Rose Town, along Waltham P ark Road, Bay Farm , Olympic Gardens, Papine , August Town, Allman Town, Vinya rd Town, along and off Mountain View Avenue , Bull Bay, Rockfort and in countles s other places. The support of or failure to critically assess the legacy of the Stalwarts is the support of murder and mayhem. In doing that also the role of senior city admini strators, be they Section Heads, Managers of Departments or Divisions and Direct ors must also be brought under the microscope. It is said and proven many times over, that one hand cannot clap. There where there are corrupt politicians, nine o ut of ten times there are also corrupt state officials; at times it is impossibl e to say who is leading who, the corrupt politician or the corrupt state officia l. Reject tribalism and the temptations of revenge and retribution In preparing itself to better contribute to the development of the Kingston in p articular and to Jamaica as a whole, the PNP YO needs to hold firmly to the posi tive traditions of the Peoples National Party and in doing so learn from the tea chers who were and are placed within that party. Here one has in mind Comrades s uch as Dr. Peter Phillips. In spite of my own criticisms of Comrade Phillips in

the past for contributing far below his gifts, talents and capabilities (he is e normously Blessed with abilities), Dr. Phillips in his approach to the city of K ingston is worth learning from. In introducing the JUTC, Dr. Phillips did not se ek to divide the city into PNP or JLP zones, rather from the outset he sought to ensure that the bus services was of equal benefit to all, even if it meant the keeping of the terminal Down Town in the heart of a JLP community so that member s of that community even if they do not take public transportation could benefit from increased sales at their stalls in the neighbouring arcades and markets. W hile many were jumping up and down for the removal of the Kingston Public Hospit al and the Victoria Jubilee Hospital to locations which are more safe and saniti zed, Dr. Phillips in refurbishing and upgrading those hospitals not only keeping those hospitals in their existing locations where they could be of service and accessible to the average person, but sought and used skills, competencies and l abour from both JLP and PNP communities. This inclusive non-partisan approach wa s also reflected in his conceptualization of Highway 2000. It is on traditions s uch as these that the YO must seek to build upon and add to. Surely one also con tinues to agitate for, hopes and dreams of the day when Dr. Phillips and other c onstituencies on both sides of the political divide will be garrison free. Important at this moment is the creation of clear channels and the holding fast to the founding principles of the Peoples National Party in face of the growing interest in all things PNP. Here there is no greater teacher than the Most Hon. Michael Manley. There is perhaps no other Jamaican more demonized that the late Michael Manley, perhaps there is no other Jamaican more hurt than the late Comra de Michael Manley. Yet in spite of all, Comrade Manley did not bow to the tempta tion of revenge and retribution. The benefit sought after and won by the Late Co mrade were not for only PNP women, not only for PNP employees, not only PNP woul d be beneficiaries of institutions such as the National Housing Trust. Comrade M ichael Manley did not seek to strengthen only PNP small business operators or on ly PNP small farmers. When Comrade Manley acted, he acted he considered to be in the best interests of all, be they PNP, JLP or no P. Comrade Manley left us w ith the slogan: - The Word Is Love Here one also needs to realize that most Jamaicans were born supporting one or t he other political party, few are the members of the Peoples National Party who independently decided to support or become members of the Peoples National Party . It is equally so for members and supporters of the Jamaica Labour Party. One f ind that even when and where both members of a given family are supporters of th e Peoples National Party, a child or two owing to either the community in which they reside, their friends at school or other factors outside of their control d irect them to support the Jamaica Labour Party. Here I use myself as an example, I was born to a family of ardent supporters of the Jamaica Labour Party, yet sh ort of holding a gun to my head, I will not put an X beside the bell. At the sam e time no one can convince me, even with fifty (50) guns to my head, to discrimi nate against members of the JLP. Without God there would be no horse racing, and I will push my horse as hard as possible to win its races and indeed I will per haps taunt the competing jockey here and there, but I will not seek to harm neit her him nor his horse. Doggie and the Peoples National Party Youth Organisation It is the very truth that the late Doggie was not the best of citizens that our beloved island home could have produced and indeed a terrible example of what it means to be a Jamaican. Yet it was Doggies most cherished wish that none of his children walked in his foot steps or followed his path. This dream and desire h e was for many a reason unable to ensure. The questions at hands is:- Is it possible for the Peoples National Party Youth Organisation as an organization and through the efforts of its individual member s, reach across to the G2K and other organizations within the wider Jamaican soc

iety to help the mothers of Doggies children to find a better path and a more pro mising future for his children? This is a long term type of commitment , which would be perhaps be better taken on by one of our many service clubs; yet in rea ching across to the G2K on this small but important issue, the YO would be doing Gods work on earth and showing itself to be worthy children of the Peoples Natio nal Party. The country should not punish Doggies children for the errors of their father, but rather seek to help his children become better and worthy Jamaican citizens. It is important to realize to we are all Doggies children; our fathers murdered either in deeds or in the mind, and created the society which facilitated and en couraged the Doggies of this society, hence none of us are in a position to thro w stones without ending up stoning ourselves, our fathers, grandfathers and grea t grandfathers. An important lesson for the young membership of the YO to learn from Doggie is t he fundamental difference between love and loyalty. Blind loyalty to anything le ads to hopelessness, despair and ultimately self-destruction. Doggies blind loyal ty to Dudus and the Cokes family prevented him from seeing their short comings an d hence he was of no real lasting value to them. On the other hand, his love for his children and his woman awoke in him a desire for change, the desire to be o f value to their lives, the desire to make a positive contribution to their welf are. Ones relationship with the Peoples National Party or the Peoples National P arty Youth Organization or even to the Church must be based on love and not loya lty. Blind loyalty as is egoism, it is a first class ticket to death, hell and t orment. Many of our senior stalwarts similarly to Doggie became morally and soci ally blind/dead as a result of a failure to recognize the real and substantial d ifferences that exist between love and loyalty. These are errors of which the me mbership of the YO must be on the look out for. Young Comrades stretch your best right hand across the fence to Doggies children and offer help, pull down the skirts of your PNP and JLP parents and grand pare nts least their nakedness be seen abroad. The PNP YO and the Development of Kingston as A Competitive Space A major challenge facing the country today is the refusal of many to accept the fact that:1. Jamaica is not an underdeveloped country but rather a poor developed count ry, capable of holding its own against the Portugals, Spains and even the France s of this world and even against significant sections of the United States, 2. Anti-Americanism by Jamaica, is nothing more than a small tea pot cursing a big Dutch pot for many people of this world Jamaica is a place of virulent cul tural imperialism and for others it a place from which those who come to take ov er beaches and prime real estate property comes from, still for others Jamaica i s the place from which their bosses and supervisors originate. Indeed Jamaica is a demon of no mean order. Canada with all its wealth, pales in many ways to Jam aica, the world is yet to hear of Canadian cuisine, music, religion or any form of literary distinction. 3. The United States is not an enemy of Jamaica, but rather the dominant re gional power with a tendency to project its interests and its views across its b orders. The United States has no tactical or strategic benefits to be gained fro m a weak and poor Jamaica. A strong and stable Jamaica will give the United Stat es some problems and a few headaches, but is an asset and partner on which it ca n rely. Jamaica and United States shares many of the same strategic objectives, with difference being of a tactical nature. Neither Jamaica nor the United State s wanted Sadam Hussien to be in Kuwait, both Jamaica and the United States felt than Sadams dictatorship represented a treat to peace and stability, where Jamaic a differed from the United States was on the question of how best to deal with t

