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exactly like
ain in absolute silene , crawl!
10n .as over, the Dutch were led further
.., eouid be Viewed by the women re ainers ot
1r. The Sho un, during the audlence,
.,6-
,
t.b
N_ined out ot eight ot the lXltoh ree1<.!ent, behlnd a ourt In. Here
he Sboe;un aau1! the lXltohJlen to 0 thro h "a monkey-llke oomedy."
"They h d to rl and walk to and tro, excha e c mpllmente wlth eaoh
other, I!anoe, jump, repre.ent II. drunken m n, sp nit brok n Japan se,
palnt, real! Dutoh and German,.l ,put thelr clo ks on d ta e them
ott." ttle re.ldent wae alwaye 0 ntemptuouely reterred to ae a red-
handed barbaJ'lan and, wh n dlsmlssed trom th audlence, he was made to
,
agree to 11 eorts restrlctlons not ln accordance wlth clvl1lzed
usages.
So_ little meliorat1on took place ln th . of he
nlneteenth century, but no baslc change ot vlew so far s the bulk ot
the people were concerned. Thelr merchants ere Juot as dlshonest as
they had always been, tor various reasons, one of wh\ch ls that 1n a
feudal etate a merchant 1s down toward t e hottom ot t. e soolal soale,
and no as , r bow dlshonest he ls, hls positlon wl11 not be lowered.
180, It 1s perfectly leelt1mate to hoodWlnk the foreigner under ny
nd all oirou 'nc88.
a war and the preparatlon tor war, thelr methods conform t
,
-al,ebologloal make-up. Thelr great p
Sua BU and tzu, ,\1ho the
oeptors ue e the
o t oelobr ted
the literature ot Chlna, publ1she<t in 550 B.C. These
of .pl ln every posslble ay. "lIlt ry
be G en by calll l1. on ode and demon.; nor doee
.... DOl' oalcul tlon. It ls throueh men th t
alned." Sples acqulre the reateet merlt
".Iywhere in 11 sorts or gulses and dis ulBeB.
I6nlrapenln .nelll1' s servlce nd 1 t he for
o POsitions or responalbl11 y
'7.
d truet, BO.
, tbat. t.hey can galn lntorDlll.t1on. ery advantage is taken to work into
the geod grac...... the friendship and the oonfidence of the forei nero
The most elaborate sy.tem of espionage is maintaIned by them. espeoial_
ly lth and 1n the United States. With the of the country by
CollllOdore Perry. their outward customs respeoting foreigners had to- be
Ohaq;ed lhel "ere mad. tO
I
by force. Their lnward psychology cha ed
T.r, 11ttle. howev.r. and with Slight modlfioat1ons. 1s the same today.
fhe United tates did everyth1ng to help along this
country 1n 1ts apparent attempts to emerge from barbarianism. The lead-
1ng men of Japan saw full well what the obstruotive taot1os of the
Chinese were bring1ng them to. and they knew t the small lslands of
Japan would be quickly up by the United or some other
enterpri.ing wh1te pOller. unless decided cha. es took place and the
country 1mbibed sufficient western olvillzatlon at le st to make modern
gun power. guns and
In 1868. thls .entlment had grown so strong that a revolut10n took
plaee Whlch put aside the old system of entire leo1 tion and lna u ted
new one ot 1eam1ne the white man's methods. usi them for thelr own
protaot,loQ w1th him. The Ja nese saw that
the eo 1al of the white man was d1rected re and re
.eQuring the trade of Asia. lIhirh held mo than half the popu-
the world. mb1 should not Japan then, at the doors of As1a,
boiI:4 tnla trade 88a1nst nat10ns and peoplo that 11 re seven
Qr aore 11118.
80lng to school 1n the estern world. She sent
and lmported fore1gner. to teach h r. These were
that had formerly been taken away fr9m her by the v rious powers.
