Chapter 6: Properties of Gases: The Air We Breathe

Problems: 6.1-6.10, 6.12-6.17, 6.19-6.23, 6.25-6.30, 6.33-6.34, 6.35-6.36(a,b only), 6.37-6.46, 6.51-6.66, 6.69-6.86, 6.88-6.120, 6.135-6.136, 6.143-6.148, 6.155

Activity: Cap the end of the syringe with your finger to make it airtight then pull the plunger out at least half way. Release the plunger. Record your observations.

Explain why this occurs.

6.1 THE GAS PHASE The Earths atmosphere is a layer of gases about 50 km (~31 miles) thick, consisting primarily of nitrogen (78%), oxygen (21%), and trace gases (Ar, CO2, water vapor, etc.).

Physical characteristics of gases Gases assume the volume and shape of their containers. Gases are the much more compressible than liquids or solids. Because of the empty space between particles in a gas, the particles can be pushed closer together at higher pressures or move further apart at lower pressures. Gases will mix evenly and completely when confined to the same container Gases have much lower densities than liquids and solids. Gas density is generally reported in units of g/L

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6.2 ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE Gravity pulls the gases in the Earths atmosphere towards the planets surface. The weight of these gases exerts pressure on surfaces in the environment. Atmospheric pressure is exerted by gas molecules in the Earths atmosphere. Anything entering the Earth's atmosphere from space comes into contact with all of these gas molecules friction and heat. Objects burn up in the atmosphere before reaching the Earths surface! Atmospheric Pressure depends on location, temperature, and weather conditions depends on the overlying mass of the atmosphere decreases as altitude increases Thus, air becomes thinner at higher altitudes. Atmospheric pressure is ~760 mmHg at sea level but 15-20% lower in Denver (~1 mile above sea level) and 65% lower at the top of Mt. Everest (~5.5 mi. above sea level) vacuum: empty space with no gas molecules present gas pressure equals zero: Pgas = 0 barometer: instrument that measures atmospheric pressure Units of Pressure Since most instruments used to measure pressure often contain mercury, pressure is often reported in heights of mercury (e.g. inHg, mmHg, etc.) or units of atmosphere (atm). Standard Atmospheric Pressure (1 atm): 760 mmHg at 0C at sea level 1 atm 760 mmHg 760 torr = 101.325 kPa (Note: 1 in. 2.54 cm)

Ex. 1: The atmospheric pressure in the lab was measured to be 29.22 inHg. Express this pressure in units of mmHg, torr, atm, and kPa.

Know a few substances are gases at "normal atmospheric conditions" (25C and 1 atm) Elements that are gases: H2, N2, O2, F2, Cl2, ozone (O3), all Noble Gases Some molecules are gases (CO, CO2, HCl, NH3, CH4); most are solids or liquids. No ionic compounds exist as gases.
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manometer: instrument that measures gas pressure Consider these two manometers: Ex. 1: Gas pressure is higher than atmospheric pressure for which one? (Circle one) left right

Ex. 2: Gas pressure is lower than atmospheric pressure for which one? (Circle one) left right

Ex. 3 If the height difference for the example on the left is 95 mmHg and atmospheric pressure is 725 mmHg, calculate the gas pressure.

Ex. 4 If the height difference for the example on the right is 85 torr and atmospheric pressure is 0.975 atm, calculate the gas pressure.

Variables Affecting Gas Pressure Example: Consider pressure to be a measure of the frequency of gas particles colliding against the surfaces of a container. What happens to the pressure of a gas given the following changes? (Circle one for each below.) not stays same directly stays same not not directly stays same directly inversely inversely inversely

a. If Volume (of the container) , pressure_____. Thus, pressure and volume are _____ related. b. If Temperature , pressure _____.

Thus, pressure and temperature are _____ related. c. If the # of gas molecules , pressure _____.

Thus, pressure and # of molecules are _____ related.

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6.3 THE GAS LAWS Combined Gas Law Consider when there are changes in P,V, and T for a gas, and T must be in Kelvins!

Exercises:

If a value (P, V, n, or T) is not given, assume that value remains constant. Note that temperature must be in Kelvins when solving gas laws problems!

Ex. 1

When 20.0 L of hydrogen gas are heated from 25.00C to 450.50C, the volume changes. Calculate the new volume.

Ex. 2 A 250.0-mL sample of helium at 722 mmHg is compressed until the new pressure is 3.60 atm. Calculate the new volume.