hat problem. Equally Jamaica and the United States shared similar sentiments abo ut Yugoslavias treatment of the Kosovos Albanian population; once again difference was on questions of tactics not on strategy. An economical strong and politica lly independent Jamaica helps to moderate the more youthful tendencies in US for eign policy. 4. The sea is but a question of inconvenience at worse and is otherwise an asset; it is no longer a major barrier to trade and development. The cost of shi pping goods by rail or road from the eastern seaboard of the United States to sa y Texas or New Mexico is far more expensive in real costs than shipping goods by sea from New York to Jamaica, all costs considered. 5. Jamaica exists in a global community in which there are many centers of influence and power, Jamaica being one such center. The renewal of Kingston, if it is to be of any real meaning therefore should be, a renewal aimed primarily at the creation of a creative and competitive space. A creative space here means a space both spatial and cultural where ideas are enco uraged, new concepts tested and tried, new approaches explored and intellectuali sm promoted. It is not possible for Jamaica to compete with Mexico, Venezuela or Brazil in the production of goods for mass consumption; however it is possible for small Kingston to take on the giants in Beijing, Berlin, London or New York in the areas of product and service design and delivery. It is possible for a f ashion designer in Kingston to put his or her labels in the best of stores any w here in the world , once it is understood that one is not going after a mass mar ket. It is possible for a jeweler in Kingston to design and make jewels to be so ld in jewel shops anywhere in the world, once it is understood that one is not g oing for a mass market. A creative and competitive space also revolutionizes the concept of catering and t ourism. A British tourist vacationing in Spain can also become the beneficiary o f a Jamaican Night or Jamaica Night Out experience, without putting his or her feet on Jamaican soil. There are no objective reasons preventing a Jamaican catering company from sending chefs and other kitchen staff to work for a weekend at a re sort in Spain or Monaco. There are no objective reasons preventing the sale of J amaican designed beach wear in tourist resorts of Spain. What prevents the organ ization of a Jamaican beach party on one or more of the English beaches? In many ways, the creation of a creative and competitive space is equally one of d ealing with the physical renewal of Kingston as it has to do with the removal of many things from the realms of darkness into the light, a process which pre-sup poses that the viruses of crime, corruption and political tribalism are brought under control. The Question of Homosexuality and a Competitive and Creative Space In addressing the question of homosexuality, one first needs to clearly understa nd that, the agreements which seek to claim that the non-recognition of homosexu ality retards economic development and that the recognition of homosexuality adv ances or facilitates economic growth, are false. Both Argentina and the Republic of South Africa, recognizes homosexuality, however none of these two countries could be touted as examples of countries enjoying a high rate of economic growth and social transformation. On the other hand, China, Indonesia, Malaysia and ma ny other countries do not recognize homosexuality, and have been enjoying long p eriods of economic growth and social transformation. Secondly the recognition of the rights of homosexuals do not necessarily lead to a deepen respect for human rights nor advance racial, religious or social tolerance, the recent developm ents in France, Holland, the United Kingdom and in Spain, shows growing respectab le racism, xenophobia and religious intolerance, in this regards Australia is ru nning in the forefront of what can be called New Racism.

In short, in discussion with the Gay Community and its international supporters must start with an acceptance of the principles of reciprocity, a Jamaican recog nition of the rights of gay individuals over and above those rights that exists to protect the rights of all law abiding Jamaicans does not assume but rather de mands that the Gay Community locally and internationally begin to take concrete steps to stem the tide of racism, xenophobia and religious intolerance in the co untries of the North and in Brazil in the South. Here the local Gay Community needs to recognize that Gays of colour living in t he countries of the North are entering a new James Baldwin era, wherein the rights of coloured gays varies directly with the discretion of white protector gays, in short a new period of double or triple discrimination, firstly discrimination on the basis of race, secondly discrimination on the basis of nationality and thir dly discrimination on the basis of sexuality. The onus is on the international g ay community in the developed world to prove to all that they are not seeking to become net benefactors of the new wave of racism, xenophobia and religious into lerance, it is for the gay community in Australia to prove that they are not ben eficiaries of the racial and religious discrimination of gays from Indian origin . It is for the White French gays to prove that they are not beneficiaries of th e racial discrimination of gay gypsies and gays of North and East African origin . This question also faces those gays in Italy, Holland and Spain, where racism and xenophobia have swapped Arabian horses for Thoroughbreds, and is now riding at high speeds. The pretence, if it is a pretence, of the international gay comm unity to be the champions of the rights of gays living in countries such as Jama ica, while having members of that very same community, be they Skin Heads as in Austria and else where or respectable, decent law abiding right wing politicians i n Holland, France, Italy and Spain, seeking to impose triple discrimination on t he very same people they claim to be protecting elsewhere, must be brought out i n the public domain. All cards must be on the table face up before any form of honest discourse can take place. Between Sunday 10th. October and Monday 11th October 2010, the news papers and e lectronic media world wide were filled with news about sharp clashes in Serbia b etween nationalists and the police, the largest and most violent clashes of this type in many years. What is not being said, is that the new right and the so ca lled nationalist forces of Serbia were given a platform for mobilization, what i s not been said is that with the new found energy and resurrected organizational capabilities of these so called nationalist forces democratic reforms will beco me even more difficult to be put forward at both the national and local governme nt levels of that society. All because of the bull baiting activities of the gay m ovement in that country and its attempts to carry out what they call a Gay Pride p arade/march. Serbia has found very new friends in Austria, France, Holland and e lsewhere in Europe where the tide of racism and xenophobia is on the increase. O ne is forced to ask, whose interest was the gay movement in serving? It is clear that it was not the interest of advancing the rights of the ordinary Serbians o f what ever sexual orientation. International Womens Day is celebrated internationally, equally as is Black Histo ry Month, both are celebrated with lectures, debates, media presentations, movie s etc and done in such a way as to garner even more support for the advancing th e rights of both women and none white minorities, while reducing the mobilizatio nal capabilities of those who would seek firstly to undermine rights already won and secondly prevent or compound activities leading to the winning of new right s. Did making Serbia look bad in the international media advance the cause of th e Serbian gay community by even an inch or has it turned back by miles the advan ces made by that community in recent years? Are the possibilities for violence a gainst gays at the community level in Serbia increased or decreased as a result of their bull baiting? If the international gay community which is led by forces in the major industrialized countries had an interest in advancing the rights o

