!

:-::

Velbs iollowed by a bullet (.) are del ned al lhe end ot lhe list on lhe inside back cover'

Si'nple

SiInple Past

Past

Sirnple

Simple

Past

Participle

Form
flv

Participle

torget
forgive begln began iorgiven

get
give bid

gol
gave

gotten/gof
given

go

grind.
bil hang** grcw
lrung

gro!nd h!ng

hide bring

hid

brcughi

hil

hii

hii
hun

bui

cauglrr c ung

ca!ght
clung

lie

dis

d!s
did

dus

lighl

!ighled/

lighled/lit

fa

nghl

Ielt foughl

Iought

1
..r9.

firiitred
tled
I

iiUlilled
tlung

rid ring

rid rang

!ng

rung

Bnnsh E.glish: ccr a.r s,r' In Ameri.ar EnglGhr st ldr g.ra,k" n e -,qrr,'n a reglldr v.rb q']ren n mcans to kill someone sith I rope around |is/heru't cl uas dud h Co\F.s: .I nu ng ,ir rlotal t' t tht tlas.t. l'het hd Eed rhe D ntltrt bt rh? nul

'L

-I!o

po$iblein Brirish EnE\ish: q it Etitetl q itetl

tco"ti

cd on the nstde batk caLet)

Prefoce io the Fourth Edition

........xi
...............
.

Acknowledgmenls
Chopter
I

xiii
1

ovERVtEWOFVERBTENSES..,.
l-1 The simple tenses . . . . . . . . l-2 The progressive tenses .... l-3 Theperfecttenses....... l-4 The perfect progressive tenses .........:. 15 Sufimary chart of verbtenses. 1-6 Speling of -r'rrg and -ed forms
PRESENTAND PAST;SIMPLE AND PROGRESSIVE

................

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 . . . , . , . . . . . . . . .3 ...............4

............5 ............6 ............l0

Chapter 2

Chopler 3

Chopter 4

.... .........13 present 2-I Simple . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 2-2 Present progressive .. . .. .. ... .. .. .. ... ..14 2-3 Non-progessive verbs .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 2-4 Regular and i egularverbs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 2-5 Ircgular verb list ........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 2-6 Regular verbs: pronunciation of -ed endings ...... .......27 2-7 Simplepast.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 2-8 Past progressive .............29 2-9 Using progessive verbs with a/zuaJs ............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33 2-10 Using expressions of place with progrssive verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34 PERFECT AND PERFECT PROGRESSIVE TENSES . . . . , , . . . . . . . , 36 3-I Present perfect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 3-2 Haoe and has in spoken English ...........42 3 3 Present perfect vs. simple past . . ...........41 3-4 hesent perfect pro$essive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 3-5 Past perfet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 3-6 Lad in spoken Enslish . . . . . .............53 3-7 Past perfet progressive . . . .. ... .. .. .. ... .55 FUTURETIME ,..,.... -,60 4-1 Simple tuture:.rrzand be eoing to ........61 4-2 WiDvs.beeoinsto....... ...-.........63 4-3 Er?ressing the future in time clauses . . . - - . - . . . . . - . 67 4-4 Using the present progressive aad the simple present to express tuture ti]ne ................. -- --69
@Et

, 1-5 4-6
Chqpter
ltuture
Future

progressive
peibct
and future perfect progressive .

.. .. .

...........
.

-.71 .. .. ..73
.76
85
8',1

Chopler

REVIEWOFVERBTENSES..... SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT , . .

6-l
6-2 6-3
6-5

...............

, , . , , . , , . , , . , , . . 84

Final -s/-es: use, pronunciation, and spelling Bi.ic.ubjecr-verb rsre Subject-ve$ agreement: using expressions ofquantity . . Subject-veib agreement: rlsing there + be Subjcct-verb agreement: sonc irrcgularities

89

gl

Chopter

NOUNS .

7-l Resular and iresular plural nouns . 7-2 Possessive noun 7-3 Nouns as adjecti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 7-4 Count and noncount nouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 7-5 Noncount noun ....... -.. -.... 110 .-....-....110 7-6 Some common noncount nouns 77 Basicarticleusage....... ... -... -....... 114 7 8 General guidclincs fbr article usage ..........118 7'.9 Expressions ofquantity used with count and noncount nouns ..........122 7-10 Usins.'/er! and fe@;.rAt ea\dht e ......126 7-ll Singular expressions ol .luantiq,: orre, each, eoery . . ......129 7-12 Usins o/in expressions of quantity ..........131
Chopler 8

... ... ... .. 100 ........101 ......105

PRONOUNS
81 82 8-.3 8-,1 a-5 8-6 8-7
Peftonal
Personai pronouns: agrccmcnt .lr'idr gcncdc nouns and

.. ... ... ..

135

pronouns prono

...........136 -.......140 .......142

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143

indefinite pronouns Perconal pronouns: agreement \r.ith collective

Reflexive

nouns

Usinqyou, one, andt eJ

Forms

ofor'el

as impemonal

pronouns . .

......14'7

Common expressions with

orrel

. . . . . . . . . . . . . 148

...........152

Chopterg

MODALS, PART
9-1

L.......
\vi$ "yo, i. rhe subie-r witi uould you mind

157
t5'7
158 159 160
16.1
.

9-2

Basic modal introduc-i Polite requests \it'ith 9" as the subject

loLrLc rcque.ts

93
9,1

95 96 9t98 99

Dxpressing nccessity: rnust, haoe to, haoe got to . . . . . . Lack of necessity and prohibition: taoe to |lnd rrdrst in the negative . . .

lolrt.

rcquc.rs

Thepd.r rormoisroxld ... ... Oblisarion: tesrpposed ro .... . 9-Irr Untulfilled intenrions: araskuere go;ne to 9-l I llaking suggestions: let's, luhy don't, shall I lue . . . . . \lrUns,uqse. r'or.: .ould !-. should

Advisability: sro.r/4 ousht to, had bette!

165 167 170

173

t76
177 178

Chopler

10

MODALS, PART

2
........

.......180
.........180 ......183 ...........186 . -........189
. . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2OO

10 1 l0-2 10 3

10-4

l0-5

10-6 Ability: car and could .... 10.7 Using rrold to express a repeated action in the past 10-8 Expressing prefercnce, uould rather, 10-9 Combining modals with phrasal modals ........

Degrees of certainty: present tiIne Degrees of certainty: present time negative Degrees of cerrainty: past tilare Degrees of certainty: tuture time Progressive forms ofmodals

.......2O1 .......2O2

:
Chop-ter i

10-10 Summary chart ofmodals and similar expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2O4

THE

PASSTVE
Active vs. Using the

..........211
. ..........271 .-.-.-.---213 ..........214

The passive form ofmodals and phrasal modals ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22O 11--5 Non-progressive passive .... ...........227 11-6 Comnon non-progressive passive verbs + prepositions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229 11-7 The passive with get...... . . . . . . . . . . . . .233 11-8 Participial adjectives . -.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236

l1-1 I l-2 1l-3 11 4

passive passive

Tense forms of the passive . . .

Chopter l2 NOUN

CLAUSES
\,r.ith a quesrion word . . . .