Japan now began to realize what her own country
llleant. Her population flocked more and more to the cities to
?
aJ>-
enjoy the high of the worker. Sma I as i her cultiva-
table area, only one_twelfth or the eurfece of her i lands, she began
to feel the lack of laborers on the farms. The prices of agrlcultural
prodUot. went up. Her laborers, taking a cue from the westerners, be an
organizing into labor unions. Her rtisans obtained an ei ht hour day.
Their wages were boosted until now they re about seveaty ercent of
tho In and England, and as the Japanese turn out only bou
...enty percent a. lIILloh work per day, the totlli output per doll r, of
ooat, i. about the same as in the west. Generall speakinp, her mechbn-
1 aN uoellent worlmen. Her raw materials cost tremendously, iron
times what they do in th United atates.
that hnr former cheap tabor an pro-
thine of the past, Ilnd that, havi- Industri lized
,
level. and Dtandards of livin,; as the
wa. 60ing to great 01ffioulty in ntaln1ng
.48_
I
,
here_It against western particul rly American
Thelr tear of
century w snow beglnni to come true. America waa
beglnning to overproduce more nd mor , .nnd the mark t of ABla tormed
the greatest ou1let. She mu t compote on the continent of Asla with
America until such time s she could put the 1 tter out 0 business ln
a wyand drive her oompletely out of Asla.
'l'b6refore, Japnn swur16 the pendulum once agaln. She began pro_
plt1atl the Chinese In eve way so as to gain their favor. The
bayonets were hidden from view by a thin curt in anq
1 :>
tlon was begun ln earnest. Japan began buyl up all ln
not want to f1 ht an offensive war, and does not want to fight at all
without an ally. An ally 18 a very diffioult th1 to obtain. She has
tried every open1ng to find one 1n Europe. She tho ht for a while that
GermBn1 would be a ready listener, but Germany not only sees thrau b
that Japan does, but that a strong American position
1n Asia is the best gu of whlte dominance in the world.
There is no use for any one to question the necessi y of ' white
do81nance. If the whites do not dominate, then the yellow raoe lill.
Germ&n7 waa tbe originator of tae expression. "yellow and du ing
the war DO one- but a white man BeITed under ber banners in rope. So
it 1. toward. Ruaaia Japan now leans, but no matter how muoh she
leana
ere, ahe will find a broken staff when the time comes, b oause,
.al froa tbe taot that the Russians have a ood deal of' "whi te" in
the. their policy of expansion eastward runs directly contrary
to Japan'l hopei of Asiatio Empire.
AI to China. Japan has learned full well that she cannot organize
her ln Iltary way' at thil time. To do this requires a great deal of
money to handle the big m n and a tremendous a unt of equipment, officers,
and non-commlssioned offioers to organize Chinese troops. The Japanese
h ve tew ot these attributes and are not accustomed to organizing and
using troops of a subJeot people. England, Ge ny or the United States
could do much better with them. Furthermore, the Chinese do not want
any more trouble than they have. from any people. place or country.
They want to be let alone. They oonsider that biolo ically and economlc-
ally will gradually absorb anything wlth thich they come in contact.
They want all others to keep out of China. If outsiders lnsist on
coming. they w1l1 throw them out lt they can. but If they cannot, they
Will let 'the slow process
..... 't/hat worrle's th m
,
of biolog1cal assimilat10n do its
most are the North Europeans and Americans.
beoause they do not stay in Chln m1x with the peopl and become
,
Iwallowed up among them ln a few years. but on the contrary, 0 home
and renew their vlgor. thousands ot miles away from sla. The Chinese
conslder. however. that none of the wh1tes will become so strong that
they w111 be able to take ChinaJ under their arm. and baggage, be-
cause the whltes fight so much among themselves. They thinS that lf the
experiment of government (as they oons1der It) 1s success 1 1n the
Unlted States. that thls power wield a tremendous lnfluenoe ln the
. future. but.. tor the tille being and tor many deoades to come, the United
Stat .uat .tand tor the ot Ch1na. beoauee by doing that the
whole bod7 of Ch1na w111 be kept open for the lale ot Amer1can goode
.. w111 Dot be allowed to par\ltloD the oountry and Japan wl11 be
e rbed 1n her ambitions. -5'.
