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UTILIZATION OF LANDUSE PLAN TOWARDS THE EXPANSION OFSUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPE IN ARID AREAS (ETM+ SATELLITE IMAGE PROCESSING WITH THEHELP OF COMPETITIVE NEURAL NETWORK (CASE STUDY: DASHT- E- VARAMIN, IRAN PLATEAU)
Nina Almasifar , Hanie Okhovat , Mohammad Reza Pourjafar , Ali Akbar Taghvaea
1 1 2 3 4

M.Sc. Student,

3,4

Assoc. Prof. Department of Architecture, Faculty of Art, University of Tarbiat Modares, Tehran 2 Lecturer at Azad University of Roudehen Branch, Roudehen (IRI) E-mails: N.almasifar@modares.ac.ir, h.okhovat@yahoo.com, pourja_m@modares.ac.ir, taghvaea@modares.ac.ir

ABSTRACT Against growth of population and technology improvement and follow that, destruction of natural home and developing of countries, the need for maintaining green spaces for creating ecologic balance gains significance, especially in hot and dry areas in which the plant is a factor for adjusting heat and increasing humidity. Regardless of bed structure and the ecological capacity of environment, designing goes towards unsustainable, specially because of deficiency in correct controlling of urbanism with destruction of plant coverage in arid areas, soil erosion has developed rapidly and gradually makes environment to a non-existent salt flat the study of determinative plan of plant coverage and land use in urban area and its suburb, provides information about structure manner, coverage existent potential, the manner of expansion and developing urban parameters, landscape design, and it's rate for management and great & small planning. In addition by classification of plant coverage kind, variation, density rate and determination of soil structure of area: barren or cultivatable, we can direct a conclusive plan towards maintaining echo system of region, control and transition of building to barren and cultivatable area. The main purpose of this research is bordering of urban districts and under-culture pastures, forest and ranking soil of Varamin area upon: cultivatable and barren. By identifying these consequences we can review and determine design principles of sustainable landscape at the level of great & small. As a case study, land use plan in Varamin arid areas in 2009, was provided by satellite images of land sat was selected and along this purpose, the considered map was provided through visual interpretation by help of false colorful images and classification of competitive neural network and by using main reflective measuring bands ETM+. In the obtained map, different plant coverage, soil quality, water sources (rivers) and urban districts are separated. In the obtained results, the borders are completely identified that clarifies the need to a correct planning for controlling development and utilization from existent potentials. Key words: Sustainable Landscape, Landuse Plan, Arid Area, Satellite Images, Competitive Neural Network 1. INTRODUCTION The increasing trend of population and consequently the development of urbanism in cities have changed the ecological framework in region widely. Therefore, the need to create green spaces and preserve natural ecosystem (nation of & jungle parks) is necessary as the most important environmental modifier. European commission named from ecosystem research to sustainable development plan (European commission 1999) emphasize on observing sustainable principles in planning landscapes. The sample study of planned parks & jungle eco systems in England, Holland and America also show the importance of considering to eco logical issues in sustainability of plans in these parks. For example in England in Earth centre plan in 1991, recovered and renewable materials have been used for a long time and in Lang let jungle in Holland, by the purpose of urban jungles, the main consideration to assimilating building with natural landscape and have been emphasized with the least disruption in natural manifestation and improvement of ecosystem (Beson & Roe, 2000) The review of plant coverage and the soil of this region, is an important factor in planning along with future sustainable development. Because by studying the existent potentials in region, necessary actions are done for better directing & controlling of sources. In fact, reviewing atmosphere conditions and type of coverage of region have a main role in re-cultivation manner, protecting and direction of detailed plan-control-of city development directions for the purpose of protecting suburb natural ecosystem and directing to construction in barren land, especially in desert regions where in each tree and each particle of soil is valuable. Desert regions where in each tree and each particle of soil is valuable. Nowadays by using satellite images and RS (Remote sensing) techniques a large part of region is supervised and different studies have been carried out. Using obtained images from different landsat enhanced thematic mapping and RS techniques are economically suitable and proposes the necessary care. Different methods of preparing use map by using satellite images of a region proposes colorful maps consist of different information about, type of plant coverage,