Ex. 3 A 10.0-L sample of helium gas is heated from 273.15K until its volume is 25.0 L. Calculate the new temperature in degrees Celsius.

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Ex. 4 A 10.0 L sample of CO2 gas at 836 torr is heated from 20.00C until the volume is 15.0 L and the new temperature is 100.00C. Calculate the new pressure of the gas.

Standard Temperature and Pressure (abbreviated STP):

T=0.00C and P=1.00 atm

Ex. 5 A 5.00 L sample of Ar gas at STP is heated until its final pressure and temperature are 2.50 atm and 75.50C. Calculate the new volume of the gas.

6.4 The Ideal Gas Law:

PV=nRT

where P=pressure (in atm), V=volume (in L), n=# of moles of gas, L atm T=temperature (in K), and the ideal gas constant, R = 0.08206 mol K Ex. 1: Calculate the volume for 1.00 mole of gas at STP.

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Know the molar volume of any ideal gas at STP (0.00C and 1.00 atm) is 22.4 L/mol!

Ideal Gas Calculations NOT at STP

Ex. 1: How many moles of NO2 gas occupy a volume of 5.00 L at 50.00C and 725 mmHg?

Ex. 2: What mass of CO gas occupies a volume of 75.0 L at 35.00C and 2.50 atm?

GAS STOICHIOMETRY
At STP, use

22.4 L , and for other conditions, use PV=nRT to solve the problem. mol

Ex. 1 Magnesium nitride reacts with water to form ammonia gas: Mg3N2(s) + 6 H2O(l)

3 Mg(OH)2(s) + 2 NH3(g)

What volume of ammonia would be produced at 25.00C at 0.950 atm if 5.00 g of magnesium nitride reacts with excess water?

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Ex. 2 When heated, NH4NO3 decomposes:

NH4NO3 (s)

2 H2O (g) + N2 (g)

What mass of NH4NO3 can produce 10.0 L of steam at 273K and 760.0 torr?

Ex. 3 The active agent in many hair bleaches is hydrogen peroxide, H2O2. The amount of H2O2present can be determined by titration with a standard permanganate solution: 2 MnO4 (aq) + 5 H2O2 (aq) + 6 H+ (aq) 5 O2 (g) + 2 Mn+2 (aq) + 8 H2O (l) Calculate the molarity of hydrogen peroxide if 28.75 mL of hydrogen peroxide produced 695 mL of oxygen gas at 0.950 atm and 315K?

6.5 GAS DENSITY (and SOLVING GAS PROBLEMS USING UNIT ANALYSIS)
Ex. 1: An unknown gas having a mass of 6.150 g occupies a volume of 5.00 L at 874 torr and 23.50C. Calculate the molar mass of the unknown gas.

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Ex. 2: Calculate the density (in g/L) of ammonia at 273.15K and 1.00 atm.

Ex. 3: Calculate the density of methane gas in g/L at 750.5 mmHg and 75.50C.

6.6 DALTONS LAW of PARTIAL PRESSURE and MIXTURES OF GASES

In a mixture of gases, each gas particle exerts an equal amount of pressure. The pressure exerted by all the particles of one type of gas is called its partial pressure. e.g. atmospheric pressure consists of the partial pressures of N2, O2, and trace gases.

Dalton's Law of Partial Pressure: The total pressure of a mixture of gases = sum of the partial pressures of gases present. PTotal = P1 + P2 + P3 + ...

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mole fraction (XA): ratio of the number of moles of one component to sum total of all the moles of all components XA = # of moles of gas A Total # of moles of all gases in the mixture

The pressure exerted by a gas depends only on the number of particles present. Mole fractions are used to calculate the partial pressure of a gas in a mixture. The partial pressure (Pn) of the nth gas is calculated as follows:

Pn = Xn PTotal

Ex. 1: A mixture of gases contains 4.465 mol of neon, 0.741 mol of argon, and 2.154 mol of xenon. Calculate the partial pressures of all the gases if the total pressure is 2.00 atm at a given temperature.

Ex. 2 When heated, NH4NO3 decomposes,

NH4NO3(s)

2 H2O(g) + N2O(g)

Calculate the partial pressure for each gas produced when 5.00 g of ammonium nitrate decomposes completely in an evacuated (empty) 5.00 L container at 25C.