" '., .
.. .. ,""I
'!'heretore, look where she wll1, J pan 1s unable to find an 11y.
She is flirt1 with, nce, but the Gaul, impotent in hsi , wants to
keep good teeli there on account of his poesesslons ln Ind'-China.
The Japanese are alao afraid of merlc n tr de reprlsals. ore
than one-h t of the total torel n trade of the Jap nese empire io ith
America. OVer ninety percent of all her silk oes to America, hil
the importll from the United States of metal products, ootton, he t
the
in v rio' 8 forms, and lumber, h ve become very important in economl0
lite ot J'apan, and are thi Il she cannot very well get alo wlthout.-
Whlle 1t 111 a quelltion whether the United States wO'11d boycott Japanese
ooda ae a counter meallure against n Japanese boycott, any ction on
the part of the Ja Bnese to offer a eneral boycott against Amerlcan
goode would probably lead to lar.
There are III!lDl more Jap eee in merlcan pooeeselons than there
are Americane ln J panese possesslons. Those ln Hawali and Amerlc ,
amountlng to some two hundred thousand, are well treated, protected in
their vested rl htll, and tree to oirculate ae they desire. Any declded
I1lI11treatment of Americana in Japanese terri tory would result in general
clean-up ot Japaneae in America a ~ d probably ln Hawali. They m1 ht ..~
be entirely expelled from the co ntry and their property disposed ot
.at once to American citi.ens.
Japan, theretore, baa more to lose tMn sho has to g ln
trom eoonomic repriaals. It they are inaugurated, it wll1 be with
a view ot torcing the Untted Statea1nto an oftensive are
There are two eohools ot thought 1n Japan ae to the mll1t ry ac-
tlon that abould be tat with the Unlted States. Both of these desire
the oo_lete exte:na 10n ot the A_rloan nation aa a commerclal,
41 tio or .1llt. r'1 t tor 1D the r !!A.t. They Meo nlze th t it
,
.54-
weaker ln every way; also, that sooner or 1 ter,
the United State. keeps on, sooner or later
be made
the United States
an easy target for an overseas expedition. Now they think d1ffe ently
and know that ln case of an unsuccessful Japanese expanSion
United 5t tes was
ropean war. They
befo 0 the
.ill be stopped, that her armaments will be llmited,' and that she will
cease to eXist as a great power. Both parties agree that the proper
will consider the maintenance of a gre t military force by any s1 tic
nation as a direct menace to the safety of the American n tion nd
A lo-Saxon "destlny" ln the Pacific. The fore, sooner or later, they
must fi ht. The only question is hOW, when and where.
They are not so sure of their military bility now as they "ere
strategy ls to do as much as poss1ble of the fighti near their own
shores, where, If the United St t s sends a nave.l arm dB.. it is sure to
be destroyed. The Japanese better prep rea), co'parativelY,
than the erican.. At this t1me, also. Engl nd is very much occu-
It,,. _
$
:
J
!be 81.. and oondit1on of the Japanese Army 1s well known. They
two bwldred and t'1tty thousand men under arms. ,,1th a total J!.Ul.V
...la' 'wo .11110n tra1ned men. The1r armament 1s getting a 11ttle
It 18 about. t.ntl 1.an nO'll since they "ere equ1pped with the1r
Hnt ....pon All or th.ir uter1el 1B wearing out at about the same
80 \bat. a oondd.....bl. outlay '11111 be required to replaoe 1t.
wlt.b the Japanese. A.ll of hor people I\re instructod trom their enr-
11est ohildhood not to divulge anythi of a mill tary n' ture to forel n-
ell'll. This ls carried -absolutely to extreoes an reDultD in the attHude
at the Japanese, which we all notioe, of avoidi i Gues, equivooating,
and downright misrepresentatIon. On the other hand, the reatest
stress 1s lald on the galning of infoTm1ltlon from t 1e other person,
whioh agaln 1. oarrled to foollsh extremes. The Ja that comes
into lour otfioe, for 1nstanoe, wll1 note every piotu c on the all.