f gays living in the less developed countries, why encourage, facilitate and pro mote bull baiting activities? Is it a new tactics of the industrialized West to us e the naivety of the gay communities in the less developed countries to beat bac k themselves and present their countries in a bad light internationally? Here it is important that JFLAG and those within the political directorate who lend t hem support identify the lessons to be learnt from the internationally supported bull baiting activities of the Serbian gay community and learn them well or the y too will become tools ,to be used according to the will and desires of others, against themselves and their country. In early European and Native American his tory, homosexuality was seen as a tool by the military either to deepen bonds of fraternity or to impose control and passivity over a captured enemy, has the In dustrialized West in its approach to the naive gay communities of the less devel oped countries , changed in any way in its approach to homosexuality ? Should th e local gay communities of the less developed countries be seen as a new form of Fifth Columns to be deployed in the same manner as the German ethnic communities in Central and Eastern European countries were deployed by Nazi Germany or is it possible for the local gay communities of the less developed countries, includi ng Jamaica, to develop their own sense of national identity and their own local agendas? Here in Jamaica, there are real challenges in celebrating the achievements of Ja maican homosexuals within and without the country, owing to both homophobia and the reluctance by some within that community even in the absence of any real thr eat to publicly identify with their community. Those within that community need to identify the spaces and forms most appropriate for the celebration of the ach ievements of the individual members of that community. No Jamaican of any given orientation would have negative feels about a gay Jamaican being the best plasti c surgeon in New York, or a gay Jamaican becoming a Rhodes Scholar and later inf luencing the world. We all feel good when Jamaicans make us look good in the eye s of the world, regardless of the sexual orientation, religious beliefs or race of that given Jamaican. Jamaica is now awaiting the voice of the Marcus Garvey o f the gay movement, the Bob Marley of the Jamaican gay community, the Mary Seaco le of the Jamaican gay community, the Butch Stewarts of the Jamaican gay communi ty, the Curtis Watsons of the Jamaican gay community. If there is to be talk abo ut gay pride, then show us the Jamaican gays that we should feel proud to call g ood sons and daughters of the Jamaican soil. Why should the Jamaican gay communi ty be proud when it has only its two empty long hands to show? The question facing the PNP YO is if it is mature enough to enter dialogue with the representatives of JFLAG, members of the religious community, members of mus ic fraternity and others to address this question of racism, xenophobia and reli gious intolerance. Here one notes that New Racism, New Xenophobia and New Religi ous intolerance walks with the Bible and the Koran. The approach of the Christia n Democrats in Bavaria (Germany) is a case in point, equally as is the new right in Holland which is on a crusade to save Holland for the Christians from a Musl im invasion. One also notes that the anti-Semitic positions taken by sections of the Iranian leadership, segments of the religious community in Pakistan aids an d abets racism and xenophobia in Europe and North America , equally as those Su per Christians and Super Jews who would like to see the end of the Muslim world encourages and facilitates the same. Here the strategic alliances of the forces of darkness of racism and xenophobia must be identified and named so that all mi ght know them. A creative and competitive space, is a space within which ideas contend without fear of reprimand, in other words it could also mean a space within which Born Ag ain Christians can take on and challenge in composition, chorography and dance, o n stage the near monopoly the homosexuals enjoy in some areas of culture and dan ce. It is from this type of conflict on the stage that new forms of expression, new outlooks and ideas will emerge. While one might have great challenges in dea ling with homosexuality, it is only by removing it from the realms of darkness t

hat it as a phenomena and a cultural form can be effectively challenged.

The fear of homosexuality not only holds back the intellectual development of ho mosexuals as individuals but even more the individuals who seek to contend with it. As long as demons remain invisible and undetectable, they cannot be defeated and multiply in strength. The legalization of homosexuality is the chaining of a demon. Whereas before it was felt that the best dancers, actors, fashion desig ners were homosexuals, the legalization of homosexuality means that these claims can be effectively challenged. Are Christians afraid that homosexuals will beat them on the stage, in song or in poetry? Is the claim that homosexuals make be tter chefs and fashion designers true? If a YO member wanted to study dance, doe s that make him a homosexual? In a creative space challenge is the norm. The ri ghts of non-white persons living in North America, Colombia, Venezuela, Brazil a nd in Europe (France in particular), be they Native People, Roma (gypsies/trave lers), Vietnamese, North Africans or Black People is an area of vital concern to all Jamaicans. By recognizing the legal rights of the gays, one not only pulls them from the shadows of darkness but also create the possibilities for mobilizi ng even greater support for the struggle against xenophobia and racism. Here one points out loudly and firmly to the gay community that they cannot cham pion rights for themselves while by their silence give tacit support to racism a nd xenophobia. One also challenges the gay community to understand that an expr ession of opposition to a given life style is not the same as promoting hate. My saying in a public forum that I do not eat pork or land crabs does not mean tha t I hate people who eat land crabs or pork and indeed I have the God given right to eat or not to eat land crabs or pork. It would be a sad and very dangerous d ay if someone or some group to decide that everybody must eat pork or land crabs . That would be just cause for civil war. A creative and competitive space also means the taking on of tug culture. Tug cult ure, be it in the form of music, dress or graffiti, has be allowed to dominate t he urban space without much of a challenge. It has been effectively taken on in the area of music; however in the area of fashion designing it is still to be ta ken on. A creative and competitive space means the deliberate recognition of the best tug designers, giving respect where respect is due and taking it on. Are o ur main stream fashion designers afraid to take on Vibes Kartel clothing designe rs? Are main stream fashion designers afraid to taken on a Benie Mans fashion des igner? In the area of dance, where is the challenge from main stream society to Bogles legacy? Is it possible for courses in fashion design be offered in our pe nal institutions or we afraid that we will be creating more Vibes Kartel and Ben ie Man fashion designers who will beat us street and lane? In the earlier years, Rasta as a movement created its own cultural expressions, invented vegetarianism even before vegetables were thought to be good to eat, re vived and renewed the art of drumming, impacted the musical landscape with its o wn authentic voices, created a new and distinct mode of dress. A creative and co mpetitive space is a space within which Rasta as a cultural expression can be re vived by shock treatment, by the searching for the few remnants that have not be en captured and indoctrinated with the cultural values of Babylon. Perhaps it is formation of a creative and competitive space that one will be able to determin e whether or not Rasta is extinct or not. The same is true of those who adhere to Zion way of worship and style of life. Was the death of Kapo, the death of all the artistic expression within the Zion movement? Apart from cream soda, what do the Zionists eat or drink? Is the Zion womans style of dress, one symbolizing stagnation or possible creative regression? Do Zionists write books, do they te ll stories, and do they have songs? Who are they? What are their beliefs? Are th ey Christians? Is there a Zion restaurant anywhere in Jamaica? How do they cook?