.......242
\Nit\ aLhethe

l2-l Inboduction l2-2 Noun clauses beginning l2-3 Noun clauses beginning
12-4

l2-5

12-6 12-7 12-8 Usi\g -eoer \sords ....... Chopier l3

ADJECTTVE

Question words followed by infinitives Noun clauses bginning with rrct Quoted speech Reported speech: verb forms in noun clauses

orr/ .....

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242 . . . . . . 214

........249

...............

....

.........253 ..............258 .......261

............

.252

. . . . . . . . . . . . . 26A

CLAUSES

..........

.270

l3-1 Adjective clause pronouns used as the subject . . . . . . . . . . . 270 l3-2 Adjective lause pronouns used as the object of a verb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273 13 3 Adjective clause pronouns used as tll object ofa preposition ..........274 l3-4 Usi'lg'ahose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277 l3-5 Usi']g uhere in adjective lauses .. .. .. . . .279 13-6 Using &hen ln adjective clarlses .. .. .. - ..280 13-7 Using adjective clauses to modiry pronours .................. ....2A3 13-8 Punctuating adjective clauses ...........2A5 3 9 Using expressions of quantity in adjecrive clauses . . . . . . . . . 290 13-10 Using rrtr'ch to modiii a whole sentence ....... . ......291 13-.11 Reducing adjective clauses to adiective phmses ... ........294
1

Chopler l4 GERUNDSAND tNFtNtTtVES, PART I ........ 14-1 Gerunds:introduction...... 14-2 Using gerunds as the obiects of prcposiiions

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301 .....

143

Common verbs followed by

gerunds

............301 .......3O2 ........3O7

CONIEMS Vii

14-6 Common !rbs foltowed by infnitives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .313 14-7 Comnron verbs followed by either infinitives or gerunds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3t7 14-8 It + infinitive; gerunds and infinitives as subjecrs . . . . . . . . 322

l4-4 l4-5

Go +

gerund -rzg.

Special e)'Tressions foltowed by

.. ... .. ......309

...._.......310

l4-9
Chopter
'15

14-10Referencelistofverbsfollowedbyinfinitives.......................325
GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES, PART

Reference list ofverbs followed by gerunds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324

to ..........331 Adjectives followed by infinirives . . . . . . . . . 333 15-3 Using infinitives with too a'j,d enough . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335 15-4 Passive infinitives and germds ..........318 l5-5 Usinggeruddsorpassiveinfinitivesfolo$rjngneed..................33g 15-6 Using verbs of perception . . . ...-.....341 15-7 Using rhe simple folln aStet let a d hetl, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .343 15-8 Using causarive verbsi rnahe, h&zte, get . . . . . . . . - - . . . . .344
Infinitive ofpurpose:

l5-l l5-2

ii

,.....,.....33I

ordet

chopleri6

cooRDrNATtNG
16-1

CONJUNCTTONS

...........352
.....352
354 358
361

t6-2 t6-3
76-4

Chopler

I7

ADVERB CLAUSES

365

17-1

Using adverb clauses to show time relationships . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . 368 Using adve$ clauses to show cause and effct . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373 Expressing contrast (unexpected result). ]o.siIrg eoen though . . . . . . . . . . 37 4 17-.5 Showi[g dhect co.r\trasti rrhile ...........376 17-6 Expressing conditions in adverb clauses: y'-clauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377 l7-7 Shortened ,Jr-chuses ......... ..........378 l7-8 Adverb lauses of condition: using zdrether.or not a d, ez,en if . .......37g 17-9 Adverb clauses ofcondition: using ri? case ......................j381 17-10 Adve$ clauses ofcondition: using zzless .......... - -.3a2 17-11 Adverbclausesofcondition:usingorr/tif............_............383

l7-2 l?-3 l7-4

Ifltroduction

..........

-.365

Chopter l8

REDUCTION OF ADVERB CTAUSES TO MODIFYING ADVERBIAL

PHRASES

. . . . . , . . . . . , . 387

18-1

l8-2 l8-3 l8-4 \8-5

Introduction

Changidg time clauses ro modi&irg adverbial pbrases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388 Expressing the idea of "during the same time,, in modifying adverbial phmses . , . . . . . . . . . . . . 3ag E),:pressing cause and effect in modifying adverbial phrases .......... _.390 Usmgupon + -rzg in modifiiing adr,.erbial phrases .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3g3

..........397

Viii

CONTENTS

lrnfrF: thesubjunclive........... F The subjunctive in noun clauses , Unitc: Troublesomeverbs . . . . . . . . G Raiselrise, set/sit, hyllie . .
ListFning

...

450 450 450 450 ............

Scripi
.....

451

lndex .... Audio CD Trocking Lisi

....... 465 ..........482

CONTENTS

tachers.

Uhderstand;ng an/1 Using Engtish Grammar is a devetopmertat skills te\t for intemediate to adnanced English language learnels. It uses a gmmmar based approach integrated with communicadve methodologis ro prcmore the development of all language skills in a variety ways. Starting ftom a foundation of undentanding form and meaning, students engage in meaningfui communicatiotr about real acrions, real things, and their &n real lives in the classroom context. Understandtug and Us;ng English Grummar fi)ncions prircipaly as a dassroom teaching te),it but also serves as a comprehensive reference rex; for siudents ana

of

The eclectic approach and abundant variety ofexercise matedal remain the same as in rhe earlier editions, but ach new edition ircorporates new ways and means. In pafticular:

WARIT-UP EXERCISES FORTHE GI'A]VWIAIT CIIARTS Newly created for the fourth edition) these innovarive exercises precede the grarDmar charts and introduce dre point(s) to be taught. They have been carefully cmfted ro help studenrs disca.rrer the tatget gammar as they progress through each warm-up exercise.

LISTENING PRACTICE

Numerous listening exercises help srudents interact with the spoken language in a varleay of setaings that range Aom the relaxed, casual speech of everyday converiation to the academic content of class.oom lectures. An audio CD accompanies the studenr tq\1, and a tull audio scripr can be folrnd in rhe back of the book.

ACADEMIC READINGS Srudents an read and .espond to a wide selection of carefully cmfted readings that focus on dle target gramnar structure. EXPANDED SPEIIKING ACTIVIIIFS Students have even more opporrunities in this fourth edirion to share their e&eriences, express their opinions, and rclate rhe target grarnInar to their pe$onal lives. The text often uses the students' own life experiences as context and regularly introduces topics ofintercst to stimulate the ftee expression ofideas in structued as well as open discussions.
CORPUS-INFOR.ryED CONIENT

Based on the findings of our corpus researcherJ Gena Bennett, grammar content has been addedJ deleted, or modified to reflect the discourse pafterns of spoken and wdften English.

xl

Understandine and Usine

Engl h Grammat is accompanied by

. .