111 note all the buttona on your clothes, and \7111 rep/)rt on the most
tr1vial Thls gaining' of infoI'lD:ltlon on all forei matters an
conceali thelr own,aotlvities 1s 10 est bl1shed .praotlce wIth
th.... on> i C 0'1 "r n.
, .
G.l1ft'all1 spealt1 .:thei r military resombles he ....
, '
German 8yste. and 18 very well adapted to theIr n ads. Th system
natural.17. inolud the industrial mobllltatlon of the c?untry and the
t.uftllQB out ot of equipment In quantlty, before nd rluri
war. Tbe1r arm, appeare to be Dufflcient for any of their prospectlve
nee4a, .ither tor tald the offensive on the oontinent of al or elee.
wbell'll, or for acti on the defenslve in thelr 0 n countr or 1n any
ot tbelr pOiion
I' t be held 1n mind that the whole l1tto l'of Asia, from
KalMl.tilra to the Southern limit of alrcraft radius from rmos 1e
....I :lJ .r air force domlnanoe,and oomlll1nic t on from Japan to the
eoI.tlJ..l' ot 1& can oal, be stopped by bringl superior air po er
So 10 , therefore, ae Japan can hold oontrol ot
aa' of A.la she will bave free oommunication tro.
ootiD.nt nd oan transport her mill t ry rorce.,
-60-
artieularly acroas the Stralts of Shlmonosekl. with tncility
. Japan's navy conforms in organizatl and traini to th t of
England and Is desl ned. of course. primarily for defense against the
United States. Since the adVent or air the policy of naval
expansion has been 30mewhat modified and a gre t deal of attention is
,
being given to the development of aubmarines. Fifteen hundred ton
submarines have been bUilt, twenty-five hundred ton submarines are
being built, and it is 8ald that submarines of forty-five hundred tons
are contemplated. These large submarines will form excellent
to air forces operating on Islands. They could act as fuel,ammunition
and spart parts transports. also as airplane transports.
I went to Nagasaki. in the middle of July. the first battle
fleet of the Japanese was in the This flee d been maneuvering
in the direction of the Bonin Islands for some time and I as returning to
make a tour of the princ1pal Jap nese ports to perm1t the people to see
the ships. This fleet consisted of two 'battle cruiserc, the Konge and
KlrishIma, two battleships. the Nayoto and ton. e1 hteen f1rst line
destroyers and eight submarines. with four supply eh1ps and one subma-
rine tender. They were anchored in the bay from the mouth 1nward, 1n
the followi order a battleships. battle oruisere. 11ght oru1sers,
destroyers and auppll sh1pe. I saw the fleet move out the morn1.ng of
JUll eighteenth. The weather was quite cloudy, with consIderable fog,
and the Yhibil1ty rather bad. The flrst Intimation that we had th t
th. oraft were moving out was the coming of two squadrons of single
ter Sopwlth pureuit airplanes from the airdrome of Sa.sebo. Theee
follo..d b.J .everal two-seater observation planee. The
till. _OWId out of the harbor, followed by the destroyers. the 11 ht
ttl. oruia.re. the ba.ttleships and the supply vessels.
-61_
whole thi struck me as being very well exeouted and swoo hly
don. I had observed the elrewa of these vessels 1n a said on the
p eoeding d y. They looked ln good shape. well clothed, and el1-
disoiplined. s the lmmigration question was c usi a re t deal
of ant1-Americ n feeli ln Japan. lt was feared there m ht
be some claah between the Americans on bo rd the Amerlcan traneport_
.. Thom a. about to arrive, and the J anese, so tha all the oal10 s
wtre wlthdrawn tram the city s oopn as the Thomas appeared.