A creative and competitive space is a space with a given physical, environmental and socio-political history. Where would the PNP YO send a person or even one o f its members to learn about the history of Kingston? Is there a museum dedicate d to the history of Kingston? Would it be of economic and cultural value to have such a museum dedicated to the countrys capital? Is there anything of cultural o r academic value to be learnt about or from the history of Kingston? Housing solution on Winward Road. Laws Street and adjoining cry out for affordable and suitable housing solutions. How does affordable and suitable hous ing fits into the concepts of a Creative and Competitive Space? The idea of having a museum dedicated to the history of Kingston, for many raise s significant challenges, firstly because to many the value of museum (apart fro m its chest beating attributes and possible contributing to the reinforcement of cultural narrowness) is unknown. Secondly given the growing number of persons w ithout means, the bringing into being of such a museum, if seen with the context of the Bustamante Norman Manley debate on education, would seem to be a wasteful venture. Is it possible for a museum dedicated to the history of Kingston to co ntribute to employment, manufacturing, service design and delivery? If yes, unde r what conditions? The creation of a creative and competitive space calls for an audit of the manuf acturing sector, firstly to know its composition and size and secondly in order to chart its near term future, without the creation of such a space and with the creation of such a space. A creative and competitive space may also call for the further development of th e concept of micro and small markets as against market segmentation. How are the se concepts different and where do they converge and what does it mean in practi ce for the manufacturing sector? Is there only one micro or small market for a product or can several co-exist at the same time? Is the market for pre-processe d gully beans a micro market or is it a small market? Is the market for pre-proc essed gully beans too small to be segmented? Can a countrys manufacturing sector be geared towards satisfying the needs to micro and small markets? What would s uch a gearing mean for tax administration, import and or export duties, product standards etc? Would such a gearing be a viable course for the development of t he countrys manufacturing sector? Could the production of specialized programmes and games be classified as production for micro or for small markets? What is t he near term prospects for the export driven production of specialist programmes and games? How would the creation of a creative and competitive space enhance o r retard the development of export driven production of these programmes and gam es? In the area of translation, Jamaica has great untapped resources, be it in the t ranslation to Japanese, German or Russian of Claude McKays poems, the translation to French and Portuguese of the Collected Works of Marcus Garvey or the transla tion to Cantonese, Spanish, French, German and Russian of Selected Speeches and works of Michael Manley. Could a translation and republishing industry be encour aged and supported by the creation of and within the context of a creative and c ompetitive space? What sort of support would be needed by the potential players in this industry? Is there a role that could be played by existing publishers? The renewal of Kingston posses many real and sharp questions, however the sharpe st possible question is:- What is and will be the role of the Peoples National P arty Youth Organization in this process of renewal? Will it feel contented with the work and achievement of its elders? Will it blind itself to the many a shor t comings and ills of the city, or will it take a critical approach to the past and in doing so contribute in a qualitative way to the future development of the

city? In regards to the G2K, it is and was always my view, that it is the duty of the JLP and in particular the Tufton segment of that party to prepare their youth, that is not the task of the Peoples National Party or its supporters. Wit hin and around each party, there are teachers; it is their duty to do their work . The Former Senator and the Giving of Contracts to Dons One should not seek to punish the views of those who are ignorant of the social history of the community within which one lives, but rather encourages such indi viduals to study that history. However where one is knowledgeable of the social history of the community within which one lives and either tries to ignore it or to distort it for personal tactical purposes, then such an approach must be tak en on and defeated. I too was once of the view that dons should be guided into legitimate areas of b usiness and encouraged to live a life within the boundaries of the law. Experien ce however shows that the Jamaica society has spent large quantities of money in the forms of various types and forms of government contracts seeking to appease the dons and to buy peace. The result has been even more intense and wide sprea d violence, since it is the control of turf which determines the direction of th e flow of these contracts. Secondly the society also witnessed even more intense and violent competition for the position of don, with entire communities being split into micro enclaves or fortresses, each with its own don. Society also learnt that the rate of returns on investment in legitimate busines ses is far below, what is earned from commercial or residential extortion, it is far below what is earned from converting stolen cars into taxis, far below what is earned from contract killing, far below what is earned from carrying out ill egal bailiff and collections operations. Society has learnt the very hard way th at criminal enterprise is very profitable and the rate of return from the owners hip of two rifles can be far higher that the ownership of a small supermarket. The don who maybe appeased by government contracts to change his ways, is a don wh o is retiring from the business of crime for whatever given reasons, be it age, concern for safety of family or fear of the younger and possible more fierce and disrespectful competition, one cannot hold the title of don when he is on the r oad and take beaten or blow trumpets when in jail. It just cannot work. One therefore has to ask, if it is the states duty to provide a pension plan for aging or failing dons or should one allow the forces of competition to deal with the don? One also has to ask oneself if this argument of giving dons contracts to convert them to a law abiding life style does not have its origin in tactical political thinking aimed at force denial and exploiting the perceived weaknesses of a com petitor. If this is so, then this approach must be roundly condemned, one would hope that such an approach was isolated and defeated. The Creation of Tactical Employment A critically important task facing the Peoples National Party when it returns to power will be that of creating a large number of tactical employment possibilit ies within the shortest period of time. It is of vital importance for the People s National Party Youth Organization dedicate time and resource in exploring the various possible options of employing unskilled labour in a manner that contribu tes both to the expansion of aggregate demand and the sustainable development of economy.