,A

comptehe&sive Workbooh, consisting of self-srudy exercises for irdepetderl wodi -\tt al\-^e$ Tbachert Grtde, with step-by step teaching suggesdons for each chart, notes to rhe teacher on key grarnmar structuresJ vocabuiary lists, and cxpansion activities and PdlerPoint weserr:ario']s for key chapters. An expanded ?ast B@ttA with additional quizzes, chapter tests, and mid-term and finsl

Test-Genelator software that allows teachers to customize their own tests using quizzes and tests from the ?ist Bdr&. Aza! Intetactioe, t computer bascd program keyed to the text, provides easily
understood contcn!, all-new exercises, readings, listening and speaking activities, and
comprehensive tests.

prcsettations for key chapters. Based on real-world readings, these lessons for use in the classroom as "beyond-the-book" activities. They can be found aft desigred ir tl.e new Te.t het\ Gu?ds or downloaded from Azarcrammar.com. A Chartbooh, a rcfercnce book consisting only of drc grammar charts. Azorctratnmat".com. This Web site provides r variety of supplementary classroom ilaterials arld is a place where teachers can support each other by sharing their knowledge
and expcrience.

duer.Point

Fun uith Grarn nar,

a teachcr resource text by Suzanne V/oodward with communicative acrivities correlated with the Azar-Hagen Grammar Series. It is available as a te-{t or as a d,owr,load on AzarctummaL com.

The Azar-Hryen Glammar Series consisls

of

. . ,

Undentanding dnd Uling English Gramnar (blue cover), for upper-level sftrdentsFundanentals oJ English Gmmnff (black),lor midlevel students. Basb Enslish Gtunndr (red), for lo$'er or beginning levels.

top-notch professionals' A revision of this scope could not have been done without the skills of

1t;;;;;;;"gdpofoutstandingreviewerswhosedetailedcommentssuidedourwritine Badillo' El Paso ,;t; Js;;" ;.""; sratitude for;eir rhoushtfirl reviews Thev arTon'e Berman' ""; Co-.o,.rr-titv iotl"g"; pJina Bagley, Nassau Communitv college; Michael glizabeth B'ottcher, Columbia,Universitv; Errc. CIi"5:c"1::llikull l4"",g"*.'.v C"rr!g"; collese; i-t.ii. fi.i*t'it u"l*rsitv; cathv costa, Edrnonds communitv Institute; Ms Carlin Good' --C.f"t"ui" Linda G,ossard' DPT Deanna Cecil Ferreira, English Language U-"it.*i v; gSL programi Dr. Sheila Hakne;, St John's Unive$ity; Marrha Hall' New -n"ii".* "E"-L"J S.ft".r g"glis[ college; Alvson i.i,""i & lennuer Har]non, Massachusetts communitv

Denver; Steven frr?*" cri.*t" c"ti-unitv College; Joan Heiman, Community College oflutca' Lacuardia l;-;";Ji a;;i; ;"'b"'a citv ilollege; Linda Leary, Albanv Education; I-ouisPhvllis Mccollum' 6.-*"i'"t i"rr"g., r"te N4uste,sl',, Bo"ton Ce;terElfor Adult Education;College; Jan Peterson' Om n".i"".. Sdoor eSL Program; David Moodv, Paso commmity colleee;"Antonina Rodeers' Nor*rernvtgrnia communirv-college; ;il;;a;;;;tt coirnunitv colleee; Rebecca suarez' r'he Ilnryersitv- orrexas at El ;;;;ir;hbi;c;;ta p"."; 4"" U*i. f"-"v., Queens Commudtv Colege; and Kellv Roberts \feibel' Edmonds

Community College.

terrific support team that allows us to do what we do wlrh \ orked migic on eniovmenr and ease: Shelley Harlie managing editor par excellence $ho our .q-y M.c"'-i.r...qtl p.oau.:i rn'naser' who oversaw our project and handled editor' RuthVoetmann' dewelopment ""lri "Jt., -#ui .'"ooo,. *i*t ,-f" ing grace' humor, and ikill; exercise; Janice Baillie' e-$ert production and ponl eacr' ; A;ti t'etp".i ;i;;il;; "u't site ..pv .ai o.; SueVan Enen, our skilled and multi-talented business and\{/eb .iiio, of the "^iC.nu g.nn",t, helped keep us abrea'l re\earcher' --"n.r, ;J;h"-t*" ; corpu' and wrirren who'e 6nding' Robert Ruvo' our invaluahle discour'ei and ;;;.? 'poken ororluction llaison ar Pearson Education. '';;;ii;;:;in" ;;;;nt *e aeaicatea leaaefthip tam from Pearson Education that guided Preiss' rt i. nroiect: loAnn Dre.ner, Anne Bolnton-Trigg' Riea Banker' and Sherr) *il;;i;;.;;;;;i .a1,i"" *" I'ere luckv to have had the comrri.ned tarents or ili' i."',r, f,o- Lindsav Communications, Anrr France Aom Peanon Education' and

w"

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t*. ti

Ouot

u;"UJii-itl:." fteelance artist Kris Wiltse "'ii"t goes to illusuators Don Martinetti and Ctuis Pavelv for their humor "pp*.i"i." "f.o * and inspired artwork. patience and encouragemnt r;Ir"iru. *" *."1a r*e to *rank our families fof their unflagging insishts and support are a continual source of revision. Thet ,h;;;;;;i";-;;";

inspiration.

B;T"IHL

fl

Exercise

Inteq'iew a classmate, and then introduce this person to the rest of tle class or to a small group of classmates. Use the given topics or topics of your own choosing-

l.

lel's lolk inlerviews ond inlroduclions. 6. 7. 8. 9.

2. 4.

spelling of name 3. - country of oigin

reason for cornillg here length of timeJ both past and future, in this

city/counry

birthplace 5.- current residence

fleld of study or work activities in free time 10. cominents on living bere

luork with

tdlk preview of ve]l' lenses. (chopters I + 5) partner. Thke tums asking questions with .r.,t@t + a Jorm of do. Help each other decide which verb tense should be used. \vy'hen you finish asking and answering the quesuons, discuss your use ofverb forms with the rest ofthe class.
Exercise 2. Lel's
a

Example: evety rr.orning PARTNER A: Vy'hat do you do every morning? : PARTNER B: I (go to classes / eat brealdast / etc-) e\,ry morning. rwhat do you do every morning? PARTN'ER A: I (eat breakfast / do my homework / etc.) .

1.

2. 3. 4. 5. tr

every day before you leave home since you got up this morning

last night

right now at (this exact !me) vesaerday bv the time you got here today

for the past five minutes at (this exact time) tomorrow by fie time you go to bed tonight

Exercise 3. Worm-up. (chort

l-l)
ves yes yes ves

Do you aeree or disagree with each sentenc? Circle yes or no. Discrss the verbs in blue. What information do tie verb tenses provide?

1. Warm airrises. 2. I talk on the phone a lot. 3. I sent atr email today. 4. Im going Lo make a phone call roday.

This basle diagtam willbe used in alllense descriptions.

Tense
(a) (b) Tom

Exarnples
wrfches

Meaning
ln general,lhe simple prcsent expresses events or situarions thai exist a/ways, usualy, habrtua y;Ihey exi* now, have existed in tho past, and probably willexisl

ry

every dav.

Simple;Pasl
I

(c)
(d)
I

li snowd yesterday.
Tom

watcfedTv

last nighl.

At one parttculat tlne in the past, rhis happened. lt began and ended in lhe pasl.

------)#

Simple Future

(e) I Mn srowtomonou
li is goi.,g lo srowtomonow

At one particulat tine in the fuiule, ihis will

(f)

Tom l4,.in watch TV tonight. Tom is go,hg to wrrch Tv tonight.

