TRAINING REPORT OF GRID SUBSTATION

PRESENTED BY :
TUSHAR MISHRA ROLL NO:-108EE031

CONDUCTORS
Two different sets of conductors are used on transmission lines:the phase conductors which are used to transmit the electricity and the earth conductors which are set above the phase conductors and the duty of which is to protect the overhead line from the effects of lightening and to provide a continuous electrical connection between the towers. Requirements of good conductor based upon the electrical and mechanical characteristics are: ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS: 1.Resistance /resistivity to be low 2.current carrying capacity to be high 3.Reactance to be low 4.Corona and RIV to be low MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS: 1.Ultimate tensile strength to be more 2.modulus of elasticity to be more 3.coefficient of linear expansion to be low 4.mass density to be low EARTH CONDUCTOR: These conductors are usually called as earth or shield wires but though they perform both earthing the structures and shielding the phase conductors from lightning.they carry safety lightning and fault currents and they therefore must be desighed to carry such currents.The earth wires thus have to be conductors and they have a sufficiently large cross sectional area.

INSULATORS
What is an insulator ? The substance through which the current cant pass easily is known as an insulator . Insulating materials: Porcelain,glass,fibre,mica,rubber,wood,asbestos,empire cloth,leather oil paper,bakelite ,synthetic such as polymeric etc. Mainly our insulators are made from glazed porcelain and tough glass. Advantages of porcelain insulator:

1.porcelain to be pure sound. 2.free of defect 3.smoothly glazed 4.glaze shall be in brown colour 5.flow of rain will be easy Why porcelain insulators are brown in colour:

To identify the fault in the insulating top and flow of rain water will be easy.

Faults in insulators: 1.earth leakage(insulation week) 2.high voltage 3.improper glaze 4.craking of insulator 5.flash over

LIGHTING ARRESTER
A protective device for electrical equipment that reduces excessive voltage resulting from lightning to a safe level by grounding the discharge. It is a device that protects electrical equipments such as an aerial from an excessive voltage resulting from a lightning discharge or other accidental electric surge by discharging it to earth.Normally it protects the grid from lightning and it helps for earthing. Voltage level of lighting arrester is equal to the incoming voltage of the grid substation.So in ranasinghpur voltage level of lighting arrester is 132kv.

CVT(CAPACITIVE VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER)

A CVT is a device which is used in power systems to step down extra high voltages.CVT is of two types. Constant voltage transformer Capacitive voltage transformer Constant voltage transformer is used in areas where we need constant voltage supply i.e. in sensitive areas.Normally we use this type of transformer in computer labs ,in ICUS and for other medical units. Main function of CVT is : 1.it provides 110v ac supply to wave trap. 2.It acts as potential transformer. CVT has a coupling capacitor.Through coupling capacitor it measures the base frequency.If the coming frequency is below or above the base frequency,the filter(high pass or low pass) within the coupling capacitor filters the frequency and sets the frequency to that range.Principle of CVT is same as that of potential transformer.

WAVE TRAP

It is an electronic filtering device designed to exclude unwanted signals or interference from a receiver. Wave trap is also known as line trap.What it does is trapping the high frequency communication signals sent on the line from the remote substation and diverting them to the telecom panel in the substation control room (through coupling capacitor). This is relevant in PLCC systems for communication among various substations without dependance on the telecom company network.

CT(CURRENT TRANSFORMER)

In electrical engineering a current transformer is used for measurement of electric currents. Current transformer is a stepdown transformer that means primary is heavy winded and secondary is low winded.Current transformer is having 4 cores: 1.Metering 2.protection 3.LBB(local braker backup) 4.earthing The secondary of CT should never be kept open circuited because very high voltage may damage the CT. CT is used for protection purposes.The earth conductor from granty tower is connected to CT.So CT is used for both protection of grid and earthing.CT has a mechanism box which is called as CT console box and there is a socket.It is used for breaker back up.The ratio of primary current and secondary current is called as CT ratio.There is two types of CT ratios.

