Chemistry A Modern View Book 3

Suggested answers for Class Practice

Contents
PART VIII FOSSIL FUELS AND CARBON

COMPOUNDS

Chapter 30 Fossil fuels 2

Chapter 31 Homologous series, structural formulae
and naming of carbon compounds 3
Chapter 32 Alkanes and alkenes 5
Chapter 33 Consequences of using fossil fuels (Part One):
Burning of fuels 6
Chapter 34 Consequences of using fossil fuels (Part Two):
Environmental problems associated with the
use of fossil fuels 7
Chapter 35 Alcohols 9

PART IX PLASTICS AND DETERGENTS

Chapter 36 Plastics 10
Chapter 37 Detergents 12

PART X DETECTION AND ANALYSIS

Chapter 38 Separation of mixtures 14
Chapter 39 Detection of substances 15

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Chapter 30 Fossil fuels

A30.1
This is due to the movements of the Earth’s crust.

A30.2
There is physical separation but no chemical decomposition.

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Chapter 31 Homologous series, structural
formulae and naming of carbon
compounds

A31.1
CO, CO2, Na2CO3, KHCO3, H2O, NH3, KOH, HCl, HNO3, NaCl.
(Other answers may be given.)

A31.2

(a) (b) (c)

A31.3
(a) Yes. They have the same functional group (−OH).
(b) A < B < C < D in boiling point. Van der Waals’ forces are greater between larger
molecules.

A31.4
(a) Put n = 5 in CnH2n+2.
The molecular formula is C5H12.
(b) Put n = 11 in CnH2n+2.
The molecular formula is C11H24.

A31.5
(a) A and C; alkanoic acid series

(b)

A31.6
(a) (i) Hexyl (ii) Octyl
(b) (i) CH3(CH2)3CH2- (ii) CH3(CH2)5CH2-

A31.7
(a) 2-methylpropane
(b) 2,3-dimethylbutane
(c) 4-ethyl-3-methylheptane

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A31.8
(a) trichloromethane
(b) 1-bromo-2-methylpropane
(c) 2-bromo-1-iodo-3-methylpentane

A31.9
(a) 2-methylbut-2-ene
(b) chloroethene

A31.10
(a) Butan-1-ol
(b) 4-chlorobutan-2-ol
(not 1-chlorobutan-3-ol)

A31.11
(a) 3-chlorobutanoic acid
(b) 3,3-dimethylbutanoic acid

A31.12

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

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Chapter 32 Alkanes and alkenes

A32.1
2C4H10(g) + 13O2(g) → 8CO2(g) + 10H2O(l)

A32.2
Chloromethane, dichloromethane, trichloromethane, tetrachloromethane and
hydrogen chloride

A32.3
More and more petrol is required as fuel for the ever-increasing number of motor
vehicles.

A32.4
(a) An oil fraction.
(b) The first few cm3 of gas is mainly air expelled from inside the apparatus.
(c) The delivery tube should be removed from water before stopping to heat. This is
to prevent sucking back of water which may crack the hot reaction tube.

A32.5
Ethene can decolorize purple acidified potassium permanganate solution, but ethane
cannot. (Alternative answer: In the dark, ethene can decolorize the red-orange colour
of bromine solution immediately, but ethane cannot.)

A32.6
No. Alkenes are important starting materials for making many useful products. It
would be a waste to burn alkenes as fuels.

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Chapter 33 Consequences of using fossil fuels
(Part One): Burning of fuels

A33.1
(a) Charcoal, wood or gaseous fuel.
(b) Petrol or diesel oil.
(c) Kerosene, ethanol or methylated spirit.

A33.2
(a) No. Electricity is an important source of energy, but not a fuel. Electricity is a
flow of electrons, not a substance that can be burnt to give out heat.
(b) Yes. It can be burnt to give out heat.
2C4H10(g) + 13O2(g) → 8CO2(g) + 10H2O(l)

A33.3
(a) LPG: a fraction from refining of petroleum;
HK town gas: steam reforming of naphtha.
(b) LPG: mainly propane and butane; Hong Kong town gas: mainly hydrogen and
methane.