One possible area of mass short term employment in Kingston and St. Andrew and S t. Catherine, is the production of compost. A walk in that area bordering Kings Street in the North and Regent Street in the South reveals tons of daily dispose d vegetable matter littering the streets. Without great effort and using pallet s, a composting plant could be placed in some where near to the old railway stat ion. Immediate employment could be created for the collection of vegetable matte r and old paper and card board, for the shredding of card board boxes, and for t he daily turning of compost piles. Individuals could be paid for the quantity of material they supply. The same model could be replicated in the Papine area and also in the Spanish Town/Portmore area, with operators of whippers and lawn mow er operators, working in conjunction with the collectors of the garden / lawn cl ippings. compost bin at Silver Lake Park. Community electricity production from wood gas A second possible area, in which tactical employment could be created, is the ar ea of community production of electricity using wood gas. Here with the assistan ce of the Jamaica Public Service, electricity production could be carried out in designated sections of given communities, allowing collectors of old wooden pal lets, dried coconut husks, old construction wood, broken branches from trees, do wned trees, and other similar forms of urban waste in the generation of wood gas , which in term could be used to power small scale electrical generators, the ou tput of which could be sold to the JPS.

Flow diagram for the gasifier system for a power plant A similar approach could be pursued using three teams of eight to ten dogs in th e generation of electricity over a ten to fifteen hour period daily. There is no shortage of dogs in Jamaica. In fact the usage of animal traction in the produc tion electricity , especially where bullocks are used could within a short perio d of time, not only serve to reduce employment but also reduce the countrys impor tation of fossil fuel by up to about ten percent , create the conditions for met hane production for on site usage, and lay the basis for not only reducing the c ountrys dependency on imported beef but also contribute to a reduction in the cou ntrys reliance on imported fertilizer while improving the quality of locally grow n agricultural crops, where composting is also undertaken along with electricity generation and down the road increase the production of locally produced leathe r. This is one area where there are good possibilities of obtaining low interest developmental loans from the European Union since it is in keeping with their o verall environmental strategy. This is also an area where there are rich ores of possibilities for the Peoples National Party Youth Organization to sit and meet minds with the Chris Tuftons se gment of the JLP and the G2K to develop a national strategy on animal traction i n the generation of electricity. If Jamaica is able to generate five percent of its energy needs from wind energy, five percent from micro-hydro plants, five to ten percent from animal traction, and five percent from wood gas powered genera tion, then the countrys bill for the importation of fossil fuel for the generatio n of electricity would begin to decline in marked way. Additionally the country

would be increasing its immunity to imported inflation. The task then would be f or the Scientific Research Council to examine the Spanish approach to using sola r energy in the industrial production of electricity and design down scaled mode ls to meet the Jamaican conditions. Here anywhere from another five to fifteen p ercent of our energy needs could be met using renewable resources, while reducin g our carbon footprints. Politically, while very unpopular with the stalwarts of both parties, one would be increasing the strength of the small business sector and increasing its importance in the national economy. The Production of Essential Oil The city of Kingston has a very great potential for creation of tactical employm ent in the area of the production of essential oils, here one find the castor oi l growing wild, nearby in St. Catherine and in St. Thomas mountains of ackee see ds are dumped every ackee season, mango seeds, avocado seeds, guinep seedslitter the road ways, mint , thyme and rosemary at the local markets become black with fungi because of slow sales. Yet it is possible to make oil presses using simp le car jacks, and equally any tin smith down town can make a distiller once a pi cture of one is shown.

Steam distillation

Laboratory setup for steam distillation Steam distillation is a special type of distillation (a separation process) for temperature sensitive materials like natural aromatic compounds. Many organic compounds tend to decompose at high sustained temperatures. Separat ion by normal distillation would then not be an option, so water or steam is int roduced into the distillation apparatus. By adding water or steam, the boiling p oints of the compounds are depressed, allowing them to evaporate at lower temper atures, preferably below the temperatures at which the deterioration of the mate rial becomes appreciable. If the substances to be distilled are very sensitive t o heat, steam distillation can also be combined with vacuum distillation. After distillation the vapors are condensed as usual, usually yielding a two-phase sys tem of water and the organic compounds, allowing for simple separation. Principle When a mixture of two practically immiscible liquids is heated while being agita ted to expose the surfaces of both the liquids to the vapor phase, each constitu ent independently exerts its own vapor pressure as a function of temperature as if the other constituent were not present. Consequently, the vapor pressure of t he whole system increases. Boiling begins when the sum of the partial pressures of the two immiscible liquids just exceeds the atmospheric pressure (approximate ly 101 kPa at sea level). In this way, many organic compounds insoluble in water can be purified at a temperature well below the point at which decomposition oc curs. For example, the boiling point of bromobenzene is 156 C and the boiling poi nt of water is 100 C, but a mixture of the two boils at 95 C. Thus, bromobenzene c an be easily distilled at a temperature 61 C below its normal boiling point. Applications Steam distillation is employed in the manufacture of essential oils, for instanc e, perfumes. In this method, steam is passed through the plant material containi ng the desired oils. It is also employed in the synthetic procedures of complex organic compounds. Eucalyptus oil and orange oil are obtained by this method on the industrial scale. Castor Oil Background: Native to India, Asia and Africa, and cultivated in the U.S. for the