actual ratio adapted ratio

ISOLATOR
Isolator and breaker s are both can be termed as switching device but the difference between isolator and breaker are isolator is an offload switching device where as breaker is an onload switching device.However isolators also shall be capable capable of switching with the charging current and shall also break the bus transfer current which are its functional requirement.it is used for isolation of equipment,busbars and circuits. FUNCTION: 1.Electrical isolation of equipment,busbar and circuits. 2.Providing alternative paths in various switching arrangement for restoration of power supply even at the time of maintenance. 3.Isolating faulty equipments and restoring power supply to healthy equipment. 4.In addition to it depending upon the location of the isolator in the switchyard earth switches are also mounted with it. 5.These are used for transfer of load from one bus to another.

CB(CIRCUIT BREAKER)
Circuit breakers are the sentinels of a power system.They are required to switch ciecuits ON both under normal and abnormal conditions.the character of their duty demand that they normally will be in closed position carrying load or in a open condition to provide electrical isolation.They are called upon to change from one condition to other only ocasionaly and to perform their special function of closing on to a faulty circuit or interrupting short circuit currents on very rare ocassions.On the other hand circuit breakers can be deined as a mechanical device capable of making ,carrying current for a specific duration and breaking currents under specific abnormal conditions such as those of short circuits. The interruption process starts at the very instant when a pair of electric contacts separate and continue to as the contacts gap grows longerand the gap is bridged by the plasma.The interruption process is completed when the conducting plasma is deprived of its conductivity.This conducting plasma is nothing but the hot core of an electric arc.

Types of circuit breaker: Circuit breakers have been classified depending on the medium in which the arc burns and the mechanism of arc control uses.They are the -Air circuit breaker -Oil circuit breaker -air blast circuit breaker -Vacuum circuit breaker -SF6 circuit breaker -Vacuum air circuit breaker -Vacuum SF6 circuit breaker -SF6 air circuit breaker What is arc? The electric arc constitutes a basic,indispensable and active element in the process of current interruption.Based on this simple knowledge it follows the physics behind the arc and the extinction of the arc forms the foundation of this process. Difference in SF6 and Vacuum circuit breaker: According to the dielectric strength SF6 has better behaviour than vacuum.That is why SF6 is generalized as insulating an as arc quenching medium.The use of SF6 makes possible to reduce the size of electric equipment and so the required space for installation.That is the reason why it is most important in use.In contrast as in VCBs the quenching media is vacuum,there is no risk for the environment.In fact they consist of an ordinary glass container and metallic components that is recyclable materials.Construction of vacuum is simple and no. of equipments used is small than SF6.VCB has a long operation life.VCBs is the higher dielectric resistance recovery after current zero.Finally it has no danger of explosion or fire as there is for oil CBs.But SF6 Cbs are more cheaper than VCBs. The box inside which operation takes place is called as breaker marsheling box.There is two types of operation i.e.local and remote.Operation from control room is called remote and operation in grid is called local operation.

PT(POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER)
It is used to control the grid voltage.The potential transformer works along the same principle of other transformer.It converts voltage from high to low.It will take the thousands of volts behind power transformer system and step the voltage down to something that meters can handle.It works for single and three phase systems and are attached at a point where it is convenient to measure the voltage. Normally in a substation current varies but voltage remains constant.So no. of PTs used in a grid is less than no. of CTs.But the necessity of potential transformer in a substation is to measure the voltage.Like CT there is a PT console box in which operation occurs.PT is manufactured by BHEL.

MAIN BUS AND RESERVE BUS

In normal condition main bus is charged.Supply from granty tower comes to the lighting arrester, then to CVT, then to wavetrap,then to CT ,then from double isolator to breaker to single isolator and then to main bus.Main bus is connected with twin conductor.Main bus is connected to the bus coupler and then to the transformer.To charge main bus we have to close isolatorA ,isolatorB and breaker. When there is a fault in main bus,current supply is done through reserve bus.Because shut down of system is prohibited in a substation to avoid loss.To charge reserve bus we have to close isolatorC.Then reserve bus is charged.After reserve bus is charged we have to open isolatorA.In this way maintenance in the main bus is done.Reserve bus is having single conductor. In a transformer three types of bay is there i.e.feeder bay,transformer bay,and bus coupler bay.Where feeder is connected is called feeder bay and where bus coupler is connected is called bus coupler bay.