There ls a "questlon whether the earthquake really hurt their
naval establ10hment or not. Their naval port and dock y rds at Yoko-
sua were badly damaged as were some of th naval veose1s. They
aloo lost some fuel 011, but the amount destroyed ls a I
do not thlnk _ their mval power has boen diminished by the earth-
quake. On the other hand. it m y have increased. Their worthless
qul ment.,and n reat deal of other equipment destroyed.l)..l'........
Wi
Rale"ObaOlesoent) ... will be rep1aoed by newer articles.
A lot ot attention is bei given to !ture, nay 1 port on the
east ooaat ot Japan. Th1a 18 aleo be ng made a principal aircl'aft
a tlon and a fuel baae. The fuel 16 being laoed both on the island
ot )ture and on the mainland opposite. I do not think th t any cam-
palgn .alnat Japan. based on me 1y cuttlng otf her supply of fuel
froa suaatra. and other pointa a dlstanoe, lill be succees.
fUl, beoau bet.een her reBervea of 011, the"Bhel1 011" Ihich she is
beSl to 8.
t
fro. Manohuria, and the developmen of other 011 in
.. and the lsland Of sakhalln. ahe will have enouph to supply her
....a... plana tor the use of the navy will undoubtedly conte
-62.
ir
plate 1ng the surface vessels near home under protoction of her
pOwer. pushinB her submarinos well out to sea, directi thom against
hostile commerce, and using them as auxiliaries to her air force.
There i8 a great deal of discussion in Japan, ao there is in
other places, about the futility of maintaining a great surface fleet,
due to the development of air power.
v/hat the fUtu holds for Japan in an aeronautical way is, of
course. a question. The creation of a suitable military aviation de-
pends primarily on haVing a personnel which is capable of atanding
10DS 1n the air. Only a few countries have this
The Chinese, for instance, who very ood pilots nd excellent
mechanics, are incapable of d elop1
a Breat m1litary av1ation, be-
country, 18 and until a form of govern_
to give up life for
cause the spark or element of patriotism nhich causes the Willingness
the greatest air pow
Bolas to fly. and may end up by developi
63-
ment 1s adopted by the Chinese which will be up to respected
f'.Al'""Y'\. I t.4U (d..o.. "A..Q",? .
by her fig
ht1
nc classes, an efficient ary av1ation oannot be pro-
duced. On the other hand Japan is capable of atandinr lossee. One Can
be sure that her pursuit aviation 17ill stand as heavy losses as any
otber: whether she would accomp11sh as much.J 1n as other
powers is another matter. This would be a fUnct10n of tra1ning and of
the pro..r of her a r forces.
0- "rt"\ /
As thlA!S stend. it takes no to teach Jap nese to fly than
it do Anglo.Saxons. Nat ally they are not so conversant with mechan_
ical arrangements and the1r minds are not molded lnto alr ways of think_
1ms, but they are getting all of this Just as we did ten or f1fteen
,.ars 1180. They are improVing all the time. One a ften hears 11:" sald
t.IIat ....ille oannot ny. Nothlng 1s more fallaoious than th1s. They can
au about anyth1.ng. and an estlmate mat e by peoplo oomersant \"I th
on
tha.t 11e
met.
the 1 test
of manu ctur1llB and
'\
th t th Y have strlk-
to our ry systems of
nese alr '/er. 0 re JUU'" be
lmost 1mpossible to be
ooordl
aeronauticR.1 equ1 mont ln every eron ut-
perfectly capable
t.er 1s no doub
tion, e only iv credenoe to thi s of wh1ch
rHh the diffioulty of gainin,
nd are
country 1n the world. Thoy re etti
ot the J
1nto consideration the roblems
t e J n thc nner ln which they 0 n be
ocurate.. alJ I
mllU ry 1nfo
The Japan Be are buy1
In the wOl"ld.