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distribution manner, soil quality structure in different parts (barren, re-cultivatable, or cultivatable), their spread, water coverage of region (river & lake) and their structures, urban districts etc by considering type of region and purpose. 2. THE PURPOSES OF RESEARCH ARE AS FOLLOWS 1. Performing land use map by enjoying from satellite images and visual interpretation methods, spectral approval, and competitive neural network classification. 2. Determination of existent potentials in region re-cultivation and creating green spaces and parks in desert regions and reviewing urban growth for controlling and organizing to related regions. 3. RESEARCH THEORETICAL BASES One of the purposes of this research is preparing land use map in Varamin in 2009 by landsat 7 satellite images ETM+. For this purpose, for preparing use map, after preprocess on images, visual interpretation and analyzing information based on competitive neural network classification is performed on images. By studying on obtained results from these methods we can draw out potentials and strategies in the best way. (The separation of classes in this article is done by using spectral approaches) 4. APPLIED METHODES IN THIS ARTICLE ARE CLASSIFIED AS FOLLOWS 1- Visual Method Write function memory insertion 2- Methods Based on Classification Comparison method after classification, using non-parametric classification methods (competitive neural network method) By using classification methods system and land classification a use map could be obtained. By applying this map, land use, plant coverage and existent barren lands in region, the way of developing urban limits and other issues related to which are used in landscape planning and urban planning are extractive. In this research after an introduction about methods and research stages and stating applied data and the method of pre-process (radio metric corrections) applied methods theory are engaged and the visual and numerical results of these methods are proposed in the considered field. At last the land use map is classified and operable limits of residential spaces and the regions which have potential for creating green spaces and park are separated from each other. 5. THE ACCOMPLISHMENT OF RESEARCH STAGES

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6. THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

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The conception of sustainable development is a main concept, because it contains ideals and principles which their understanding, recognition and fulfillment, show a good future and ignoring them leads to destruction of environment and human being. In sustainable development economic growth and achieving better standards without losing natural rare resources are considered, sustainable development, is an attempt to support future in present. 6.1. The sustainable development ideas are as follows 1- Economy-Environment Integration: Economic decisions should make upon the effects that have on environment. 2- Integration Obligation: At the present, the decisions should be made upon the results that have on future generation environment. 3- Social Justice: All individuals have the right to enjoy from on environment where in can grow and success. 4- Environmental Protection: Protecting resources, plant and animal world is necessary. 5- Quality of Life: A wide definition of human well-being should be proposed in a way that goes beyond economic well-being limitation. 6- Participation: The organizations should be re-organized in a way that the possibility to hear all sounds in decision making process would be provided. 7. ECOTOURISM SUSTAINABLE MODEL Seller was one of those who proposed sustainable Eco tourism model in 1990 that contains 3 major purpose groups: 1- Social Purpose: Includes ensuring social benefits, participation in planning, education and employment. 2- Economical Purposes Economical: Benefits for local society and industry economical sustainability. 3- Environmental Purpose Include: Aid to natural resources protection, avoid from resource destruction, land management, accepting the value of resources. He calls the concurrence location of these 3 purposes sustainable eco tourism. Eco tourism which is also called ecological is a kind of nature operation that considers an ecological and social unique attraction meanwhile includes program that has the least negative effect on natural environment and improves the public culture of local people. So, in sustainable eco tourism not only the main cultural and environmental factors are evaluated but also, strategic and complete plans for recovery cycles from nature, energy exploitation, water resource protection and creating economical possibilities for local societies are considered seriously.(see Chart 1) Economical Goals
- Economical advantages for Local Residents - Sustainable Industry from the viewpoint of Economy Local Economy - Social Advantages - Participation in: * Programming * Training

Social Goals

*Occupation
Sustainable Development - Long-term advantages - Behavioral and moral obligation Economy & Environment integration

Equitable Preservation (Equality of rights)

- Environmental advantages: * Preservation of Natural Reserves * Abstinence from destruction of Reserves * Management * Accepting the Value of Reserves

Environmental Goals Chart 1. Sustainable Development model 8. SUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPE PRINCIPALS Landscape is an objective, abstract, dynamic and relative phenomenon that is the product of human and society interaction with history. (Asgarzadeh, 2007, P.4). Therefore the sustainable landscape principles and natural jungle sustainability in this regard, requires manifestation of environment, society and economy and has two aesthetics, functional and cultural goals and in this stage we consider two principles by virtue of carried out studies:

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8.1. Oreserving principal (ecological principle) Ecological sustainability can be defined in continuing and improving environment health and main functions of sustainable landscape. It ranges from qualitative improvement and protection of plant species and ecosystems to land scale. (Behbahani, 2005, 92)(See Table 1) 8.2. Development principle These principles in developing the plan of natural and artificial urban and suburb jungles for the purpose of reconstructing destructed regions and developing jungle regions, recreational destructed regions and developing jungle regions, recreational regions include the allocation principle of sustainable supporter resources related to ensuring water & financial resources, meanwhile consideration to social and cultural structure of bed is also a principle which leads to sustainable environment.(see Table 1) Table 1. The Classification of Sustainable Landscape Indices Sustainable Landscape Principles Sustainable Landscape Principle Indices Protecting species variation and complexity of structure. Protecting native plant species without changes in their ecosystem and proposing plant planning with plant age variation in jungle parts. Protecting ecological sequence, according to that urban environment has negative effect on natural trend of ecologic sequence, allows creating environment of natural ecosystems structure and make possible the protection sequence. Sequence protection principle in ecosystem includes. * It is done for reducing negative effects of human activity in jungle parts, developing cities is carried out with planning & based on land bed, and development plan limits to predetermined regions. * Controlling mutual effect of two sections on each other, establishing humanizes spaces with suitable distances from natural ecosystems (Forman 1998) (Farinal, 1995). Consideration to region climate and energy preservation: * Consideration to climate and convenience conditions. * Using sub-climates * Using topography for controlling climate conditions. * Using plant coverage for controlling radiation and wind flow. Using native plants (as far as possible) Consideration the ecosystem needs of new compatibility species with climate conditions, soil, Using sustainable plants against unfavorable conditions. Using plant species that has visual value or attraction value of birds and animals. Protecting biological variation in selecting species and consideration to late growth or fast growth of species and their effective long-life. Observing suitable space scale and plant distance based on the biology each species. Tree planting along with topography lines for increasing compatibility with earth shape. Creating distributed plant spaces and open spaces of thicket such as for simulation of natural jungle structure. Jungle landscape planning with age and species variation. Using natural and non-geometric shapes in planting manner. The repetition of species planting collectively. Creating will ecosystem. Suitable preparation of soil before planting. Using suitable methods of irrigation. Suitable protection of landscape. Shrub planting with sustainable roots in stabilizing gradient and preventing from erosion theres no need to human in irrigation and is used in regions which availability to water and irrigation equipment is difficult and has a dry climate. Xeriscape is obtained from Xerox (in Greek language means dry with landscape). Definite warranty in supplying main needs. Supplying needs and ensuring the present and future well-being based on equity principle between generations, need recognition and individuals preferences. Living possibilities with environmental observations

Conservation Principle

Development Principles

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Economic principles

Social principles

Planting principles & landscape designing

Ecological Principle

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9. STUDY CASE

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Study region is Dash-e-Varamin which is located at the south slope of Alborz mountain range 40 Km to Eastern south of Tehran. This region is surrounded from north by the continuation of Alborz mountain range and Lavasanat, from east by Eivanaki anGarmsar, from south by southern hilly lands of Dasht and salty lake, from west by Tehran and Karaj Dasht. Total area of Dasht-e-Varamin is 1595 klm/sq which 1282 km/sq (80%) of it is Dasht and 300 km are highlands. The geographic location of Dasht-e-Varamin locates between 522842-5149 (51.8167-51.4783) East longitude and 352925-352 (35.4903-35.0333) North latitude. Varamin by the height about 920 m from sea level is located in the centre of Dasht (Alavi panah & Rafiee Emam 2005). Following figure, first image, is a real colorful image and (see fig. 1-a) and second image is an untrue nature (see fig. 1-b)

