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rashad@isy.liu.se
2/11
Problem-4.1 (Tutorial):
A 50 antenna is connected to the amplifier of low input impedance ZL = 20-j10. A possible interconnection using 50 transmission line is shown below, where an extra capacitor and quarter wavelength transformer (piece of transmission line) is used for matching. a) Calculate the reactance of C and the characteristic impedance ZOT needed for matching.
D=
b) Is this circuit applicable to any generic load? c) What will be the consequences of not using the match?
Solution: a).
For the quarter wave transmission line 2 Z2 Z OT Z inT = OT = Z L 20 j10
2 Z OT Z2 + j OT 25 50
2 The capacitor can cancel the inductive part of Z inT and Z OT should be
2 Z OT 50 = 50 Z 0T = 25 2 Z2 X C = OT = 25 50
b).
The circuit is suitable for capacitive loads.
c).
When matched, the impedance seen by antenna is Z 0 = 50 irrespective the signal frequency and line length. So the power of signal from antenna is: 2 EAnt ( Eant 2 ) P0 = 50 50 2 (E ) = ant 50 200
Electrical Engineering Department (ISY), Linkping University rashad@isy.liu.se
3/11
When not matched, the impedance seen by the antenna is Z + Z 0 j tan l l Z in = Z 0 L , l = 2 Z 0 + Z L j tan l
Pdelivered
E Ant = Z o + Z in
Re( Z in )
2
Z L Z 0 20 j10 50 3 j = = Z 0 + Z 0 20 j10 + 50 7 j
EAnt
Zo
l ZL
10 1 = = 50 5 2 Pdelivered = Po (1 ) =0.8P0
2
50
Ant
Amp
Problem-4.2 (HW):
Use the Smith chart to calculate transmission line length and XL needed to achieve 50 input impedance.
Problem-4.3 (Tutorial):
L-match circuit is the simplest and most widely used for matching. Four possible configurations of the L-match are shown in figure below. The a) and b) are low-pass and c) and d) are high-pass configurations. a) Look at the circuits carefully and make out which circuits transform the impedance from high (load side) to low (source side) and vice versa. b) Assume that DC voltage has to be transferred from load to source and load impedance is higher than source impedance. Which circuit is suitable for matching in this case? c) Assume that the signal is to be AC coupled from source to load with low pass characteristic, which circuit is suitable for matching? d) Design a circuit to match a 100 source to 1000 load at 100MHz. Assume that the DC voltage must also be transferred from source to load.
rashad@isy.liu.se
4/11
Solution:
Q = Qs = Q p = RP 1 (1) RS
For L-match case general formula This basic equation applies to all four (a-d) cases
a).
Circuits a) & d) transform from High Z Load Low Z source Circuits b) & c) transform from Low Z Load High Z source
RS XS XP RP
b).
Circuit a
QS = X S R S
c).
None is suitable
Qp=Rp/Xp
d).
As we need DC Path and Z Load > Z source , the only choice is circuit a) (1) Q = QS = QP =
QS =
RP 1000 1 = 1 = 9 = 3 RS 100
R s = 100
LS CP R p = 1000
C=
L = 477nH
Problem-4.4 (Tutorial):
In L-match networks, there are two degrees of freedom and we are not free to select the Q of circuit once the resonant frequency is chosen. Q is proportional to the ratio of load and source resistance. and T networks give three degrees of freedom and we can choose the Q factor independently.
RS
RL
rashad@isy.liu.se
5/11
Design a -match network to match 1000 load resistance with 100 source resistance at 1GHz frequency and Q of 15.
Solution:
-Network Design Procedure:
RS XS XP2 -XS1 XP1 -XS2 R
XP1
RL
XP2
Virtual resistor
a) X S 1 , X S 2 are symbolic to indicate that these are opposite type of reactance than X P1 , X P 2 b) The -network can be split in to two L-Match Network. c) The design of each Network proceeds as separate L-Network in last exercise.
-XS1 XP1
-XS2 R XP2
T-Network:
Q= R 1 RSmall
Virtual resistor
R = virtual resistance RSmall = smallest terminating resistance used to match two low value impedances when high Q is desired. Design a -match network to match 1000 load resistance with 100 source resistance at 1GHz frequency and Q of 15.