In m'lkl
th t 1t 1s not underestl ted.
we ro a.bsolutely sure.
about the Jap nose a.vi t1on, lt 1
aeronautioal syotems takl
g 1nt
10al manufacturi
types of eve
hancU1ng
1n<- torce of at lea t slx hundred a1rplanes. half of which are pursuit
and heJ.f bombardment. with entlrely adequ< to reserves of equipment and
Air power 0 nnot be developed from flo tinr baa a or aeao ft.
&11e4 " irp1!\ns carrier" haa pr"ot10 lly no v Ius a'" in t shore
on the1r a1rways from Kamch k to the northern ls1ands of the
Ph1l1ppine group,,> from the m in J paneee 1slan e to anohuri on the
west and to the Bonin lslands and on to Guam 1n test. This foroe,
"/ -
wlth it" obeerv t on and surveillanoe avi tion, wl1l be oapable of
oontrolling hese sea are s of J p n. Consequ n ly. ny offensive to
,
be pushed agalnst Japan ,,111 have to be made under oov r of our own ir
used ny.
fu 1 th m fast
ble of bei
nnot launch suff1cient ire f
1'lnd them 'lfld
beo!\use ito
them, oannot
to mainta1n it. This force .il1 be c
..nt" of vi tion,
cannot oontro1
lrlrstt oarrlers, in a dlt on, h ve
lie or tt
o condUct an alr ortenslve against Jap n, u 1
1m ..lbl
to proteot themselves ainet other surf' oe vessel such aD sub rines,
d .tr0lera.crulsers and battleships, so that a c'nslderable outlay
IN
THE FAR EAST
Political conditions in the Pacific have changed greatly in
the last ten years. Before the European ITar, t.e white man dominated
the Asiatic contineDt politically, commercially and in a military way,
to a much greater extent than is now the caee. Physically, should the
white countries to apply military forcll in the ar East, they
are capable of exerting more power now than they were able to before
European War. Proportionately, vhe white people have better Armies,
better. Air Forces, and better Navies, better means of constructing
war material, and better means of applying it than the Asiatics
have, including Japan.
/
On the other hand, the attitude of mind of the white people,
growing out of war tiredness, the lack of a desire to exert pressure
physically, and the growing sentiment amot'lg the ,.. liI.La 1'ee1'1e of allow-
ing dependencies and formerly subject people to etermine for them-
selves their methods of government, have led to a great weakening
of the white man's prestige and initiative. Prestige is a very impor-
tant thing with the Asiatics. The Easterners have always aonsidered
themselves superior to the Europeans, mentally, spiritually and
biologically. They have bowed only to the European military ower
and excellence in the sciences.
'--
,
neither
air forces nor ground forces are sufficient to resiEt an on
of a firs class power.
Dutch Island of Natuna, capable of great as
an air an naval station, absolutely controls he Straits of Malacca.
fear its seizure by the Japanese at the slightest provocation.
Japan's power unquestionably is growmng tronger constantly, and
political, commercial and foothold upon the continent
of Asia is becoming more secure. In sp1te of the d1ffic Ities conncct-
ed with industrialization of her country, she is develop1ng new
fiel 9 for her coomerce and creati.g points for wh_ch
she lacks, such as iron a d oil. These things make her more and more
independent of outside assistance, either political, commercial or
military.
The size and condition of the Japanese Army is well known.
have about two hundred and fifty thousand men under arms, with
a total of about two million trained men. Their armament is getting
a little old. It is about twenty years now since they were equipped
with their present weapons. All of their materiel is wearing out at
about the same time so that a considerably will be required to
replace it. When replaced it will be the newest in the world, because
all the European military nations have the equipment used during
the World War. That now is beginning to be out-of-date, as the war
1. alaost ten ,.ar. behind us. Many changes and improvements have
81De. which the Japanese will avail themselves of.
The Navy appears to be in good condition.
The Japanese have specialized on their air force since 1918.