Exelcise 4. lel's lislen ond lolk. (cnori I ') A Listen ro rhe sentences and write the words you hear. Are the sentences true for you? {$ :,"" ot ro Share your answers with the clas'. adding irlormarion ifvou like. ''*' nto-pt", You will hear: I wore ieans to class yesterday. wore jeans to class yesterday. Youwillwrite: I ves
You might say:

Choose

I didnt
I wore

wear ieans to class yesterday

a

skirt.
yes

t. I
2. I

my own diDner last night.

a

textbook vesterday.

ls
yes

3. I
4.
1

on the internet everv day. home tonight.

a movie this wekend.

ls
yes

5. I

CHAPTER

Exercise 5. Worm-up. (Chor

Answer the questions.

_2)

l.
2. 1.

are you doing right now? Look around rhe room. Vrhat are you. classmates doing fighr now? Ilrhat is happening outside the classroom right now? Where were you ar two o,clock rhis morning? \Vhat were you doing? WThere will you be at two o'ctock tomoffow? \l&at will you be doing?

Vhat

be 1. -ing

lprcsqt partnpte)
.r

[,{eaning: The progressiv tenses* give the idea thai an aclion is in progress during a pariicutariime. i rhai an aciion besrrs before, is in prcsress durins, ara *i,tii*" .tt* ii. ii

he renses say

"i.ti",

""i."

Present Proqressjve

it is now 11:00. Tom went to steep ar 10:00 tonight, and he is siittasJeep. His sleep began jn ihe pasi, ls i, p.ogress ar the present tine, and prcbab)y witt

wentto sleep ar 10i00 tasrnight. I arrived al l l:00. He was still asteep. His sleep began belore and was ln prog.ess at a pafticulat time in the past.
Tonr

conlinued aJier I arived.

Tom will go to sJeep at 10:o0lomorrow

night. We wiliarrive ai 11:00. The adion olsleeping wittbegin beiore we affive, and ir wil be in p;ogress at a particutat tine in rre fuiure- Probably his sleep witJ

rrhe prosre$ive

ienses

lre

arso c,ire<r rhe

..

con

ti n! o u s

,,

te n,., ,

p."..",

".",i"".",,

p",,

.;;;;;;;;.

"..,,".."".

Exercise 6, Lel's lislen ond lolk. (( hort I 2) Lrslen ro rhe senrences and $,Tire *re words you hear. Are the sentences true for you? Choose .],es or ,?a Share youl answe4 with the class, adding information if vou like_

1.

At midnighr lasr nighr,I

2. Right now

I I
9:00.I

about gmmmar.

3. Tomorrow
4. Tonight ar 5.

in class at dris time. TV.

-ves

kst

night ar 9:00.I

TV
Ot'Ewie{

d\bair

tr

Exercise 7, Wqrm-up, (chorf

Answer the questions.

3)

1. HarE you eaten today? when did you eat? 2. Had you eaten before you went to bed last night? 3; Will you have eatm by the time you go to bed totright?

' have + pasl paniciple [,{eaning: The pedect tenses all give the idea lhat one thing happens belorc
Fo"m:

olher lime or eveni.

(a)

Tom

tasalady ate'.

Iom tinished ealing sonetine before now

TIe exact tirne is nol impodant.

(b)

Tom tadalready eatet when his

FirsiTom finished eating. Later his friend affived. Tomb ealing was completely linbhed before another tine in the past.

(c)

Tom wrl already nave

his lriend

etfe,

when

ariv6s.

First Tom will linish eatinq. Laier his lriend will ar ve. Tom's ealins will be completely finished bebrc another tine in the tuture.

tr Exelcise 8. lets listen ond tolk. (chort l-3) f/) Listen to tlle sentences and ltrite the words you hem Are the smtences true for you? Choose you
CC
y?s

or r?o. Share your answers

witl

dre class, adding information if my homework ahady.

like.

1. l

yes

2.
3.

Before I went to bed last my homework.

night,I

all
ves

By the time I finish this chapter,I

several verb exercises. vs

4.
5.

a[ $e E[glish verb tensesves

Before

I began this class, I all the English verb tenses.

CHANER I

tr

Answer the questions.

Exercise 9. Worm-up. (chod l_4)

i. 2.
3.

Whar are you doing right now? How longhaveyoubeen (doins it)? What were you doing last night at nine o,clock? \fhat time did you stop (doing it)? \0hy did you stop (doing it)? How tong had you been (doing i!) bef; you it;;ear \vhat are you going to be doing at nine o'clock tomolrow nigha? \rirhat time are you gorng to stop (doing it)? Why? IIow long wiu you have been (doin; it) before you
stop?

Meanir'rg: '1ne perre.t

have

been
pr

+ -ing lpresent paticipte\

anah

ogressivF lenses giveihp ideafiatone betote "ventE n pogress innediatetv -- - uo to. unht tine or.vent. The te-se( are rsed to elp.ess t.e drrar,:o,;r t-e

rnsl;;";i

-* - "

Event in progress: srudying.

When? Betorc naw, up to naw

How Jong? For lwo hours.

Event n progress: srudying.

When2 Bebrc another event in the past. How lonq? For tvo hours.

Evenr ln prcgress: studyilrg.

When? Betorc another event in the tuture. How long? For tuo hours_

Exercise

Complere $e senrences wirb vour o\en wordr.

I0. Looking ol glommoL

class right

(Ct-ort

1.)

I'm in

now. I arived in class todav and sat down ar . That means that I have been sitting

(trflr).

Right now the rime is

in this seat for

2. I had been sitting

hre for

minutes before class started.

3.

By the rime class finishes at

I will have been sitting here for

Orerview

oa

\erb renr.

Sirnple Present

PreseDt Progressive

Tom studies every day.

Tom ts srudy,ng righl now.

Simple Past

Past Progressive

Torn saudied lasl night.

Torn was studyirg when they came.

Simple Future

Future Progrssive

Tom wil studytomorrou Tom is goirg to studylomonow

Tom M// be srudy,ng when they come. Iam is going to be studying when they corne

tr

Complete the sentences with a form ofstrdy and any words in parentheses Thcn compare your completions with the sentences in Chart 1 5.

Exercise I

l.

looking dl glommor. (chorts 1-l '15)

1. Tom is : srudenr. He _

91)aje5

e'rety day.

2. 3. 4.

Tom is at his desk. He Tom had some homework to do, so he

last nighr.

Tom began studying at 7:00 last night- His ftiends came over around 7: t lnS, at his desk when they arived. In other words, Tom
last night when his fiiends came over.

Tom was still

Ton1 is gorng to begin studying ar 7:00

lomonow. His friends are going to come over at

when

::i.I

E d!-' ll

jcya,ive

CHAPIER ]

Present Perfect

Preserrt Perfect Progressive

Tom has akeady srudled Chapter

1 .

Tom ,tas

ber

studylrE tor lwo ho!6.

Pasf Perfect

Past Perfect Progressive

Toni fad already studiedchapter begAn srudying Chapler 2.

tom had been studying Ior lwo hours belore his

Future Perfect

Future Perfect Progaessive

Tom wi ateady have sludied clrapler 4 belore he siud es chaprer 5.

