Mentor

Manager

DMTS: Billy C. Brock

Kurt W. Sorensen

Passive & Active Electromagnetic Frequency Selective Surfaces for High-Power Beam Applications
Org: 05345 SAR Sensors & Technologies

Jacques H. Loui
TRUMAN FELLOWSHIP
2006-2009

LDRD Investment Area: Strategic Partnerships

LDRD Day, 2008

Goal, Approach and Content

Goal: Produce novel, reconfigurable, metal/dielectric surfaces/volumes for adaptive control over EM scattering. Approach: Embed tunable materials as periodic unit-cells in a thick metal plate to affect electromagnetic wave propagation based on electrical configuration.

Variation of unit-cell geometry

Controls Frequency & Angle Dependence EM Applications Radome/Filters Flat Lens Tunable Absorbers Meta-Surfaces

Variation of unit-cell filling

Addresses Tunability

tapered unit-cells compound unit-cells sub-wavelength unit-cells anomalous transmission Content: Progress made in areas

changing permittivity permeability tensors ferrite-based FSSs dispersion engineering

Theoretical LDRD Day, 2008

Numerical

Experimental

Application

Approach for tunable FSSs

Natural Heat Sink, Compact and Rigid

switches attenuator

Shutters Absorbers

feed diode

Antenna Arrays Mixers/Sensors

amplifiers
Perforated Thick Metal Plate

Power Combiner

delay LDRD Day, 2008

Flat Lens

Bi-static scattering of out-of-band signals

Out of BAND

IN BAND

LDRD Day, 2008

Angle response requires unit-cell modification

LDRD Day, 2008

Angle response can be improved via hole taper

Phase criterion determines resonance location determines Q of the resonance and is dependent on the diameter/period ratio, larger d/p leads to broadband response

LDRD Day, 2008

Parabolic taper allows more rays to pass

r inc
h
is Ax la bo ra Pa

New Parabolic Taper

01-16-2007

LDRD Day, 2008

TRUMAN FELLOWSHIP
2006-2009

TE/TM transmittance through tapered-hole array

Tapered

0.7

LDRD Day, 2008

Introduction to compound unit cell

y

New Contribution (Compound Unit Cell)

y x

Metal

z y x

Metal

z y x

Diele ctric Laye r Sho s or Me rt tal

Current State of the Art (Simple Unit Cell)

LDRD Day, 2008

Diele ctric Meta Layers or l Sho rt

Numerical discovery of anomalous transmission

LDRD Day, 2008

Changing the length and permittivity in one slot

LDRD Day, 2008

Experimental work on compound FSS

CNC Wire Electrical Discharge Machining

Photographed by: Daryl Reckaway

Hole Wire

Photographed by: Daryl Reckaway

Stress relief by oven curing is necessary before Wire EDM Oxidation in small holes prevents electrical discharge
Clarence D. Esquibel

Org. 024312 Project Machining & Rapid Turn

3-hrs of machine time per slit

LDRD Day, 2008

Construction of a FSS measurement apparatus

LDRD Day, 2008

In-house microwave aspheric lens design code

K-Band

MATLAB code 3D skew ray Aspheric lenses Dynamic movement Spot diagrams Beam tracing*

280mm f-1 Hyperbolic Lens and its holder LDRD Day, 2008
* Work in progress

Magnetically biased ferrite can provide tunability

Current controls magnetic bias H0 H0 changes permeability tensor which affects propagation constant

Partially saturated case

Fully saturated case

There are two models for

Enables active amplitude, phase and polarization control

E y Ex Ey E Ex x = x x + j y + x j y 2 2 2 2

the permeability tensor: 1. 2. 3. Fully saturated based on physical arguments. Partially saturated based on empirical data. Problem: they dont agree

LDRD Day, 2008

Tunability in infinite ferrite medium (Saturated)

Saturated Ferrite under bias gyro-magnetic ratio gyrotropic bias (precession frequency) 3m saturation magnetization 30m 1 THz Circular polarized wave propagation 3.57 KT 357 T 35.7 T 3.57 T 3570 G

Frequency range limited by available magnet

100 GHz 10 GHz

Tunable Absorption
(Infinite Ferrite medium)
25 20 15 10 5
eff

200 (H=[0.8 1 1.2]H0) phase () and /rotation () (deg/mm)

+ eff eff

150

(H=[0.8 1 1.2]H0)

It would be really nice if we had

100

Tunable Delay

Phase

0 -5 -10 -15 -20 -25 0 5

50

Notice that

in this region
10 Frequency (GHz) 15 20

in the same region for now we have attenuation

Rotation

-50 0

10 Frequency (GHz)

15

20

LDRD Day, 2008

Infinite ferrite medium (Partially Saturated)

