Week 3 Section Review

Topics Covered in class: Genetics - inheritance, variation Speciation Phylogeny, systematics Review: Issues Darwin saw with his theory: 1. ________________________ 2. Differs due to environments and characteristics of different species

________________________ Sexual selection - Traits that promote reproduction trump survival

3.

Altruism ________________ - preservation of own genes through others.

4.

Inheritance ____________________ - theory Darwin believed in (opposite of the Germ Plasm Theory) What is the problem with blending inheritance?

Gregor Mendel's Findings: 1.

2.

3.

4.

The Modern Synthesis by R.A. Fisher Natural selection acts on individuals but entire populations evolve Evolution - change in _____________________ in populations over time New field of population genetics

Mutations - cause of genetic variation with an average of 1 in 100,000 genes per generation.

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_______________ - single base nucleotide substitution in the mRNA sequence that can be nonsense, missense or silent.

Additions or subtractions - when three base nucleotides are ____________ or ____________ from the mRNA sequence, which can be minor or detrimental to the protein.

List two examples of how genetic variation is maintained:

1. 2.

______________________ ______________________

Hardy Weinberg Principle - mathematical model of a population that's not evolving. Hardy Weinberg Equation

=1

The Five Conditions of Hardy Weinberg Principle 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Extremely large populations, no genetic drift No mutations

Genetic Drift - change in the _______________ of alleles in a population over time through ___________________. Define Founder Effect

Biological Species Concept A __________ is a population whose members have the potential to _____________ and produce ___________ offspring.

Name 2 other species concepts of the 4 discussed in lecture 1. 2. 3. _______________________ _______________________ _______________________

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4.

_______________________

For pre-mating, post-mating prezygotic, and post-mating post-zygotic, name the kinds of isolating mechanisms that prevent crosses from being fertile.

_______________ ______________ - isolation of the same species in two different places to produce two different species. Polyploidy - errors in cell division resulting in more than two pairs of homologous chromosomes Autopolyploidy polyploids with multiple chromosome sets from a single species

_______________ ______________ - the creating of a new species that inhabit the same geographic region as the ancestral species

Hybrid zone - when two interbreeding species meet and reproduce, relatively rare due to low fertility

The time it takes for speciation is variable, it can happen as quickly as ________ years or ______________ years.

How did Linnaeus classify species and animals?

Phylogenetics - the _____________ of organisms

Systematics - _________________

Phylogeny tree

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Species groups Monophyletic

Some descendants of a common ancestor are missing

Polyphyletic

_______________ _______________ are a result of convergent evolution.

Name the two ways in which we distinguish homology from analogy.

Words you should know: ____________ - monophyletic group ____________ - trait present in a clades ancestor ____________ - trait derived with a clade

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Extra practice problems for Hardy-Weinberg Equation Hardy Weinberg Equation:

Note: Allele frequencies: - frequency of the dominant allele in the population - frequency of the recessive allele in the population

Genotype frequencies: percentage of homozygous dominant individuals percentage of homozygous recessive individuals percentage of heterozygous individuals 1. A sampling of a population showed that the percentage of homozygous recessive (aa) individuals is 16%. Calculate the following: a. Allelic frequency of the a b. Genotypic frequency of AA c. Genotypic frequency of Aa Randomly mating butterflies contain 45% white butterflies, which is caused by homozygous recessive trait (dd). Calculate the allelic and genotypic frequencies. The blood type of 1000 individuals was taken. Blood type A and B exhibit co-dominance (AB). Blood type Genotype Number of Individuals A AA 490 AB AB 420 B BB 90 a. b. Calculate the allele frequencies. What is the probability of each genotype resulting from every potential cross: AAxAA, AAxAB, AAxBB, ABxAB, ABxBB, BBxBB.

2.

3.

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