Ior-l will have been sluclying lor lwo ho'rrs

time hls roommaie gets home.

by the

7. 8.

Tom is studying Chaptet 2. He (dlready) Chapter 1.

Last week To
(atrcady)

1 This

week he's studving Chapter

2. He

Chapter 1 when he started Chapter 2-

10. TodayTom bcgan studying

I

at 8:00. Now

il is 10:00. Tom

YesrerdavTom besan sLudine ar 8:00.

ri,end. ca,.,...ro,..'

f i

-1

Tom\ friends qo-.'lY

came over at

t0:00

Before his

ror rwo hoJr" roornmar< sei. horcJ.

I2.

It's 8:00Tom

's roommate scts

hom

l0:00. B) the rirneTom\

n *

in small ;li"'i;o.,ni.;;;"e""., '"i"v "r'r'" "*ts aie jn lrairrs' In paLs'do the verb tenses -"r"""J, \'rhat information of tlte italitized rctbs a'r.*". .i"
provide?

Exercise 12. Lefs tolk. (chorts

II '

-s)

groups' or as a

-""i,.e't

f. iA: vfhat

do you do in the evening?

B: I do my homework and uatch

E:
T

The speakers ate

littleTV' mLhins about dailv habil

^

2. 4l Ittrat

drd you do last night? ?rat idd a movie on television.

3.

Ai li/l]r,at areYo-u doi'ng? -3: I am uo&ing onEnglish gmmmar'

one answered Vhre were you? +. 'A: I called you last night around 9:00, but tro mv pho"" tlth* l-ry B: I was home, but I zoas st d:,?ig I always turn

5. A:

"rr, 6J.A: Have you talked to Mrs Chang yet? B: I sorl tdll to her after lunch' ?. A: I-t's meet at the park after work today' B: Okay. I ?ri be sitting on a bench near the Forest
Avenue efltrance. Look for me there

:g,

Ilat'e you ever r een a co'Jlet? shootittg stars, but I'ze never reet a comet' l'r,

8.

A: }Jow lo g haoe yon About ten minutes

been

uo*ing o\ tlis gt,l'rrmar

exercise?

lg.a'

Did you like the food at Paul's Caf6? for the recommendation'les. I had rcvet eaten there before Thanks

lolk. tr Exercise t3' ': il;;;ff.;*"r,. let's - lo'opr"t" If vou work in pairs' aitemate askins ard ""ott"tes to take nores and later share a few ofthe *""t qu"ttio"t vott
(chons
1-5)

l-l +

-"v answering the sets of answerc witi the rest of tle class' ask the questions and elicit two or lhree Tfvou work in small groups, select a leader who will -may wish ro rorare rhe rote olleader' **Jtt*. ''?voo t" .*t'. V* close your book and answer the teacher's quesEons' rlrort u" n
1.
"t""s, 'Vhat do you do every daY? b. What are you doing Ilow?
a. a.

2.

'What did you do last v/eek? b. 'What had you done before that?
a. What will you do next week? week? $ohat will you te aoing at l}is dme nexl dris Lime nexl year? Vhur *ilt vou t"u. aone by

.b.

3.

.ffilrintlooks

like

this Itutu ?nnkohs

nhe

fti'

CHANER I

4. 5.
6.

a. Vhat were you doing at this time yesterday? b. What will you be doing at this time tomorow?
a. What have you done since you got up this morning? b. \[hat are you doing ght now? Howlonghave you been doing that? a. Vy'hat were you doing before you walked into the classroom today?
How long had you been doing rhat?

b. What will you be doing before our

long will you have been doing that?

teacher walks into the classroom tomorrow? How

fl

Chorrs B t. B 2. ond D,t) This exercise covers quesdon and tregative verb forms you wiII use in the following chaprers. C-heck your understanding of these forms by correcdn; dre erors in rhese senrences.*

Exetcise 14. Whol do I qheddy know? (Appendix

l
2.

Does l)edro walks to work

(\er) morningl

\i(ahat you are talking about?

3.
4. 5.
6.

Did you finished your work? My friend doesn't iiking her apartment.
Do you arc working for this company? What time your plane did it arrive? How long have you are living in this ciry?

7.
8.

Ali won't to be in class tomolrow.

tr
tr $,

You will be using many verbs in rheir p".t"", ro check youL \pelling.

Exercise 15. Wqrm-up: lislening. (Chori 1,6) -rzg and -ed forms in the following chapters. Use this

Examph: Yo]uwilllrear: Listened. We listened to music. Listened. You will write:

1.

6.

2. 3. 4.
5.

7. 8.
L 10.

iFor iDforution about forming quesrions md negldves, see th$e sefarudy cha.s in the Appddir B I (Forms ofyesnjo b.l Infornation Q&srion9, B 2 (QlestioD\Voidrr and D 1 (Usins Nd, dd Othe. Nesative.Woids).

Overyiew ol Verb Tenses

(D

(a)

hope date injure

hoping dating injuring

hoped

rxo FoFM:

If the word ends in -e, drop

the

dated injured

FoRM:

lithe word ends

in a consonant

(2)

slop rcb (c) rajn lool

(b)

sropping robbing ining iooling listening oflering

beginning preierrinq

siopped

l vowe
2 vowels

>2consonants**

iobbed
rained

+l

consonant

looled

listen offer (e) begin preter

(d) (r)

listened

lsl syllabltstressed

i l consonant

oftered
(began)

prefened started folded demanded enjoyed prayed siudied tried

replied

znd syllable slressed ) 2 consonants

(l) start

iold

dernand demanding

starting iolding

lf lhe word ends in two consonants, just add

lhe ending-

(4)

enjoy play ih) sludy try rcply

(s)
vERBs THAT

enioyins praying srudying rrying replying

dying lying

ll 'y is preceded by a voweJ, keep

the -y-

ll -y is preceded by a consonanl: ,dc FoFM: keep lhe -yt add -irg. -ED FoFM: change -yto -i; add -e4 -r,6 FoFM: Change -ieto -y;add rng.

(5)

lND

(i) die ie
fuu

died lied

**Exception:

-a

and

aE nor dolnled:

ttatued;fa

JLwtl-

Exelcise 16. Looking ol spelling. (Chorr Wdte the correct forrns of the given verbs.
Pafi I. wlite the -inE form of /date
enloy

6)

these verbs in the coffect colrllnns.

l0

CHAPTEP

Part II. \Wite the -ed form of

listen

rhese verbs in the correct columns.

permit

plan prcfer

Exercise 17. Looking ol spelling. (chori

Practice spelling verb forms-

6)

Parl

L Write dre co.rect -,rg hol.l)na L hold

hide

form of the given verbs.

2. 3.

8.

pat

run

f.
10. 11.

iie
besin eam

4.
5.
6.
Palt

ruin
come

wrire
TT.

12. fiy
al,d.

Vrite the correcr -;ng

-ed lotlJrs ofthe given verbs.

