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Overview

1.1 Data Communication

Components Data representation Direction of Data Flow

The effectiveness of data communication system depends on:



When we communicate we are sharing information Sharing information can be


Local ( usually occurs face to face) or remote ( take place over distance)

1. Delivery. Must deliver data to the correct destination. 2. Accuracy. Must deliver unaltered data. 3. Timeliness. Deliver data in timely manner. Data delivered late are useless.
Real time transmission (in video audio case): deliver the data as they are produced, in the same order as they are produced.

Telecommunication
television )

(which Includes telephony, telegraphy and

means communication at a distance


refer to information presented in whatever form is agreed upon by the parties creating and using the data

Data Data communications:

4. Jitter (The variation in packet delay- the variation of packet arrival time): the uneven delay in video\audio packets results in an uneven quality in the video.

the exchange of data between two devices via a transmission medium ( e.g. a wire cable)

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Components
1. Message: data 2. Devices A. Sender: device that sends the data computer, telephone, camera B. Receiver: device that receives the data computer, telephone, camera 3. Transmission medium: physical path by which MSG. travels. 4. Rules or Protocols: Set of rules that govern data communications/ an agreement between the communicating devices text, number, audio

Data representation
Text : represented as a bit pattern. ASCII code. Numbers: bit pattern, not ASCII, numbers converted to binary numbers. Images: bit pattern, image is composed of matrix of pixels (picture element). Where each pixel is a small dot, each pixel is assigned a bit pattern. Audio: broadcasting of sound, audio is continuous not discrete. Video: broadcasting of movie,

Figure 1.1

components of data communication

Direction of Data Flow

Converged network
Convergence occurs when telephones, broadcasts, and computer communications all use the same rules, devices, and media to transport their messages. On a converged network, or platform, different devices, such as televisions or cell phones, will use a common network infrastructure to communicate.

Data Flow Simplex Flow:

Communication is unidirectional. One way street, one device transmit and the other receive, e.g. keyboard - monitor

nonconverged systems on the left and a converged network on the right.

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Data Flow half duplex Flow:

Data Flow full duplex Flow:

Both station can transmit and receive simultaneously, two way street, e.g telephone network. Each station can both transmit and receive but not at the same time, one lane road, e.g. Walkie-Talkies . Sharing can occur in two ways: The link must contain two physically separated paths The capacity of the channel is divided between signals traveling in both direction

1.2 Networks : Distributed Processing Network Criteria Physical Structures Categories of Networks

Networks
Network: set of devices (nodes) connected by communication links A node can be a computer, printer, or any other device capable of sending and/or receiving data generated by other nodes on the network. The purpose of a network is to share resources. A resource may be: A file, A folder, A printer, A disk drive,

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Distributed Processing

Physical Structures
Connection :
point-to-point , multipoint

Distributed Processing: task is divided among multiple


computers, instead of one machine being responsible for all aspect of a process, separate computers handle a subset.

Network Criteria:
Performance transit time, response time, also throughput and Performance: delay.
Transit time is the amount of time required for a message to travel from one device to another. Response time is the elapsed time between an inquiry and a response.

Topology:
Mesh, Star, Bus , Ring , hybrid

Reliability : In addition to accuracy of delivery, network reliability is measured by the frequency of failure, the time it takes a link to recover from a failure, and the network's robustness in a catastrophe (disastrous). Security: protecting data from unauthorized access. Security:

Figure 1.5

Point-to-point connection

Figure 1.6

M ultipoint connection

Dedicated link between two devices , the entire capacity of the link is reserved for transmission between those two devices.

The capacity of the channel is shared.

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Topology
The topology of a network is the geometric representation of the relationship of all links and linking devices (nodes) Topologies can be either physical or logical. Physical topologies describe how the cables are run. Logical topologies describe how the network messages travel There are four basic topologies:

Mesh
In Mesh topology, every device has a dedicated point to point link to every other device.

W e need n(n-1)/2 duplex mode link


Advantages:
Eliminate the traffic problem Reliable/robust Privacy / security

Disadvantages:
The amount of cabling and number of I/O ports required Insulation and reconnection are Difficult Wiring is greater than the available space Expensive

Figure 1.7

Categories of topology

Figure 1.8

Fully connected mesh topology (for five devices)

Point-to-point connection

Star topology
Each device has a dedicated point to point link only to a central controller (hub). T he devices are not directly linked to one another. To exchange data, one device send data to the controller, which directs it to the other connected device.
Advantages:
Less expensive than mesh Easy to install and configure Robust Easy fault identification and fault isolation Disadvantages: The dependency of the whole topology on one single point (the hub). If the hub goes down the system is dead.

Bus topology
Advantages: One long cable acts as a backbone to link all the devices in the network. Nodes are connected to the bus cable by drop lines and tapes.
Ease of installation Bus uses less cabling than mesh or star

Disadvantages:
Difficult reconnection difficult to add new device. fault isolation.

Figure 1.9

Star topology

Point-to-point connection

Figure 1.10

Bus topology

multipoint connection

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R ing topology
each device has a dedicated point-to-point with only the two devices on either side of it. A signal is passed along the ring in one direction from device to device until it reaches its destination.

Categories of networks

Repeater

Figure 1.11

R ing topology
Unidirectional traffic (in simple ring): break in the ring can disable the network. Solution use Dual ring

Easy to install and configure

LAN
Usually privately owned, network devices are linked in single building or campus. Can be as simple as 2 PCs and a printer. Recourses (software, hardware) can be shared. Most common LAN topologies are bus, star, and ring.

WAN
Provide long distance transmission of data over large geographic areas over countries or the whole world Can be complex: the backbones that connect the internet (referred to as switched WAN) Or simple: dial up line that a home computer to the internet (referred to as point-to-point WAN).

Figure 1.15

WA N

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MAN
Network with a size between LAN and WAN. Usually covers towns or cities. e.g. part of the telephone company network that provide high speed DSL to the customer. The cable TV network that is used to provide high speed data connection to the internet.

Protocol
A protocol is a set of rules that govern data communications. A protocol defines what is communicated, how it is communicated, and when it is communicated. TCP/IP was the first set of protocols developed for use in an internet The key elements of a protocol are
syntax, semantics, and timing.

Figure 1.14

MAN

Protocol
Syntax. The term syntax refers to the structure
or format of the data, meaning the order in which they are presented.

Standards
Standards provide guidelines to manufacturers, vendors, government agencies, and other service providers to ensure the kind of interconnectivity necessary in today's marketplace and in international communications. Data communication standards fall into two categories: de facto (meaning "by fact" or "by convention") and de jure (meaning "by law" or "by regulation").
De facto. Standards that have not been approved by an organized body but have been adopted as standards through widespread use are de facto standards. De jure. Those standards that have been legislated by an officially recognized body are de jure standards.

Semantics. The word semantics refers to the meaning of each section of bits. Timing. The term timing refers to two
characteristics: when data should be sent and how fast they can be sent.

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The Internet
The Internet is a global network of networks enabling computers of all kinds to directly and transparently communicate and share services throughout much of the world.
The Internet, simply the Net, is a worldwide system of computer networks a network of networks in which users at any one computer can, if they have permission, get information from any other computer.

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