Fig. 1. a- Landsat Satellite image with RGB format as a result of 7-4-2 bands combining, b- Landsat Satellite image as a result of 2-3-4 bands combining Illustration. The images are prepared from satellite image Archive, MA RS, mapping group of Tehran University 10. UTILIZED IMAGES In this research landsat images of Varamin region are used for preparing land use map. Utilized images are prepared from Image Archive of mapping group (RS tendency) of technical college of Tehran university. Target image, landsat satellite image, is landsat ETM+ (Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus) that is prepared in 7 September of 2001. ETM+ image has seven bands which its sixth band is a thermal band and others are reflexive band and the size of its pixels and the earth is 5.28m on each side of X & Y. In this article thermal band of landsat images have not been used and other band with the power of spatial and spectral separation was used equally. These images of earth are referenced and located in image system UTM (universal transverse Mercator (UTM) grid system) in North 39th region. Here the used datum is WGS84 (world Geodetic system (dating from 1984 and last revised in 2004 (Rafiee 2006) In the image bands file, a notepad file exist where in all the satellite data, taking date, taking situation of each picture and the longitude & latitude of its corner area are given to us. (Attachment. Fig 2).

Fig.2. Varamin area is demarcated in image before crop process Illustration. The utilized images are prepared from satellite image Archive, MA RS, mapping group of Tehran University 11. RADIOMETRIC AND ATMOSPHERIC CORRECTIONS Radiometric and atmospheric errors causes that data rate keeps distance from their real rates and as a result cause disruption in revelation action and finally they cause in accuracy in data drawing out. So, the effect of errors should be eliminated from satellite data.

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The method used in correction of images in this article is calibration in which the existent data in header of transmitted data are used and the images are radio metrically data are used and the images are radio metrically corrected absolutely and separately. 12. THE DECIPHERMENT OF LANDUSE MAP, BY VISUAL METHOD In this method by comparison an reviewing untrue nature image and an image in which the nature is seen with red color we can identify the details of region. Based on this analysis, a large group of geological phenomenons was identified in Varamin. These four groups are as follows: (see Fig 3&4) 1) Plant coverage 2) Water 3) Soil 4) Urban region Each group in itself has its sub-groups for example soil has salt crust soil, salt affect soil, barren lands with light soil and (wind erosion effective, Gypsum soil). Plant coverage has following groups: (Tamarisk SP), salt affect pastures (with dominant plant Alhagi Camelerom), pastures on top of the Dasht which are not affected by salt (dominant plant Prosopis SP) (Alavi Panah & Rafiee Emam 2005) (fig 5)

Fig.4. The Red Area represents the vegetable coverage Fig.3. Demarcated area in Varamin Illustration: the source of this image is like Figure 2 Illustration: the source of this image is like Figure 2 the images are prepared from satellite image Archieve, MA RS, mapping group of Tehran university

Fig.5. samples of Varamin area coverage: a- Barren areas as a result of wind erosion, b- Salty crust, c- Pasture land, d- Agricultural land, e- Gaz coverage. Illustration. These images are prepared from an article named "comparison of obtained indices which are gained from thermal band with indices obtained from reflexive bands in studies of ground resources of Varamin. Writers: Seyed Kazem Alavi panah, Ammar Rafiee Emam.

13. CLASSIFICATION BY USING SPECTRAL APPROVAL Spectral approval is a graph that shows the reflection rate of phenomenon. The reflection index is affected by exist humidity rate in phenomenon structures, in a way that the more humidity the less reflection rate. Constituent components are also effective in spectral approval variation for instance, the existence of salt in soil have caused that this soil sample differs from other types of soil in spectral approval different parts of plant coverage such as leaves shape and its different components have caused separation of plant indices from each other. By using this method, we can identify the distribution of plant variation as well as analyzing its type and structure. In this method it is necessary to collect education samples from earth level first. - In the target region, takes the approval spectral as sample and by single graphs the image pixels are compared and the coverage type of region is identified. (See Fig 6)

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Fig.6. Sample of Dasht-e-Varamin (Varamin plain) spectral signatures (Almasifar et, 2010)

14.

DECIPHERMENT OF LANDUSE MAP BY EXERTION OF COMPETETIVE NEURAL NETWORK CLASSIFICATION METHOD

By using neural network classification method, we can draw out a suitable land use map from existent satellite images and by enjoyment from it, achieve our goals in re-cultivation of desert regions, improvement of in re-cultivation of desert regions, improvement of land use, wind erosion control, planning the shortest and simplest used methods of water reservoirs, large city programming, control of city development, determination of new places of establishing national parks and urban regions, range determination of green archs and landscape planning. (See Fig 7&8)

Fig.7. Classification of satellite image by Competitive Neural Network Illustration: prepared by Almasifar et, 2010, this program has been written in MATLAB