Solution:
L-Section:
Design a -network to match 100 source to 1000 ohm load with Q = 15. RH Q= 1 R RL = RH = 1000, RS = 100, Q = 15
RS Rp Rs -1
Xs XP RP
Q=
Q p =R p /X p Qs =X s /R s
rashad@isy.liu.se
6/11
R =
Right Side:
QP = X P2 RP ( from L Section ) XP
Rs=100
-XS1 XP1
R 1000 = P = QP 15
Virtual
X S 2 = 15 4.42 X S 2 = 66.3
Left Side:
QLEFT = RS 1 (From L-section formula) R
100 1 = 4.6 4.42
Rs=100
QP = RP X P
R 100 X P1 = P = = 21.7 QLEFT 4.6
-XS2
66.3
XP2 66.7
RL=1000
QS =
XS X S1 = Q R RS
Now X P1 , X P 2 , X S 1 & X S 2 can be either cap or inductor. Only constraint is X P1 & X S 1 are opposite type
rashad@isy.liu.se
7/11
20.5 21.7
66.9 66.7
1 = 7.33pF X c 2 f
C = 2.3pF
C = 1.82pF
20.5 21.7
87.4 66.7
L = 10.5nH L = 3.34nH
20.5 21.7
46.4 66.7
20.5 21.7
66.9 66.7
Note:
Now you can choose the circuit depending upon filtering and DC requirements.
Problem-4.5 (Tutorial):
Design procedure for T networks is exactly same as for networks. The T networks are usually used to match two low valued impedances when high Q is desired. Design a T match network to match 50 load resistance with 10 source resistance at 1GHz frequency and Q of 10.
rashad@isy.liu.se
8/11
Solution:
Q = 10 (given) We adopt the same approach as in previous -network example. R Q= 1 10 RSmall -XS1=100 R = RSmall ( Q 2 + 1) = 10(100 + 1) = 1010 R(Virtual ) = 1010 X S 1 = QRS X S 1 = 10 (10 ) = 100 X P1 = R 1010 = 10 Q -XP1 101
50
X S 2 = 220
L=
XL 2f
100 101
220 231
100 79
220
1 C= 2fX C
15nH 35nH
rashad@isy.liu.se
9/11
100 101
220 231
100 79
220
220
100 179
220
231
100 101
220 231
100 179
220
Note:
The required network can be selected based upon filtering or DC biasing requirement.
Problem-4.6(Tutorial): a) Tapped capacitor or inductor is a simple kind of matching circuit widely used in b)
oscillator circuits. Derive the expression for its Rin (Zin to be more specific). Repeat the derivation for the tapped inductor circuit.
Solution:
1 j c R 1 2 2 + Z in = 1 + R j c1 2 j c2
j R2C1 + (1 + j R2C2 ) R2 1 = Zin = + jC1 2 R2C1C2 1 + jC2 R2 j c1 1 + jR2C2 Yin = jC1 1 + jR2 (C1 + C2 )
rashad@isy.liu.se
10/11
Re[Yin ] = Gin =
R (C1 + C2 ) 2 + 1
2 2 2
2 R2C12
Observe that Im[Yin] can be cancelled assuming that additional shunt inductor can be used (shown in the figure with dotted line). Further we concentrate on the real part. for >>
1 we have R2 (C1 + C2 )
2
Gin
C12 R2 (C1 + C2 ) 2
C + C2 or R in R2 1 C1 Hence, we see the circuit boosts the value of R2. At the same time
Im[Yin ]
C1C2
C1 + C2
BL =
1 = Im[Yin ] L
For the inductor tapped circuit a similar formula for Rin can be derived (HW)
Problem-4.7(Tutorial):
What is impedance transformation ratio of the coaxial balloon shown in figure below? Derive the expression for Zin.
Solution:
l = 2 l = 2 l
(1) (2)
By inspection we find V (l ) = V1 I ( l ) = I 1
V ( 0) = V 2 I ( 0) = I 2
rashad@isy.liu.se
11/11
GND
x=0 V2 I0 I2 V1 I1 x = -l
2I1 = I 0
I1 = I0 V = 1 2 2Z 0
Zin =
V12 2V1 = = 4Z 0 I1 V1 2Z 0
So the impedance transfer ratio is 4 This can be used as e.g. 75 300 matching TV circuit. Observe that it is a so-called balun which transforms unbalanced impedance Z0 (connected to GND) into balanced impedance 4Z0.
Problem-4.8: (HW)
A 300 MHz power amplifier is connected to 100 antenna through L-match network, an inductance and 10 cm long 50 transmission line having velocity factor of 0.8. a) Calculate the value of inductance La. b) Draw the circuit of DC coupled, low-pass L-match network and calculate its component values.
rashad@isy.liu.se