They have taken the best European models and copied them, both in
organlzatiol, training and
are probably the second a
teriel. It,nol ary ears that the Japanese
/ -' r
r power in the 11 rld wHl. 'between 600
lem. Their airways extend
Manchuria, north
ands t
indu
from Formosa th ough their main islands to
&.Il hI...' '''''
along the Kuriles up to Kamchatka, which is opDosite and not very
from the States Aleutian Islands pf Alaska.
/i', ..
take their the Bonin Islands to the vicinlty of
and possibly through the Pelew, Caroline and Marshall
p-retee1;gpatee \U
Of the United States possessions in the Pacific, the Hawaiian
iit.D.1..1'
Islands are,roughly, about one third the dis the Island
,
of two thirds, While the Philippines nestle against the
side of the Asiatic continent.
There seven large inhabited islands in the Hawaiian group,
varying from 35 miles to 90 miles from each other, the whole seven
being about 350 miles from north to south.
All the possessions of the white powers in the Far East are
held by military forces. In the Hawaiian Islands, the policy of
the United States is to maintain a sufficient garrison to hold them
againet a sudden attack until they can be einforced from the
mainland; and a naval supply depot from which naval craft can
have been"a f ne
Islands are encountered.
Japanese air forces can fly doun\with comparative
commissioned", officers.
{y '\JI'1r{AlAAl"
upon in case ot serious domest1c m111tary cond1-
For use againrt
Tho horbo>
pOwerful and capable of entirely off surface seacraft in t.e
dayt1me and in ,good weather. Of
force is insignificant, poorly equipped and trained.
It would be impossible to this force with success against any
foreign invasion, particularly an invasion of Japanese air forces.
The Japanese posoessions come within 60 miles of the northern island,
of the Philippine bout three
southern base of Luzon/fnd Mindanao.
In a war 1t
6
i'ldet"Japan in the Far East, the Philippines Vlould
be a hindrance and not an asset.
hJ.M ttv.-U NtvJ.(
and has been forcing it down their throat ever since. The Chinese have
always had stringent laws and regulations against the UEe of opium.
Next to the constant use of force, the killing of Chinese by
the British, and latterly by the Americans, has had a very bad effect.
The bombardment of Nanking in the spring of 1927 '''as one of the worst
blows ever received by British and American prestige. (seedS of hate
were 50 deeply SOTIn in that one incident that they will probably hever
be uprootedi
It is a Singular thing that no great agitation is aroused when
a ship, to protect its nationals, lands a force of marines, who may
have a fight with the people on shore and kill hundreds of them; but
the minute a hip to fire big guns into unresisting cit es, it
is heard around the world. Although not much damage may be done, as
do
bombardment by ships really never does /\l1luch damage, still it makes
a tremendous impression.
To a casual observer, present in China may seem to
indicate that she is becoming a great military power, especially when
taking in account the fact that she is able to exert an increasingly
greater influence on Western nations. A deeper look into the
will reveal a very simple explana ion for this phenomena, LS tnat
estern nations are no longer united in their poliCy oward China as
they have been heretofore.
For instance, in 1900, when the legations were attacke n
Peking, the Americans, British, French, Japanese, Russians and Germans,
under the command of a German general, marched to the relief of the
besieged Westerners. At the present time, the Germans are absolutely
pla1ins their own gu
Aaerloa 1s insisting ,on the open door in China and equal opryor-
tunl 1 tor all. England. endeavoring to maintain her colon
-10-
and commercial enterprises, is using more force than any other
nation.
The only thing that has prevented the dismemberment of
China has been the jealousy of the great World Powers toward each
other. None of the nations, not even England or Japan, finds it
expedient to exert too much military power against the Chinese,
as they know they will be restrained by the others. Naturally,
this is just what China wants.
Although all the Chinese are fighting and striving among
themselves,bbbb with armies and bribes, and with diplomacy, XEB1
all factions understand full well what is happening among the
Occidentals. They hey are better off now in their dealings
With the whites than at any time heretofore.