1. boil

borlinq. boleA

2. 3.

plan

min
rape

4.
5. 6. 7. 8.

tap

entcr
prefer translate die employ

9.
10.

ovewiew ofverb Tenses

ll

11.

b"ry

I
il li

12. admit

13.
14

rlait

':tr

":

Exelcise 18, Listening. (chort r.6)

Listeii to the sentmces and wite the words you hear.

amgle: Yo,r

'

\rill}reat: Ve are visiting family this weekend. you i{ill write: aXJe are vieiltina family this
an apartment in dre city.

weekend.

1. )se

2. Ire
3. The earthquake

to rent and see how we liked city life.

4. br.u chiltuen 5. Ire

a

thefu grandparents,

little weighr on our vacation.

a short

6. I

trip this summer. fiom work.

7. I

a few weeks otr

I . 9. I'm done. I
8.
Right now

to all of them.

tr

Exercise 19. lel's lolk ond wrile. (chopter t)

Do one or more of tiese
act1\,'rtles,

1. Interview

a classmate outside of class and

wnte a story ofhis/her life.

2.

Interview a native speaker ofEnglish and wnte a story ofhis/her life.

restaurant.

3. 4. :

With a classmate, take a tdp to a particular place, such as a museum, a parkj or a lfrite a repo$ of your rrip, or give an oral rcport to your classmates.

Wdte a briefparaglaph about yourselt tellirE who you are, what you have done in the past two yearsr and what your plans are for t}Ie next two yea$. Therl exchange papers with a classmate. Read your classmate's paragmph and ask questions ifyou need more infoflnation or clarification. Next, ioin two other students to form a group of four. Tell th otllers in the group about your classmate. LIse the infomation fiom the pamglaph he/she wrote.

12

CHApIER I

tr

Exercise l. Whol do I dkeqdy know? (chopter Corect the erors in verb folms.

2)

2. 3.

1. I s+ not agree with dq,\t l.r^nw

++n:nofkrowjrra Sam's wife.

'--" ffi,r.a \,sien., My roommate usually{zarcb-televisioq +isten

to music,
kev'
'[he

your opinion.

qDos

orjliag

out in rhe evening.

c *1;iI:TJ"
5. Ajr

car

aq s

arting
gases.

6. The children d+ar+ed:ome pioures in school r}ris morning.

js'esaftirglol oxl,gen. nirroge4 and orher ArerJ

7. 8.

Righr nou Sally/iin rhe tutchen earing brealf,ast.

\]rbne +F. driving home last night, I heared a strange noise in the engine.

i.

raXR

9. A: \?hat ffiq-ae
B:
Arh

talking about?

political situation in Ely coundy. lqrlking about the

Exercise 2, Worm-up, (Chorts 2-t ond 2-2) Vork individually and then as a class.
Por.,

Read each sentence and circle yes or no.

a newspaper every day.

If the information is not truej restate rt.

l.

I read

yes
yes

no

2. I am sitting next to someone from Asia. 3. The sun revolves around dte earth.
Part IL Answer the questions.

yes

no

4. rwhich sentence discusses a geneml truth? 5. Vahich sentence talks about a daily habit? 6. Which sentence talks abour something rhat is happenhg right norr?

l3

(a)
(b)

Waier

coEists oi hydrosei

and

The srmple Presenl says that nfi

(c)

The average Person breatrtes 21,600 times a day The world is round

<dmeJhino was true rn lhe past, is true in the ore;enl, and willbe kue Ln ihe
11 exoresses oeteralslalemenls of fact and seneral truths

\d) (e)

get up ar se\en evetv nonins la/ways eata salad Jor lunch'

The srmple Present ls usedlo etPrcss habnual ot eveNdd\/ aclivlies

(i

The studenis are siri,ng ai their

I need an umbrella because

(g)

il

(h) I al' raklng

live courses lhis

The oresent progreselve expresses an achvliy thal Ls ,n Progress ai ihe nonent of speaking ll is a ternporarv activ v thal began in the past, is conirn;inq at prcsent and willprobably end al some point in ihefulurc.

Exercise 3. tel's Palt L Discuss the

lqlk'

(choris 2 I ond 2 2)

Work in small groups'

i;';;

,"pt"

contribute one sentence given topics Each member of the group should Sh# some of vour sentences with the class'

Tell your group one daily habit vou have right now ifr" ,oo-. Descdbe one activitv that is happening r-oot "ro'ina dght now' Describe something that is happening in the world about some of the given topics Use Pzrt IL Use the simple present to make generalizations your o\r'n verbs or those in the list
beat breathe

..contain . .liink

have live.

Produce
revolve

Topixs:

the earth

sno\.v{lakes the avrage Pelson

hybdd cals*
the human hearl

*tdn

mx = @s

ihr ur

both slsoline md electdcitv for poder'

14

CHAPTER 2

tr

Exercise 4. Looking ol grommor. (chods 2 I ond 2,2) Complere the sentences with rhe simpie presenr or rlle present progressive form ofthe verbs

l.
2.

Kristin can't come ro rhe phone because she Kristin (uo.rri)

(.l,.r\h)

i6

waehihg
so.

:Iret haD..

hl0-*e.,

)r, 3. Tony 6i,uvalt)t) 1r\1,,U\lr4r -rt,

tre

her hair every other day or

in the front row during class, but roday

1sz4

rS lltilnq
I

4. Please be quiet.
5.

-irgiT_ -l rvr,.lo,h,atua\., UA j,!- L!!! ! 1 .I (rrJ) lM

in the lasr row.

to concentrare.
rhedooL ro)ourdpanmenruhen

you leave?
6. I wrote to my friend Iast week. She hasn,t answered my letter yet.

'U4-1,rll

I (uai,

stitt)

1r__!

rorareDr,.

'7.

After six days ofrain,I'm.'gua *'at tt'.

8. Every morning, the sun

(\&ireJ

1"r-,) l:, !.I]i^l i.q todav. -h r/le ! in my bedroom window and

",'o
l

(udke)

me up.

tr

.t,

Exercise 5. Lislening. (Chorts 2 I ctnd 2 2) Listen to the sentences. Circle the corect complerion(s). More rhan one completion
may be possible.

l.

dghr now.

every day.
every

2. today. 3. every year. 4. right now 5. every surnmer. 6. this week.

iJ

April.

right now.
today.

this week.

right now.
every January,

in the spring.

Exercise 6. Lel's lolk: closs dclivily. (Chods 2 I ond

2-2)

On a picce of psper, write an acrion rhat a classmate can demonstrate (e.g., stand up, smi1e, open the doorr sneeze, \.vrite on the bosrd). Give your paper ro rhe reachcr, \,i'ho will redistribute the papers at random to the class. Everyone will take rums performing rhese actions for the entire clNS. Describe the actions using the present progressi\.e-

PrerenlondPosl: gmplec_:

:_:; ::: ; l5

Exercise 7. Wotm-up. (choir 2-3)

Choose the cor:red completions'

l.

The chel is in his kjrchen righr

' cooks
a. tastes

no$ He
i\ cooking
is tastiog is tasting

'

2. He

some soup

b. b.