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6.7 THE KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY (KMT) OF GASES and GRAHAMS LAW
1. Particle volume: Gas molecules are so small they occupy no volume. Gas molecules are "points" that have mass but negligible volume. The volume of the container occupied by the gas is not reduced by the volume of the gas particles. 2. Particle motion: Gas molecules move in constant, random motion. The pressure exerted by the gas results from collisions with the gas particles and the walls of its container. 3. Particle attraction: Gas molecules do not attract or repel one another. They do not affect the motion of other particles except upon collision. 4. Particle collisions: Collisions are perfectly elastic. Energy is totally transferred from one molecule to another, and the overall energy of the system remains the same; no energy is lost to friction. 5. The average kinetic energy (KE or energy of motion) of the molecules is proportional to the absolute temperature of the gas in Kelvins. At higher temperatures, gas molecules move more quickly. At lower temperatures, gas molecules move more slowly.

kinetic energy (KE): energy associated with the motion of an object

KE =

1 (mass)(velocity)2 2

Molecular Speeds In 1860, James Clerk Maxwell formulated an equation to determine the speed of molecules at a given instant.

Combining PV=nRT and KMT gives the root-mean-square velocity, urms:

urms =
3RT MM where R=0.08206 L atm , T in Kelvins, MM=molar mass mol K

The higher the molar mass of a particle, the slower the particle moves.

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Same Gas at two Different Temperatures Consider the distribution of molecular speeds for equal numbers of H2 gas molecules at (a) 300K and (b) 373K at the right. Instead of using bars, a curve (shown in red) is generally used to show the distribution of speeds. These distribution curves are generally called Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution curves, as Maxwell was the first to deduce the pattern theoretically and Ludwig Boltzmann was the first to effectively substantiate such curves.

Ex. 1: a. How many H2 molecules have speeds over 2000 m/s at 300K? _____________ How many H2 molecules have speeds over 2000 m/s at 373K? _____________ b. How does the number of H2 molecules with a given molecular speed change as the H2 gas is heated?

c. Explain why this should be expected.

Different Gases at the Same Temperature

Consider the distribution curves of equal amounts of four noble gases at the same temperature shown the at right. Note that more massive (heavier) molecules move slower than the lighter molecules at the same temperature.

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Ex. 2: Match each of the following gases at the same temperature with its distribution curve in the figure at the left: N2O, Kr, and H2.

5.7 Effusion and Diffusion Diffusion:

gradual mixing of molecules of one gas with molecules of another gas by virtue of their kinetic properties

Effusion: process of a gas under pressure escaping from a container via a small opening.

Ex. 1 Circle the pair of gases in each set below that diffuse faster. a. Ne & F2 or Ar & Cl2 b. Kr & Ar or O2 & Cl2

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Ex. 2 Nitrous oxide, N2O, also known as laughing gas, is a colorless gas and has been used as a weak anesthetic. Hydrogen cyanide, HCN, is a poisonous, colorless gas that can cause a quick death. If both of these gases were accidentally released at the same time in the front of a theater full of moviegoers, would the people die laughing?

Ex. 3 Consider a container sealed with a small opening. A mixture of several gases is added to the container. Assuming the gases do not react, indicate the order that the gases escape out of the container, starting with the gas that escapes the fastest. Explain why.

Ne Kr N2

Ar

O2

________ < ________ < ________ < ________ < ________

slowest fastest

Grahams Law of Effusion

rate of effusion of molecules

1 MM gas

(at the same temperature and pressure)

For 2 gases:

MMGas2 time for Gas2 to effuse rate of effusion for Gas1 = = rate of effusion for Gas2 time for Gas1 to effuse MMGas1

Ex. 1 If it takes 10.0 s for a sample of neon to escape from a hole in a container, how long would it take for an equal amount of carbon dioxide gas to escape from the hole in the same container?

Ex. 2 A sample of methane gas effuses 1.539 times faster than another sample of gas, which is a pure element. Identify the unknown gas.

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6.8 Real Gases

Ex. 1: Consider the following with respect to Kinetic Molecular Theory. a. What does Kinetic Molecular Theory assume about the volume occupied by gas particles if they behave ideally?

b. When the volume of a container is so large that the volume occupied by a gas is negligible in comparison, is gas pressure likely to be high or low? Explain.

c. What does Kinetic Molecular Theory assume about attractive forces between gas particles if the gas behaves ideally?

d. Are the attractive forces between gas particles more likely to be negligible when temperature is high or low? Explain.

e. Indicate for what conditions a gas is more likely to behave ideally. Pressure is _____. high high low low

Temperature is ______.

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