It is not the military power of China that has ushered in
this change, - it was brought about by the divisions and dissensions
among the Western nations competing for Chinese trade.
Since the overthrow of the Manchu regime in 1911, political
matters in China have gone from bad to worse, so that at the present
central
time the has little or no power (over the rest
of the country1] China has lapsed into a state of feudalism. vith
chiefs more or less powerful controlling parts of the ancient
empire;; comparable 't-o her old condit ion of 'three- separate' government.s.<4
Im01m:.&B the -North. aoo"SoutherrlrKingdoms. Although
.. in some cases acknowledging the authority of Peking. the warring
a law unto themselves. They maintain their own military
eBtablishmentB, levy their own taxes and administer things in any way
the1 de.ire.
-11-
It' is interesting to trac,e the causes of the ?resent condition.
The Chinese have never held the military profession in high esteem,
Throughout their history, they have only raised armies and practiced the
profession of arms seriously when called upon to resist invation or
to make a necessary conquest. Throughout her thirty centuries of
existence, although menaced on all her frontiers by warlike neighbors,
China has been the least militaristic nation on the earth. Those
nations which have conquered her, such as the Mongols and the Manchus,
whose form of government ~ a s based on military overlordship, rapidly
~ , , " ~
lost ~ andvreverted to the Chinese system of having all governmental
administration reside primarily in the hands of civilians. This con-
tinued until the overthrow of the Manchu dynasty in 1911, and the
subsequent seizure of the government by the military party. Yuan
Shih Kai, in attempting to establish his system, appointed military
commanders in all the subdivisions of the empire. These were persons
upon whom he could rely and v'ere of the military class, as distin-
guished from the old civil governors who had been selected by a
series of competitive examinations from the body of the Chinese
people. As the authority of the central government was gradually
broken down, the strength of the Tuchuns, or military governors, grew,
until the present condition exists.
With it has come an augmentation of the total number of men
under arms that are called "soldiers". There has been a complete break-
down of the whole Chinese military system laid out by the former German
instructors. There is no uniformity in equipment, operations or sup-
plie., and the so-called armies consist merely of more or less trained
retainers.
-12-
The Northern section is now under Chang Tso Lin, warlord of
anchuria; the center under Wu Pei Fu,and south under the Cantonese,
who ostensibly are carrying out the broad principles of nationalism laid
down by great Chinese patriot, Sun Yat Sen. However, they are torn
by internal diseension res Iting from Bolshevist propaganda, and hampered
by weak finances, so it is a question about how far they wi 1 go.
All of these factions, however, are united in anting to get the
foreigners out of China. "Let us alone," they say, "V/e jill Vlork out
our own salvation."
The growing sentiment is pervading the country that a strong
political organization is necessary for the further continuance of
the Chinese as an independent people. While they hate political
organization, they are beginning to understand that in order to combat
the Western nations and keep them out, and to prevent themselves from
becoming enslaved either economically or politically, they must be
to hold their own against the Occidentals.
The military class is beginning to be regarded wtth more favor
higher
by the people, and men of better family and XK standing in the com-
munity are inclined to go into it. It will take a long time for the
Chinese to develop a political government Which will be able to cope
with those of the western world. From a military standpoint, the
economic state of China is so primitive that she cannot manufacture
war material, such as aircraft, cannon, motor cars,tanks and other
things that are for the prosecution of modern war.
On the other hand, her great economic weapons, the boycott and
strike, are very effective against industrial nations.
We must be careful in the United States to handle our affairs
-13-
I
with China in a stra1ghtforward and independent manner, because if we
become involved 1n the minds of the Chinese with other nations who have
interests at stake, our prestige will be greatly affected. We must
insist on the open door, that is, equal opportun1ties for all, and
resist the acquirement of special pr1vileges by any other nation or
people. This has been our tradit10nal policy with respect to Ch1na
and it must not be changed to cater to spec1al interests, or the
insidious propaganda of foreign diplomats.
- ~ -
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