3 ft -

too salty

it. 4. 'He a. doesn't like

b. isn't liking

(a) (b)
I k4ow Your cousrn i e lhey ate some veros. li^p ,(f,ow are nan'ptoS'essve:' desc"b" s'ares nor rhev t,"g ''iLrtl"'-"* "cse; s Jarions rt'at exist) or

/NconFEcr: I -am+FniF- vour cousin'

Zl.ii,:"i"--.'-

";'"" -'oilio-s

cTo,,,-o,,v""o"l *Aae usua

Noaggq:-ry1l9ry1)

(c) (d)

fit

kthai

your cousin is verv nice

non-progresstve meanings Some verbs, like thi'n& have both and progresslve meanings

I m lhinking abod my tip to Rome

ln (c):

lhi'k

means "believe"

are going arcund in mv ln (d): am lhrtklng means'lhoughis

Jack apPerts to betired today I lrtrk thal Mr. Lju is a good teacher' I fee, thal lv4r Liu is a good teacher

Po you see that bkd? The soup tasles salty somethrno smelts bad What ls it? Ken roves his baby daughter'
Mary ts old and wise.

Oloa is /ooking oul the wrndow todaY Sh; b ,ppeating on a TV show mv famiry right now I m ttiDking aboul I m feer'tg a liitle tlred today l m having a good time now The doctor is seei,g a patient tight the soup The chei ,s tasliflg sea iI she wanrs ro bJv ir'

i.i il "."r,.n,i' o-".e'o heblov'ngrr ken is eniovinq parenthood lnlacl

^,,'
Irr

"'ii*-;

*"

"

a""lor'

He

Deins loolish

''

's
not foohh' but nqh now he is aclng

r-**".=** naai; aretpia -

u*
dn

."r'cd

odj*tn'

-"u'i'sb' o' nor cr"n e b' " i*"t" i" *" '*'on' ^ o **u" u*-to* t'o'-'

16

cHAmR 2

--araoo

t1

Exercise 8. Lel's tolk. (chort 2-3) Discuss the diferences in meaning of the italicized letbs
pails, in small groups, or as a class,

ib each group of sentences. \Vork in

l. . 2.

a. These flowe$ s,/ell good. b. lames n sneling the flowers.

a. I tl?jz& Roberto is a kind mar. b- I aln dm&trg about this exercise.

se,7 a butterfly. Do you ree it too? b. Alex ,r rert g a doctor about his headaches. c. Jack and Ann dre seeizg each other. They go out together every weekend.

3. a. I

4. a. Astdd loo,4i cold. I'll lend her my coat. b. Tina ?s bo,{i/ra out the window. She sees a buttedly.
5.

a. Sue itlirla the cat's tur. b. The cat's turJ?el soft. .. I'm not feeling well today. d. I tel that it is important to respecr orher people's opiniolls. a. I remember n7y fitst teacher. Do you r"en rtn rel yours? b. Aunt Sara is looking tluough an old picture album. S}re h remembering t\e wonder{ul days of her childhood.

6.

7.

b. Like many kids, our children

a. The children want a snack. They're hungry. are often quite noisy when they ptay. They're piaying right now in the next room. Hmrnm. They'rc 6etrg awfilly quiet. \v'ryrat do you suppose they're doing?

8.

a. Our son ?s aplsdrilra in a school play this week. b. The grocer is weighing the bananas. He dppears to be busy.

P.esenl ond Post Simple ond

Proq.+*e

It

Exercise 9. Iooking ol grqmmor' (chort

Choose the correct completions'

2-3)

1.

This isn't my notebook.

It
is

2. 3.
4.

-toMai' Ask Ahmed for your notebook He

a. has
Your notebook is over a. holds -I-ook

@t"to"ss

b.

belonging havins

-it' there Ahmed

@
i" notaittg

@s

it'
a good

at Olga. She's smiling and dancing. She

(!) i" having I

time'
you'

5.

Relax. You don't have to tell me any more about it'

@ t.tiev.
b.
am believirg

6;:. Dinosaurs became e)'.tinctfa long dme

ago They

an]'rnore'

don't exist

b. aren't existing
ts

Exercise I O. Looking ol grommor. (cho' 2 I ' 2-3) complele*lesenrences.U'ethe.implepresenlort}epre\enlprogresslveolUl<vrlt'5

in parentheses-

1. I-ook. It (rrgtTt)
an

i5

beAinninT

rain Unfortunatelv' f my umbrella with me. I (otu,,,o')

to
a

(tutue'not*)

unbrella. Spiro is lucky He (aear)

a watrproof hat on rainy days.

raincoat. I (?@dr)

2.

Right now Martha is in the science building(do) The chemisgy experiment she

is dangerous, so she (be) very caretul. She

1n,anr,

ro4

doesrvt

wa'rt
aluats)

to sPitt

any

ofthe acidl

S}Le (be'

lS a/r,lldq

careii when

she does a chemistly experiment'

*A

i,l'J"""i'il'J*il"'ii,;;,t.rraw

fom

of do is

uslalv uscd

iD the nesaiiw

who

rhe

nui

a-cc usbgn@{ithourarom

or;5

s'eciauJ in AFdicd E!li+ lAniErbutalsocomo'lv

skopcsnrLe burre$

'o'-^': /hd"}2'di

18

CHANER 2

3. Rishr now I

,ll llooA) Arn llDErlq 'I

(rtaue, zor)

ar Nicole. She (/oo&)

looks

angry I wonder what's rhe matrer. She (rare)

She certainlv

a frowrf on her face-

any

lin

right now.

;4 A:

How (you,lihe)
more garlic?

the soup? (a ,reed)

B: No, ir (rrvp)
my grandmotheis soup.
5.

delicious. It (rmlrd)

me

of

What (Jrrr, looA)

B: You! You (loo,4)
(!o11, think)

like your falher. so? Many people tell

my morher.

mel

(resemble)

B: I

Gee)

your father's face when I look at you.

6. Risht now

(lodA)

around the classroom. Yoko (zunte)

in ber book. Carios (rr.) Van-Ning (s.rat

(thinh)

his pencil.

i)

his head. ALi (rfure)

out the window. He (seen)

to be daydreaming, but perhaps he hard about ve$ tenses. W}]at (jou,think)

Ali

(do)

2-t 2-3) Go to a place where there are many people (such as a zoo, a hotel lobby, a street corner) or imagine yourselfto be there. Describe whar you see. Let your reader "see" what you see by drawing a picture h words. IJse present tenses. Write one pamgmph- Begin with a description ofwhat you are doing: I am on a bench at the zoo.

Exelcise I l. [el's w'ile. (chorts

^ittin4

verbs that

ocG

Ptesenl ond Posl; Simple 6nd progresjive

2l

English verbs have

"tnrrr-n

ronu

sIMPLE

PAsr

PAsr PAnrr'mr'F

PRTJSTNT

PAM'ICIPLE

hoping sropping listening

(2) simple past (3) past padiciple

sludying
starting

'EGv".b"'.