oil, the castor plant is a shrub with stems which can grow anywhere from 3 to 3 0 feet high in some latitudes. The leaves are large and palmate, having blue-gr een lobes and serrated margins. The small red flowers produce extremely poisono us, greenish-red oval fruit, which contains the deadly alkaloid, ricin. Castor oil is extracted either through compression or decoction. Cold presse d oil is superior to that compressed with heat. Fresh seeds are shelled and cru shed between rollers. The mass is transferred to hemp cloths and placed in laye rs on a screwpress. Once the oil is expressed, water is added and heated to the boiling point to separate the scum from the oil. In heat compressed castor oil, the seeds are heated or baked for an hour before introducing them into a screwp ress to draw off the oil, which again is mixed with water and boiled for an hour to clarify. This process of decoction generally is used in India, where castor oil extensively is used for illumination, rather than medicinal purposes. Casto r oil is a powerful laxative, has an unpleasant taste and consistency, and is be st administered in capsules. Expeller pressing Expeller pressing (also called oil pressing) is a mechanical method for extracti ng oil from raw materials. The raw materials are squeezed under high pressure in a single step. When used for the extraction of food oils, typical raw materials are nuts, seeds and algae, which are supplied to the press in a continuous feed . Expeller presses can recover 75% of the oil from algae. As the raw material is pressed, friction causes it to heat up; in the case of harder nuts (which requi re higher pressures) the material can exceed temperatures of 120 F[1] Example of an expeller An expeller press is a screw-type machine that presses oil seeds through a cage d barrel-like cavity. Raw materials enter one side of the press and waste produc ts exit the other side. The machine uses friction and continuous pressure from t he screw drives to move and compress the seed material. The oil seeps through sm all openings that do not allow seed fiber solids to pass through. Afterward, the pressed seeds are formed into a hardened cake, which is removed from the machin e. Pressure involved in expeller pressing creates heat in the range of 140-210 F (60-99 C). Some companies claim that they use a cooling apparatus to reduce thi s temperature to protect certain properties of the oils being extracted. Expeller processing cannot remove every last trace of liquid (usually oil) from the raw material. A significant amount remains trapped inside of the cake leftov er after pressing. In most small scale rural situations this is of little or no importance as the cake that remains after the oil has been removed finds uses in local dishes, in the manufacture of secondary products or for animal feed. Some raw materials however do not release oil by simple expelling; the most notable being rice bran. In order to remove oil from commodities that do not respond to expelling or to extract the final traces of oil after expelling it is necessary to use solvent extraction. The earliest expeller presses utilized a continuous screw design. The compressio n screws were much like the screw of a screw conveyor. That is, the helicoid fli ghting started at one end and ended at the other. Valerius Anderson invented the interrupted screw design and patented it in the year 1900. VOLUME 1, ISSUE 12 April 1 -30 2006 Scentsational Fragrances for Olfactory Nostalgia By Mildred Moss Psychologists say that smell is more likely to trigger a memory than all our oth er senses combined. One might catch a whiff of Lancmes Magie in the subway and sud denly recall a magical evening back in 1958. Or a wisp of Chantilly may drift by and inspire a happy childhood memory of watching Mom dress up for a night on th e town. Perfume makers and fragrance sellers have created new perfumes laden with scents of the 1950s, aimed at baby boomers that hope to purchase memories in a bottle.

Body aroma has been important to us humans ever since we learned to stand uprigh t. In fact we might not be standing around today had it not been for our distinc tive body odor. According to controversial anthropologist, Louis Leakey, we owe our very surviva l to our early ancestors smell, which was so rank it turned the stomachs of preda tory animals. Saber-toothed tigers and their co-carnivores considered Homo sapie ns so unappetizing that they left us alone until we could protect ourselves with weapons. Only then, through the extraordinary process of evolution, did our unp leasant stench begin to disappear. It wasnt long after we lost that stench that we began to seek a sweeter smell. Th e word perfume comes from the Latin per fumum, or through smoke. Our progenitors cho se certain woods to burn for the aroma of the smoke, the better to waft their pr ayers up to the heavens. Enter incense. By the time recorded history began, perfume was no longer the exclusive luxury o f the gods; it was commonplace among the privileged classes throughout the known world. Legend credits Cleopatra with being the first woman to heighten her sex appeal with fragrance, but Queen Nefertiti was actually historys first lavishly p erfumed lady. But Nefertiti (whose name means The Lovely Stranger) didnt have Sha kespeare or Elizabeth Taylor around to give her marketing advice, so Cleopatra r eceived the acclaim. The Egyptians daubed their bodies with heavy pastes made from the oils of aromat ic trees. Variations on that theme remained stylish until distilling was invente d circa 1000 a.d. The essences of flora could then be suspended in water, and wh at better aroma to extract than that of the rose? It was called rosewater, and b oth women and men sprinkled themselves liberally with it. Some 1000-plus years l ater were still dousing ourselves with myriad rosewaters bearing fanciful names p ackaged in ornate bottles, and sold to us via elaborate and costly advertising c ampaigns. The priciest of all natural ingredients is the oil of an iris grown in the lush valleys of Italy and Morocco. The iris rhizomes (underground stems) are dried fo r 18 months, then peeled by hand. A pound of iris root costs about $8,000. Another center of flower-and herb-growing for the perfume industry was Provence, France. The men of Provence who treated leathers masked the unpleasant odors of both the hides and themselves with perfume, and in so doing, became the early no ses. A nose or, in French, a nez, is still a valuable and highly paid asset to a perfum e-maker. He and usually it is a he knows how to choose and mix components to ach ieve just the right combination of scents a fragrance designer is looking for. The nose-nezs job is to select three combinations of essential oils. On the analo gy of a musical scale, the oils that evaporate the quickest, usually within one to two hours, are called top notes; oils that evaporate within two to four hours are middle or heart notes; oils that take the longest to evaporate are bass not es. After the blends are established for all three notes, the fragrance-maker must d ecide what strengths to bottle and offer for sale. Perfume is composed of 78 to 95 percent specially denatured ethyl alcohol; the remainder is essential oils. Perfume is the costliest form of fragrance, carrying 22 percent essential oils. Eau de Parfum has 15 to 22 percent essential oils. Eau de Toilette has 8 to 15 percent oils. Eau de Cologne has 4 percent essential oils. Eau Fraiche has 1 to 3 percent oils. It is the utmost dilution of fragrance.

No matter what strength or combination, there are major fragrance categories: Fl oral, Oriental, floriental, chypre, green marine, and fruit. Plants with familia r names like lily, pine, rose, apple, gardenia, lavender, plus scores of others, are combined to fulfill these categories. To the perfume manufacturer falls the awesome task of accurately reading the sav vy scent-buyers mind. If a fragrance is to bear a celebritys name (think Elizabeth

