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The zooplnktons are exclusively of animal origin. In ponds, they mainly comprise protozoans,
rotifers, cladocerans, copepods and their larval forms. In older classification, Protista, a
kingdom into which all organisms of simple biological organization were classified. In
modern classification, it has been replaced by the Protoctista. Protoctista is a kingdom
consisting of unicellular or simple multicellular organisms that posses nuclei and cannot be
classified as animals, plants or fungi. Protoctista includes protozoa, algae, dinoflagellate,
oomycota and slime moulds. Common freshwater zooplanktons are described here with their
identifying characters.
Protozoa
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Amoeba: Older classification New classification
Kingdom-Protista Kingdom-Protoctista
Phylum- Protozoa Phylum- Rhizopoda
Class- Sarconida (Rhizopoda) Class- Lobosa
Order- Amoebaea (or, Amoebina) (rest is same)
Family- Chaosidae, Mayorellidae, Hartmannellidae, Hyalodiscidae
Genus- Amoeba
The amoeba appears to be the simplest possible living animals, an independent cell with
nucleus and cytoplasm but no permanent organelles. Movement by forming and extending
temporary fingerlike extensions or pseudopodia (pseudo-false; pods- foot). Contractile fluid
filled vacuole and food vacuoles are present. Pseudopodia lobose, fingerlike.
New classification
Phylum- Rotifera
Class- Monogononta, (freshwater rotifers, 1 ovary, Bdelloidea- 2 ovaries)
Seisonidae (marine rotifers)
A. Order- Ploima
(i). Family- Brachionidae
Sub-family- Brachioninae Examples of genera: Keratella, Kellicottia, Brachionus etc.
B. Order- Flosculariaceae
(i). Family- Testudinellidae Example of genera: Filinia
1. Keratella: Conical in shape, outer covering or lorica box-like with polygonal facets. Four
to six spines at anterior margins while 1-2 at posterior (spine are symmetric although not
necessarily equal).
2. Kellicottia: Body enclosed in a transparent box or lorica; anterior spines asymmetrically
unequal in length.
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3. Brachionus: Inhabit wide range of water bodies such as freshwater, backwater, saltlakes
and brackishwater. Size 120-250µ. Body enclosed in dumble shaped lorica, even number
(generally six) of spines projecting at anterior margin, foot annulated and retractile.
4. Asplanchna: Body large sac-like, lorica absent, spines absent, foot absent.
5. Filinia: Two to three very long movable appendages extends from anterior side, body
shape indefinite, foot absent (appendages are setiform extensions of cuticle).
Kellicottia
Keratella
Asplanchna
Brachionus
Filinia
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Euchlanis Plyartha
Gastropus
Macrotrochella
Testudinella
Trichotria
Arthropoda
With paired, joint appendages on a body nearly always segmented (segmentation is obscured
in some crustacea, especially smaller ones).
Crustacea (a sub-phylum under the phylum arthropoda): Two pairs of antennae, respiration by
gills or body surface.
The segmented body usually has a distinct head (bearing compound eyes, two pairs of
antennae and various mouthparts), thorax and abdomen and is protected by a shell-like
carapace. Each body segment may bear a pair of biramous appendages used for locomotion,
as gills and for filtering food particales from the water. Appendages in the head region are
modified to form jaws and in the abdominal region are modified to form jaws and in the
abdominal region are often reduced or absent. Typically, the eggs hatch to produce a free-
swimming nauplius larva. This develops either by a series of moults or undergoes
metamorphosis to the adult form.
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Nauplius larva: It has an unsegmented body with a single eye at the front (the nauplius eye),
mandibles, antennae and three pairs of limbs. Free-swimming larvae of crustacea.
Cyclops Nauplii
Class- Copepoda: Usually 0.5 to 2 mm long and lack both a carapace and compound eyes.
Five or six pairs of thoracic appendages, first 4 pairs being biramous, body small, cylindrical
and divided into a metasome (sometime called cephalothorax. It is the body segment of
copepods composed of the head and thorax) and a urosome (include the genital segment and
succeeding abdominal segments). Parasitic forms are greatly modified. Example- Cyclops,
Diaptomus, Canthocamptus.
Class- Branchiopoda (phyllopods):- Many pairs of flattened appendages on thorax serving for
both locomotion and respiration.
Order: Cladocera (water fleas): Four to 6 pairs of thoracic appendages; body compressed, all
except head usually enclosed within a bivalve carapace. Second antennae used for
locomotion, single compound eye.