A33.4
(a) Endothermic
(b) Exothermic
(c) Endothermic
(d) Exothermic
(e) Exothermic

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Chapter 34 Consequences of using fossil fuels
(Part Two): Environmental problems
associated with the use of fossil fuels

A34.1
Carbon monoxide, formed by the incomplete combustion of fuel, will build up to
dangerous levels in an enclosed space. It may cause death.

A34.2
No, because many pollutants (e.g. sulphur dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons)
are colourless gases.

A34.3
(a) Carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides (nitrogen monoxide, nitrogen dioxide),
hydrocarbons, and suspended particulates (e.g. lead, lead(II) compounds, smoke,
soot).
(b) Sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides (or carbon monoxide).

A34.4
Both statements are correct, but the second one does not explain the first one.
Actually, the low pH of acid rain is caused by the dissolved sulphur dioxide and
nitrogen dioxide.

A34.5
Probably at that time, many factories in the Kwun Tong industrial district used fuels
of high sulphur content. The large amount of sulphur dioxide resulted in acid rain.

A34.6
Burning fossil fuels produces carbon dioxide. More fossil fuels are burnt in winter to
keep warm. Less fossil fuels are burnt in summer.

A34.7
Higher.

A34.8
(a) No.

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(b) Nuclear power is very clean, since it produces no air pollutants such as sulphur
dioxide, carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides. (A nuclear power station
produces only one lorry load of radioactive waste each year. It can be sealed into
tanks and buried deeply under the ground.)

A34.9
(a) It is a cheap, clean and renewable source of energy.
(b) Many countries have neither sufficient rainfall nor high grounds to make
hydroelectricity possible.

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Chapter 35 Alcohols

A35.1

(a)

esterification

(b)

neutralization

A35.2
(a) Ethyl methanoate

(b) (i) (ii)

(iii)

A35.3
Alcohol in a pregnant woman’s blood can pass into the blood of the unborn baby,
causing much harm.

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Chapter 36 Plastics

A36.1
Soft drink bottles, squeeze bottles, toys, tablecloth, toothbrushes. (Other answers may
be given.)

A36.2
Yes. They are made from chemicals derived from petroleum.

A36.3
(a) A rising general trend. The average mass of plastics in a new car increases
steadily over the past 40 years.
(b) Bumper. (Other answers may be given.)
(c) Yes. (In recent years, most cars from the famous U.S.A. manufacturer ‘Saturn’
have the entire car bodies made of a plastic of extra strength.)

A36.4
(a) Yes
(b) No

A36.5
(a) Nylon is a polymer and also a plastic.
(b) Cotton is a polymer but not a plastic.
(c) Ethene is neither a polymer nor a plastic.

A36.6

(a) (i) (iii)

(b) Propene
(c) Poly(propene)

A36.7
(a) Yes
(b) No
(c) No
(d) No

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A36.8

A36.9
• The laboratory must be well-ventilated. (Methanal is toxic.)
• Wear safety spectacles and handle concentrated sulphuric acid with great care.
(Concentrated sulphuric acid is corrosive.)
• Add only one drop of concentrated sulphuric acid. (The polymerization reaction
gives out a lot of heat. If a few drops of the acid were added all at once, the reaction
would become so violent that the mixture spurts out.)

A36.10
(a) (i) Addition polymer
(ii) Condensation polymer
(iii) Addition polymer
(iv) Addition polymer
p q
(Hint: The repeating units of addition polymers usually take the form ,
r s
where p, q, r and s stand for any atom or group of atoms.)
(b) Phenol-methanal, condensation polymer

A36.11
(a) No (b) Yes (c) No

A36.12
Plastics consist of molecular chains or have a giant covalent network. There are no
delocalized electrons nor mobile ions to conduct electricity.