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Fig.8. Classification of image by the use of Competetive Neural Network method with more extracting Training Data & making use of Natural and actual color Illustration. Prepared by Almasifar et, 2010, this program has been written in MATLAB 15. ACCURACY EVALUATION TABLE Table 2 is the review of classification accuracy of images by competitive neural network by using confusion matrix. District 1: Urban district District 2: semi-humid soil. District 3: Agricultural farms District 4: Gypsum soil District 5: agricultural soil District 6: humid soil District 7: jungle regions Table 2. The review of classification accuracy of images by competitive neural network by using confusion matrix (almasifar et, 2010)
Illustration: 1- Producer Accuracy (Quantity of accuracy after using Confusion matrix in Neural network), 2User Accuracy (Quantity of accuracy after pixel selecting), 3- Arithmetical ratio between the pixels which are selected by Confusion matrix to the whole pixel in on class, 4- training pixel which are selected by user to the whole pixel in one class.

Class Region Region Region Region Region Region Region #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 #7

Prod. Acc. (Percent) 99.03 87.94 98.04 92.96 90.32 97.95 87.2

User Acc. (Percent) 99.31 91.12 96.77 91.8 89.33 97.1 89.17

Prod. Acc . (Pixels) 718/725 2728/3102 899/917 5441/5853 1708/1891 3585/3660 1144/1312

User Acc.

(Pixels) 718/723 2728/2994 899/929 5441/5927 1708/1912 3585/3692 1144/1283

16. CONCLUSION According to obtained images and tables we can conclude that for framework review of a spread region where in the possibility of field study does not exist statistically or personally, to identify use, structure and region coverage, the best & shortest method is optimal enjoyment from satellite images satellite images allow user to classify wide region with coverages and variant use structurally with contrast and appropriate accuracy. Of course, the use accuracy rate depends on classification. By using competitive neural network classification method, we can identify the limits of each group by preparing several samples that has usage in wide spread areas. Also, we can identify type of plant coverage, their volumes and their limits which is very useful in national park planning. By comparison of several use maps during several sequential years, we can identify the way of developing drought and urban range increase. In obtained images from competitive neural network classification method, we can found: (table 3 and figure 9)

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Fig. 9. Image analysis based on the results of the competitive neural network classification Illustration: prepared by Author Table 3. Methods and suggestions on ways to maintain and improve the sustainable landscape (corresponded author)
The color in the land use map New sapling and green spaces Plantation and planting gardens and trees along the river Tamarisk trees jungle Re-cultivatable soil which has planting potential Mountain regions soil and semi-orid areas and effected by wind erosion Urban regions Salt soil and crusts Humid soil Target region Light green Dark green Cedar green Orange Dark violet Yellow White Light violet

Table 4. Introduction of specified regions in image (Author)

Principles Methods and suggestions on ways to maintain and improve the sustainable landscape 1) According to sustainable landscape principles, by identifying jungle limit, type of native plant coverage such as tamarisk and Alhagi and their distribution, we can stabilize the growth of these plants. By creating planting plan of these trees in re-cultivatable lands, excessive growth of construction and soil erosion is prevented. 2) Consideration to region climate and energy preservation: * Consideration to climate and convenience conditions. * Using sub-climates * Using topography for controlling climate conditions. * protect and promote indigenous vegetation to prevent wind erosion and increasing regional temperature. 3) Principles of ecological sequence, done with the limiting of activities and construction sectors in North and South because of the Gaz forests.... 4) Planting shrubs with resistant roots in slope stabilization and erosion prevention. 1) Identify urban regions and the way of their development and prevent destruction of tamarisk by creating green arch around. 2) Flood channels and movement routes and also barren and recultivated soils are separated. Well, in this way we can limit existent potentials in region. 3) In geological review, salt soil and Gypsum soil are not re-cultivatable; therefore construction in this region prevent developing barren lands and destruction of regions which have plating potential. 4) By classification of region and limit soil of each we can do necessary actions for improving quality and their cultivation if possible and 5) By identifying the limits of land with humid soil, we can partially diversify plant system in these regions, to create more attraction for audience. 6) Living facilities with environmental considerations, in order to maintain ecosystem: urban spaces are needed to become more compact and by preserving border town forests, prevent from the desert winds and adjust temperature

Conservation

Development

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