Saturated Ferrite under bias Partially Saturated Ferrite under bias gyrotropic bias (precession frequency) saturation magnetization 10% Error [Rado, 1953] [Green & Sandy, 1974] Curved fitted with no physical bases (Infinite Ferrite medium)
phase () and /rotation () (deg/mm)
5 eff (Saturated) 4 eff (Saturated)
-' +' -' +'

Circular polarized wave propagation

160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 -20 -40 0 5 10 Frequency (GHz) 15 20 (++-)/2 (Saturated) (+--)/2 (Saturated)

3 2 eff 1 0 -1 -2 0

eff (M=[0 0.5 0.9]Ms) eff (M=[0 0.5 0.9]Ms)

As M from 0 Ms, the partially saturated tensor model (green & pink) and the fully saturated tensor model (red and blue) do not connect!
20

Low Field Losses

Wave plate Tunable Rotation

(M=[0 0.5 0.9]Ms) (M=[0 0.5 0.9]Ms)

Phase

Rotation

10 Frequency (GHz)

15

LDRD Day, 2008

Measuring the tensor permeability of ferrites

240

Freq: Ku-Band Measures permeability tensor of partial & saturated cylindrical ferrite samples

220 200 180

(1/m)

Empty Waveguide Bias=0.00V Bias=0.03V Bias=0.06V

160 140 120 100 80 60 15 15.5 16 16.5 17 17.5 Frequency (GHz) 18 18.5

Truman Fellow Jacques H. Loui Mentor DMTS Billy C. Brock Graduate Student Texas A&M Jacob J. McDonald

EE Professor CU Boulder Edward F. Kuester

LDRD Day, 2008

How do we put ferrite inside the unit-cells?

4th order PDE

Parameter of Interest General Solution

Specific solutions only possible for simple structures

parameter of interest waveguide filling

LDRD Day, 2008

Development of a high-order 2D Eigen-solver

Edge-Based Eigen Mode Solver Inhomogeneous (Scalar) Node-Based Eigen Mode Solver Homogeneous [Tensor]
LDRD Day, 2008

Active Ferrite-based FSS Concept

Fields of research involved: Tunable materials [dispersive tensor] Electromagnetic scattering Periodic structures In homogeneously filled waveguides Dispersion engineering Material measurement capabilities Quasi-optic measurement techniques
TRUMAN FELLOWSHIP
2006-2009

LDRD Day, 2008

Active ferrite-based FSS concept

LDRD Day, 2008

Summary & Conclusions

Goal: Produce novel, reconfigurable, metal/dielectric surfaces/volumes for adaptive control over EM scattering. Approach: Embed tunable materials into the periodic unit-cells of a thick metal plate to affect electromagnetic wave propagation based on electrical configuration. Accomplishments: Theoretical: Explained the origin of anomalous transmission Showed via net-work theory the mechanism that governs scattering from thick FSSs

Numerical: MM-EGSM method for analyzing anomalous and extraordinary transmission problems High-Order 2D FEM Eigen mode solver 3D skew ray tracing lens design software CST script for design corrugate horns

Significance: 1. This work satisfies the strategic intent of the Truman fellowship. [multiple orgs., 3 universities, 2 graduate students, 6+ publications (one in physical review, 3 journal, 3 conference), 3 TAs, 4+ Sand Reports, 1 additional LDRD for SAR, and supported the efforts of GC-LDRD in meta-materials]

Experimental: Gaussian beam measurement system Ferrite tensor characterization system

2.

Provided Sandia a firm footing (tools & infrastructure) in the area of sub-wavelength EM scattering and RF ferrite based innovations. Multi-morphic surfaces open new venues for lowobservables and benefits both Strategic Partnership and Defense Assessment Investment Areas.

Application: Ferrite based thick-metal FSSs for radome applications Ferrite based devices for beam steering (SAR related)

3.

LDRD Day, 2008

Utilization of laboratory resources & thank you!

Mentor

- Mentor Billy Brock - Manager -

Manager

DMTS: Billy C. Brock

Kurt W. Sorensen

Kurt W. Sorensen - Org. 5345 SAR Sensors - Org. 1652 Plasma Physics - Org. 1727 Applied Photonics Truman Committee!

Adrian L. Casias Org: 02452

Don Davis Org: 02455

Bart D. Chavez Org: 02455

2500W CO2 Laser Nick Lopez Org: 05343

LDRD Day, 2008