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Daphnia
Ceriodaphnia
Sida
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Diaphanosoma: Phylum- Arthropoda
Sub-phylum- Crustacea
Class- Branchiopoda
Order- Cladocera
Family- Sididae
Genus- Diaphanosoma
Head more depressed, dorsal more arched, rostrum absent, antennules small, attached to basal
part with setae on each side and long slender flagellum. No anal spines on post abdomen,
claws with 3 basal spines.
Diaphanosoma
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spines. For more-detailed descriptions of taxonomically-useful anatomy, please
consult any good text book (Edmondson, 1959; Thorp and Covich, 1991).
Also notice the size of your animal. Taxonomic keys often include questions
about size. Determining size may seem tricky at first, but it is basically like using a
ruler in everyday life. You need to know the scale of your ruler and then match it with
items of interest. The standard ruler for a microscope is called an "ocular
micrometer", which is fitted into the eyepiece of your microscope. In lieu of a
micrometer, you can use the diameter of the field. Each of these methods requires
that you first standardize your microscope against a ruler of known length; at low
magnification, this standard could be a transparent office ruler, but at higher
magnifications a stage micrometer is needed. Be aware that different microscopes
are not exactly the same and the size goes down with increased magnification. For
example, a microscope at 100X has a field diameter of about 1,500 µm, but at 250X
this diameter is 450 µm.
Plankton Analysis
Information on the abundance and variations of natural fish food organisms is necessary for
proper fishery management. Methods of plankton analysis include collection of plankton
samples and analysis of the samples both quantitatively and qualitatively.
A. Collection of samples
In fish ponds plankton samples are generally collected using a truncated cone shaped net by
filtering known volume of water (normally 50 or 100 1). The plankton sieving net is the
common equipment used and is made of bolting silk cloth No. 25 (# 0.064 mm mesh size) for
phytoplankton and No. 13 (# 0.112 mm mesh size) for zooplankton.
Using 1+X as radius, lay off the arc C on a piece of paper. At Centre h, lay off angle a by
means of a protractor and draw lines he and hf. With x as radius, draw arc C of smaller circle.
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Leaving 1 cm all along the sides, the cloth may be cut and stitched and fitted onto a brass
frame having wooden handle.
For he and hf, mark points at 90 + 53.3 = 143.3° and 90 - 53.3 = 36.7°
Usually about 50–100 1 of water is filtered through the plankton net and the sample is
preserved in 5% formaldehyde. In the laboratory, the preserved plankton samples are analysed
for quantitative and qualitative aspects.
Settling volume:
Transfer the sample to a graduated cylinder or centrifuge tube and allow sufficient time (at
least 6–8 hours) for plankton to settle at the bottom and record its volume and express the
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volume as ml of plankton/1 or ml of plankton/m3. Centrifuge of the samples may also be
resorted to, for quicker analysis.
Wet weight:
The plankton sample is filtered through bolting silk cloth, excess water is blotted out and the
residual material is weighed. The wet weight is expressed as mg/1 or g/m3 water.
Dry weight:
After taking the wet weight, dry the plankton samples in a hot-air oven at 60–80°C for about
six hours and take the weight on a sensitive balance. Express the weight as mg/1 or g/m3.
Numerical count:
Dilute the filtered sample to a known volume, say 10 ml, and take for counting under
microscope. Shake well the diluted plankton sample and take one drop for counting on a
glass slide and cover with a cover slip or take 1 ml of plankton suspension in the Sedgewick-
Rafter counting cell having a capacity of 1 ml with its area divided into 1 000 equal squares.
Count the number of plankters under microscope with 10x and 10x lenses. If 100 squares at
random are counted, and 100 1 water had been filtered, the number per litre will be given by
X × 10 × 10÷100, where X is the number of plankters. While only the larger plankters are
counted in the “survey count” method, all the plankters are counted in the “total count”
method.
The “differential count” method is usually followed which requires enumeration of some or
all kinds of plankters, distinguishing them qualitatively into species or genera of
phytoplankton and zooplankton. Shake well the diluted plankton sample and take 1 ml of
plankton suspension in Sedgewick-Rafter counting cell or one drop on a glass slide and cover
with cover slip and count following the method described for numerical count. Instead of
counting the total number of plankton, count important groups of phytoplankton and
zooplankton separately. Important groups of phytoplankton usually encountered are green
algae (chlorophyceae), diatoms (Bacillariophyceae), blue-green algae (Cydnophyceae),
dinoflagellates (Dinophyceae) and chrysomonads (Chrysophyceae). Zooplankton in ponds
mainly comprise protozoans, rotifers, cladocerans, calanoid and cyclopoid copepods and their
larval forms and occasionally nematodes and ostracods.
Based upon the total counts, percentage composition of the different forms as well as
phytoplankton and zooplankton as a whole may be calculated with their seasonal variations.
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Literatures
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