TRANSFORMER
A transformer is a device which is used to convert high voltage to low voltage and vice versa.It is the major equipment of a substation and one of the costly equipment. Transformer is classified into three categories.They are: -power transformer -auto transformer -Inter connected transformer(IC transformer)

Single winding transformer is normally called as Auto transformer.Double winding transformer is normally called as power transformer.100 to 200MVA transformer is called as auto transformer. Within 100MVA transformer is called as Power transformer.More than 200MVA transformer is called as IC or interconnected transformer.In Ranasinghpur grid substation power transformer is used.Internally it has two windings i.e.low voltage winding and high voltage winding. Normally Star-Star connection is preferred in a substation.In Star-star connection a neutral point is there.Relays are connected to the neutral point because in any type of fault relay gives an alarm.In transmission sector star-star connection is more efficient.But in distribution section transformer is Stardelta connected.That is why Y-Y is preferred in a substation. NCT are called as neutral CT.There are two NCTs i.e. low voltage and high voltage.The function of NCT is for grounding and it saves the transformer from restricted earth fault.There are two types of bushings i.e.Lv bushing and Hv bushing. Cooling:The cooling property of transformer is oil natural air forced cooling.Radiator is a major equipment of a transformer.Radiator is used for cooling the oil in a transformer.When the temperature is above 60 degree then fan starts,above 70 degree celcius standby fan starts,above 85 degree celcius water cooling is done.It is called as cooling fan cubicle.

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
Protection of transformer is necessary in a substation.By which we can reduce loss. Magnetic Inrush: When a transformer is first energized a transient magnetizing current may flow.This inrush current is seen as an internal fault and may reach 8 to 30 times the full load current. Factors controlling this inrush current are: 1.size of transformer 2.size of power system 3.Resistance in the power system from the source to the transformer 4.Type of core used in the transformer 5.Residual flux history 6.How the transformer is energized

Gas pressure relay or Buchholz relay: Whenever a fault in a transformer develops slowly,heat is produced locally,which begins to decompose solid of liquid insulated materials and thus to produce inflammable gas and oil flow.This phenomenon is used in the gas protection relay or popularly known as Buchholz relay.It is applicable only to the socalled conservator type transformer in which the transformer tank is completely filled with oil,and a pipe connects the transformer tank to an auxillary tank or conservator which acts as an expansion chamber.It is very sensitive to faults inside the transformer and operate faster than the differential relays.For protection against faults at the external bushings and other areas outside the tank differential relays are required. Overcurrent and Earth fault backup protection: Fault external to a transformer if not cleared promptly can cause transformer failure.An IDMT relay used for protection against over current is used for backup protection in such cases. Restricted Earth Fault protection: This type of protection is provided to detect the earth faults within the protected zone of the transformer.A CT is fitted in each connection to the protected winding and the CT secondary windings are connected to the relay in parallel. Over fluxing relays: The over fluxing condition in transformer can occur during system over voltage and or under frequency condition.This will cause an increase in the iron loss and disproportionately great increase in magnetizing current.It is also called as no load condition.In this case relay works .

SAFETY AND PREVENTION OF ELECTRICAL ACCIDENT :

The human body is a conductor to another or more usually from a live conductor to earth.The value of this current is determined by the magnitude of the applied voltage and the body impendance.The body impendance presented by a human being to an electrical supply is not constant and is determined by many factors including area of contact,pressure of contact,skin condition and most important,the applied voltage itself.The value of current may increase substantially due to sweating and blistering of the skin.Sometimes value of current passing through the body is lowered due to the increase in body resistance in addition to the reduction in applied voltage.Electric shock is the effect of current upon the muscles and nervous system.A large current flowing for a short length of time can have the same effect as a smaller current above the danger level for a long period i.e. both can result in death.