Taylor), the pressure is on. The fragrance must appeal both to consumers and th e famous lady in question. New scents are introduced to match the mood of an era as determined by unnamed s oothsayers whose business it is to keep their fingers on the pulse of fashion. I f a perfume continues to sell well after 10 years, it is termed a classic. Examp les of such are Shalimar, Youth Dew, Chantilly, Arpege, and Joy. Top of the list is Chanel No. 5, which, introduced in 1921, continues to sell in 2006 at the ra te of one bottle every 30 seconds worldwide. Coco Chanel named her scent after her favorite number, 5, and it was she who enc ouraged women to bring fragrance out from behind their ears. Chanel also believe d that a woman should wear a perfume wherever she hoped to be kissed. Chanel No. 5 is now being marketed as a spray with two refills in an effort to garner more users who will consider it an everyday finishing touch, rather than a precious endowment to be used sparingly. Soon after No. 5 was introduced, other perfume houses realized they had their wo rk cut out for them. Guerlains Shalimar, containing liberal quantities of those $ 8,000 iris roots, was launched in 1925. It also bore a secret ingredient dubbed Guerlinade the X factor that is still added to every perfume bearing the Guerlain name. Jean Patous Joy, also containing oil of iris root, appeared in 1935 and in 2000 w as voted Scent of the 20th Century at the Fragrance Foundation FiFi awards. The FiFis are the Oscars of the perfume industry. Established in 1949, the cerem ony takes place in New York every April with the awards presented by fashion, me dia, movie, and TV celebrities. Among the 2005 winners was The Healing Garden in Bloom, by Coty. This product li ne includes everything from aromatherapy to bath products to perfume. It won the Womens Popular Appeal award, as did Spirit Antonio Banderas, by Puig Fragrances for Men. The line, Europes hottest mens fragrance, is now sweeping the U.S. and al so won a FiFi for Best Packaging. The Chanel No. 5 Seduction Collection won the prize for best Bath and Body Line of the Year, and Lanvin Paris took home the cr ystal trophy as its Arpege was admitted to the Fragrance Hall of Fame. So whats happening fragrance-wise in the first decade of the new century? Women i n the 50 to 70 age group are the perfume industrys best high-end customers, and t he most loyal. While younger women often go for the hottest performers fragrance like Curious by Britney Spears and Lovely by Sarah Jessica Parker, the tendency among more mature purchasers is to select a scent that smells wonderful on them, no matter what name is on the bottle. The United States is the worlds largest fr agrance market, and the baby boomers constitute the industrys target audience. The perfumists crystal ball recently unearthed a curious revelation: The earthy a nd unisex scents of the 1990s would have to be replaced with an old-fashioned, s ophisticated, heady fragrance stirring olfactory nostalgia. Even the new perfume s are said to have a 50s feel to them. Traditional notes of fruits and flowers are i n once again. Last years Miss Dior Cherie toys with its wearer before settling int o a violet base note. DKNYs Be Delicious has an apple-infused fragrance that, lik e all Donna Karen products, aims to celebrate New York; it won a Consumers Choice FiFi last year. Cinema, by Yves St. Laurent, is another floral thats selling wel l, and Lancmes Attraction has a distinctive iris base note. A popular re-issue fro m the 50s is Lancmes Magie. To launch a new perfume, millions of dollars are spent in the laboratory, in des igner packaging, and innovative advertising. Its called branding. One of the most successful branding efforts ever done worldwide was by Georgio o f Beverly Hills a quarter century ago. The stores yellow-and-white-striped awning on Rodeo Drive was pictured everywhere. It was impossible to open a magazine wi thout being overwhelmed by the Georgio scent on a sample strip, and stylish wome n were hired by classy department stores to mist entering customers with the Geo rgio eau de cologne. It outsold every other fragrance for three consecutive year s in the early 1980s, and so overpowering was its essence that women were asked to refrain from wearing it out to dinner. Restaurant managers complained because it eclipsed food aromas. Perfume historians say Georgio was so popular partly because it managed to smell

the same on almost everyone, but mostly because all three of its notes were in tune with the times. It mirrored the excesses of the 80s and indeed played a sign ificant role in the me-me-me decade of power lunches, power dressing, and power perfumes. In that era new designer scents were marketed fiercely, and for the first time b latant erotic advertising generated enormous media attention, which led to the s uccess of 1985s Obsession by Calvin Klein. Its heavy smell of vanilla won fickle fashions favor over Georgios indefinable aroma. A bit of Internet surfing will turn up many perfumes that have again become avai lable after it appeared they were lost forever. One such re-issue is Jungle Gard enia (whispered in the 1960s to be an aphrodisiac). Author Patrick Dennis wrote in his Auntie Mame that this perfume was preferred by every madam in Manhattan. In a new massive marketing effort to appeal to a well-heeled yet sentimental con sumer, perfume and cosmetic design houses like Dior, Guerlain, and Lancme are now producing limited-edition perfumes for a few months only, packaged in bottles d estined to become collectors items; eBay does a brisk trade in such bottles, fill ed or unfilled with perfume. A bit of advice to perfume purchasers from every perfume-maker: Never buy a scen t you like on somebody else. The overwhelming majority of fragrances smell diffe rent on different people because of nuances in an individuals body chemistry. Als o, dont buy perfume quickly. Apply a scent you think you may like from the sample bottles at the perfume counter, keeping in mind that the top note will soon eva porate. Its more important to know what the heart and base notes do for you. With the top notes of old and new scents screaming a discordant aromatic opera o n, say, on a crowded elevator first thing in the morning, one has to wonder how a hungry saber-toothed tiger would feel about being the last passenger on the ca r. If, also through evolution, that tiger had gained the gift of speech, it woul d probably say: No thanks. Ill take the next one. *** For 50 years Mildred Moss has been writing columns and features for print and In ternet publications. She served as managing editor for Gannett newspapers and is now a freelance writer and a stringer for the Columbus Dispatch. The Democratization of the Right To The Sea The right to use the beach front and sea in Kingston and in St. Catherine is hi ghly discriminatory, with very large entities such as the Caribbean Cement Compa ny, The Jamaica Flour Mills among others taking control of the sea front in the east and the JPS, The UDC, The Ports Authority control the sea front in the west , in addition the National Water Commission in its operations as taken the entir e harbour as its own private dumping site, yet by law, no small potential fish f armer or algae producer might set up business anywhere at sea, nor can a potenti al grower of almonds set up shop on any of beach fronts. While it is abundantly clear that provisions must be made for the commercial development of the beach f ront area and space must be found for entities carrying out large investments, i t is also clear that the balanced and sustained development of the entire stretc h of the beach front and the foreshore, demands that investments potential small and medium size marine farms be encouraged and promoted. The experiences of countries such as Singapore have shown that it is possible fo r both mega entities and small marine farmers to co-exist and develop symbiotic relationships in the very same marine environment. Here the argument that the i ntroduction of small and medium scale marine farming will undermine the natural environment does not hold, for the simple reason that it is the large entities s uch as the NWC and the Port Authority which have destroyed that environment. Sma ll and medium scale algae production would serve to reduce the heavy nitrogen lo ad and contribute to the detoxification of the waters of the harbour. The democratization of the beach and foreshore of Kingston, St. Catherine and St . Thomas, should be seen as a major agenda item for the PNP YO, not only because of its employment or potential environmental impact, but also a rights issue, t he rights of the large entities viz-a-viz the rights of potential small and medi um scale marine farmers. The laws governing the usage and ownership of the beach

front and the fore shore has been taken and ripped up a very long time ago by t hose who give permission to build, thus any attempts to raise legal arguments wo uld be hypocritical. Has the National Water Commission ever been charged for app ropriating the Kingston harbour and converting it into its own private dump? The beach front by the cement company is blackened by layers upon layers of coal du st has the cement company at any point in its long history ever been charged for damage done to the beach front. Kingston wharves are major points of pollution and denial of public access to the beach, has anyone ever been charged? In short one is dealing with capitalism in its purest and simplest forms, why create leg al obstacles to prevent the entry of potential small and medium sized investors? Is the system so much afraid of the small business person? The PNP YO has a lot of ground to cover in preparing itself to contribute in a p ositive manner to the policy formulation processes of the Peoples National Party . End Basil Fletcher This paper is written as a form of respect to the memory of the late Sarah Morri s and Aggatta Morgan of the village of Bethany, Manchester. May their souls rest in peace!