A36.13
Plastics would burn when heated strongly in air, forming mainly carbon dioxide and
water.

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Chapter 37 Detergents

A37.1
The ‘O’ and ‘K’ atom in the structure should not be linked by a covalent bond. The
formula should be written as:

A37.2
(a) C, F and G.
Detergents are sodium or potassium salts of long-chain organic acids (usually
with number of carbon atoms between 12 and 20).
A is an ester. B is an alkanoic acid. D has too few carbon atoms, while E has too
many, H is a magnesium salt of alkanoic acid, so they do not possess good
detergent properties.
(b) C and F. (G is a soapless detergent as its anionic group is –OSO3−, not –COO−).

A37.3
(a) No. Paraffin oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons, not esters.
(b) No. Only alkalis can saponify fats and oils.

A37.4
(1) Wear safety spectacles.
(2) Cover the beaker with a watch glass (to prevent solution from spurting out of the
beaker).
(3) Heat the beaker gently.

A37.5
(a) (i) Yes (ii) No
(b) (i) Yes (ii) Yes

A37.6
(a) Hard water. Sea water contains magnesium salts in addition to sodium chloride.
(b) No. Sea water is hard water. The calcium and/or magnesium ions present would
react with soaps to form scum.

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A37.7
Hydrocarbon chains in soaps are straight (i.e. unbranched).

A37.8

Soaps Soapless detergents

(a) natural fats and oils petroleum products
(b) −COO− (carboxylate group) −SO3− (sulphonate group) or –OSO3−
(sulphate group) (can also be other
anionic groups, cationic groups or even
neutral polar groups, but not –COO−)
(c) lowered unaffected
(d) lowered unaffected

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Chapter 38 Separation of mixtures

A38.1
(1) Filtration of tea from tea leaves.
(2) Filtration of water in fish tanks.
(3) Filtration of air by dust filter in air-conditioners or dehumidifiers.
(Other answers may also be given.)

A38.2
Crystal size in (c) > (a) > (b).

A38.3
Dissolution, filtration, evaporation and crystallization.
Solvent: water
Solute: rock salt

A38.4
No; distillation gives a distillate which contains both methanol and ethanol, as both
liquids are volatile.

A38.5
The drying process of a washing machine is based on the principle of centrifugation.
At the end of the washing cycle, the washing drum rotates rapidly. Wet clothes inside
are spun around at high speeds. Water goes through holes in the drum, leaving the
dried clothes behind.

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Chapter 39 Detection of substances

A39.1
(a) In flame test, calcium compounds give a brick red flame. Add some acid to the
sample. If carbonate is present, carbon dioxide will be given out.
(b) Add some acid to the sample and then followed by sodium hydroxide solution.
Zinc oxide gives a white precipitate which redissolve in excess sodium hydroxide
to form a colourless solution.
(c) Add some acid to the sample, carbon dioxide will be given out. Addition of
sodium hydroxide solution to the resulting mixture gives a white precipitate which
does not re-dissolve in excess sodium hydroxide.

A39.2
Zinc hydroxide

A39.3
(a) Sodium hydrogencarbonate will decompose upon heating, giving carbon dioxide
as a product. On the other hand, sodium carbonate is thermally stable.
(b) (i) Flame test: sodium compound gives a brilliant golden yellow flame.
(ii) Add magnesium sulphate solution to the sample. Carbonate will form a
white precipitate (MgCO3(s)) while hydrogencarbonate will form a
colourless solution (Mg(HCO3)2(aq)).

A39.4
In the presence of water, chlorine ionizes in water to form hydrochloric acid and
hypochlorous acid, Cl2(aq) + H2O(l) → HCl(aq) + HOCl(aq). The bleaching action is
due to the presence of hypochlorite ions in hypochlorous acid. Therefore, in the
absence of water, no colour change occurs as no hypochlorite ion can be formed.

A39.5
(a) SO2(g), FeSO4(aq)
(b) Br2(aq), Fe2(SO4)3(aq), I2(aq)

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