Words To The Member Of Parliament For West Kingston Any and all projects carried out by government must have identifiable beneficiar ies; however regardless hard one tries it is difficult to identify which group o f individuals stands to benefit from the removal of the Portmore Bus Park at Pic hon Street to Harbour Street. The current bus park, like the railway station bef ore it, determined the shape and direction of the central business district and in doing that also determined both location rent and the real estate values. The refore one is forced to ask the following questions:Would the removal of the bus park hurt or benefit the operators of Mothers, the Azans, the wholesales or the new modern bakery which are located along that shor

t road leading from the current bus park to West Parade? Would the removal of the bus park from its current location hurt or benefit the thousands of vendors in Coronation Market, the two nearby arcades, in Redemption Ground Market, in the Bend Down Plaza and in other such locations? Would the removal of the bus park from its current location hurt or benefit comm uters coming from or going to Portmore? Would the removal of the bus park from its current location not lead to immediat e reduction in location rents, in property values and result in the immediate ac celerated depreciation of property along and around that corridor? If one should not come to the conclusion that grave planning errors were made, o ne must ask the following questions:Was the Jamaica Chamber of Commerce consulted on the plans to relocate the bus p ark from its current location? Were the Mayor, the Urban Planners at the KSAC, and the City Engineer and the To wn Clerk consulted on the plans to remove the bus park from its current location ? Were the vendors, the meat shop operators or the wholesalers consulted on plans to relocate the bus park? Were Portmore commuters consulted on plans to remove their bus park from its cur rent location? Was the Member of Parliament for the West Kingston Constituency in which both th e current bus park and the Central Business District are located, consulted on p lans to move the bus park from its current location? 6. Were the Security Forces invited to make comments on the design for the new bus station? If the above primary stakeholders were not consulted in any meaningful way, wher e did the plan to remove the bus park come from and who are the targeted benefic iaries? The idea of providing a shuttle service from the proposed new bus park o n Harbour Street to South Parade in no way will compensate for the lost of earni ngs and the increases in costs awaiting the business sector in that part of King ston, but rather increase the operating costs of the JUTC . Who will be assisting the Portmore resident who will have to walk with two or th ree market bags from the Coronation Market to Harbour Street? Who will compensate the members of the formal business sector for losses made, s hould the planned relocation of the bus park is realized? Who will be paying the hand carts for these trips? Are Portmore residents who s hop at the Coronation Market expected to loggo loggo with their loads to West Pa rade to get on to the shuttles? Did the designers of the new bus park take in to consideration the directions f rom which both wind and rain frequently originate in that part of Kingston? If yes, what proof exist that the structures were designed to prevent commuters from getting wet from rain and blowing from the south or from the east? Was it taken into consideration that Portmore residents also use urinals and toi lets (one is across the road from the current bus park)? If yes, where are the w ater closets? It is clear in my mind, that it is now time for the voice of the Member of Parli ament for the constituency of West Kingston, in which both the current bus park and the Central Business District is located to state his position on this matte r , once and for all. This would be one of the best Christmas presents the Membe r of Parliament could give not only his constituents but also those who do busin ess in that constituency. The Hon. Mike Henry has been most resolute in his defe nse of the business community in the May Pen area and even more strident in his defense of the interests of the vendors in Clarendon, it would not be too far fe tched to imagine the Member of Parliament of West Kingston equaling or out doing the good Hon. Mike Henry in defending the business community and vendors of Wes t Kingston. Fifteen Year Stall Lease To Higglers/Vendors Given the fact that higglering for many is a life time profession, if not for mo st of those involved, with these higglers/ vendors occupying fixed positions in

and around the markets for the duration of their professional lives, maybe it is time for consideration to be given for the leasing of stalls and market spaces for fifteen to twenty year periods. Such a move would provide the vendors a sens e of security of tenure and allow for long term planning. Of course these types of leasing operations would make sense only if location rents are not compromise d by the misguided actions of which ever government agency. Also given the very serious shortages of market spaces in the various produce ma rkets in the Central Business District, thought should be given to the construct ion of covered sidewalk sheds around these markets, with each vendor receiving o ne square yard (nine square feet) of vending space. This would not only create a better environment for both shoppers and vendors, but also reduce the space for petti criminals to operate. Congratulations To The Marcus Garvey Peoples Progressive Party I would sincerely love to believe that the widening of the political debate to i nclude Betty Ann Blaine and now the reawaken Peoples Progressive Party will be w elcomed and supported by the membership and supporters of the Peoples National P arty. One can only but a wait the revival of an energized National Democratic Mo vement. This widening of the political arena if sustained will lead a greater de epening of the nations sense of peoplehood, and community as more and more voices and individuals are able to find their own space in the political movement and to develop political leadership with which they can identify. It also signifies an acceleration of that process of enrichment and democratic deepening of govern ance and political leadership to include those who are not currently represented in parliament. Good Showing PPP. A Word To A Young Labourite Unlike some other countries, and perhaps more like the United Kingdom and other European countries, the Jamaican state apparatus including the civil service, ow es its allegiance to the Crown and not to any given political party, be that par ty be the governing party or in opposition. The state stands above political par ties, which comes and goes, and above all other similar grouping within society. The state and its leadership represent what one might call the Jamaican Civiliz ation and National Will both on Jamaican soil and out side of Jamaica. The state in its employment assumes that all of its current and prospective employees are willing to put out their best efforts to implement the policies of the governmen t of this Fair and Blessed Land, regardless of the political orientation of the given employee or set of employees. While the Jamaica Labour Party at present forms the government and names the Pri me Minister, the Government of Jamaica represents all Jamaicans, be they PNP, JL P, PPP or Blainist. It would be a grave and very dangerous error for the Governm ent of Jamaica to seek to represent the interests of Labourites over and over th ose of Socialists, Blainists, Garveyites or no-P. Any move towards the partisan state, be it a PNP state or a Labourite state, is a step towards things as they w ere:- darkness and barbarity-not civilization. Along that road we do not walk, no t now nor tomorrow; it is dangerous, reckless and alien to Jamaica. Basil Fletcher The author gives thanks to the providers of sourced material used in this compil ation. The journey was long and hard but it was well worth it. Basil Fletcher