Th.
hit

"lt-pt"

Pt"t *ttl p""t pt"ti"ipL d" "ot

hii
hittlng

'
verbs in Fnglish are

SIMPLE ?AST

?RISENT PART1CIILE

linding

Group 1: All three fort:ns are the sarne

STMPI-E

FORM

SIM?LE PAST

let

quit
iiVfitted hir

q'rit split split

tiutited
hir

splll

hid

bite

bir

lall lorgol
lorgjve

Joqotten
forgiven

get
give

got
gave

gondgott
given

G""* ., v.-"L"*'"*
hcgrl

fi:oln d in the

simpll3a9llillEl31ll!1ry
sing sang sung

drit
ing

began rang rung

20

CHAFTER 2

Group 4: Past tense and past par.ticiple forrns are the safire.
mislay bring

broughl buill
bough! dug

built
bought

buv dig

soughl

dus

light

lel
tought

iought

gind
hang hung

ground hung

snuck/sneaked sped/speeded

slid snuck/sneaked sped/speeded

sljng
lav swing

slung

lell
light
liVlighted tell livrighted

taught lhink lhoughl

Group 5: Past participle adds -rt to the simple fofin, with or without a spelling change.
did

ily
grow
lie

Group 6: The first and thfud

foffis

are the sarne

Gloup 7: One ofthe thiee forms is very different.

go

Group 8: Both regular and irregular forrns are used. (The regular form is more common in AmEr and the irregular forrn is more cotmon in BrE.) _

spill

* +. b:ckcovc^ )1:r.6tkrn '11o:':"!Tdre dehniboL for m : rpbabe.icar rilt of rhese ve.bs as 'er a"..-.,roir..,l _ffi is Al{ nctud"d ot !b"'e*eFoo,n\erh.
Present ond Post gmpte ond prcg.e5si,

tl

6 (d fl*',

Exercise 12, Lislening. (chods 2-4 ond 2 5) Lisrcn ro the ouestions. Complete each answer with the coffect form of the verb you hear' Nors, E*.rc,ses I 2 *uough I 9 are quick reviews of fie simple past oJ iffegular verbs- which irreguar verbs are easy for you? which ones are more toublesome? \iarhich ones don't you know? Make a note of the verbs that are difEcult for you and review then.

E amile:

yo,r

hear: Did Sara go to class yesterday? Mnt to class yesterday. You will wdte: Yes, she
\N1ll

SrruA[roN 1: Sara is a lazy student. She doesn't car about studying She was at school
yesterday.

l.
2.
3.

Yes, she Yes, she

her homework.
a

Yes, she
sh

lot of mistakes on the writing test. incorectly.

4. Ies,

several words

5.

Yes, she

atrother student's homework to copy.

SITUATToN 2: Jim is a sedous student. He loves

to learn. He was at school yesterday

6.

Yes, he Yes, he Yes, he

his homework.

7.
8.
9.

the homework.
his homework to class.
a good gIade on the test.

Yes, he

- 10. Yesi he

all the answe$ on the test.

SnuATroN 3: Ms. Brooks is a good English teacher. She's also

friendly

She taught vesterday'

11.

Yes, she
Yes, she

class on time.

12.
13.

clearly.
a

Yes, she
YesJ she

fair test.

14.
15.

e)tua time helping hI students.

Yes, she Yes, she Yes, she

her studmts jokes. her students a song.

16.
17.

with her students.

22

CHAfiER2

Exercise 13, Lel's lolk: pdirwolk. (Chorts 2-4 ond 2,5) lil'ork with a paftner. Pafiner A asks the questions. Partner B ans\rers the queslions with yes and a complete sentence. NoTE: Although a short answer is usually given to a yes/no question (Did you sit down? yer,1d?d), practice the lons answer in these exercises.
,

SrruATroN: Imagine that you came to class today with a big bandage on your 6nger. You were in a pet store yesterday. You were thinking of buying a panot, but it bit you.
Exampte:
PARTNER

PARTNER

A (roo,4 opefl): Did you go somewhere? B (booA.lored): Yes,I went somewhere. oR Yes,Idid. I went somewhere.
you find a pet store? you buy a paffot? you take it out ofits cage? you have some rouble with it? it bite you?

l. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Did Did Did Did Did

Did Did Did Did 10. Did

6. 7. 8. o.

you leave lhe pet store? you go to a doctor? you drive to the doctor's of6ce? \he pur a bdndage on your finger? vou pay her?

tr
6rd

2-4 ond 2-5) Listen to the questions. Complete each 0nswer with the correct form of the verb vou hear.
of friends was at the beach yesterda!'.

Exelcise 14, Listening. (chorts

fD!,! SrruATioN: A group

1.

Yes, they Yes, they Yes, they Yes, they Yes, they Yes, they Yes, they Yes, they Yes, they

2.
3.

down in

tle

wa1.es.

4.
5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
10. 11. 12.
t3.
14

barefoot on the sand. in the sun.

in the sand. giant sandcastles.

$eir names in the sand.

pictures in the sand. their feet in the sand.

Yes, they Yes, they

Yes, they

fiem.
Yes, they

the sunset.
Present ond Posi; Simple ond Progressive

23

* E

2-5) Exercise 15. Lel's ldlk: poirwork' (chorts 2-4 ond B answers the asks the questions Partner \s;;i;; ;;ilr. Partne; A and a complete smtence.

quesuons

with

Yes

in Greece' SITUAl'roN: You iust came back Aom a !cation

oia vou 0) back last nisbt? "iinot*, n tbrr* rp-l: Did you 0y back lasr nighr? f*tt* penrNer n iaoo,t a): Yes, I flew back last night' "ht
-Did you have a great trip? 2. 'Did you come back feeling rested? 3. -. Did you meet many PeoPle? 4.r Did you hang out with* local people? acti!'rties? 5 . Did you do a lot of touist on the AmPolis? 6. Did you stand 7- Did you spend time in museums?
1.

8. i)id 9. Did

10. get mY emails? 11. 12. Did you bring me a Present? 13. Did you send me a Postcard? 14. \vre you sad to leave Greece?

vou you Did you Did you

buy some Greek sandals? sPeak a little Grcek? eat in qpical Greek restauranrs?

ilil1itn";;;-c-omp1"te
l.
Yes, she

Exercise 16. Lislening. (cholrs 2

SrruATIoN: Maria was sick yesterday'

4 on'' 2 5) euch u"sw" with

*'e co're'r

fo'-

of fie verb vou hear'

up sick.
a cold.

2. Yes, she

.,

3. Yes, her head

4. Yes, she
5. Yes, she 6. Yes, she 7. Yes, she 8. Yes, she 9. Yes, she
10. Yes, she 11. Yes, she

her temperature.
a fevr.

bad. her pajanas on. on the couch.

for several hou$

about scary drings.
some chicken souP.

12. Yes, she

to th doctor.
some medicine.

13- Yes, she

14-

Yes, she

the instructions on the label'

* ,@s @

ui' :

sp@d

d@ with.

24

cHAmR 2

_F-6-.d ptD a|duts:ts!d puo pasard

c .{
.sleJ roJ {rc,, puE rnJt roJ

Jq JE

c &

Jt LZ
u

..L elrrl3 .stu.ur.l?ls .ro ol uaNrl pu? {ooq nol rcdo uaql rs 'pasolJ looqrnoi tI]I-r drors J3q ot uatsrl rqslu rsel aru:rrodi: pEqE pq Btnry .I uDd iJ (9 a ptio v z st]t))) .6uruep;1 oslcloxl

CJ'{J.r_wL

61

-:

tods trurms e ur

fHrrnb .{r:^
'srolrE erF
asrrEa( es3qr

'3ruoJ aqr

'pllst ug ,{EId :rp urqM

re

.0I

-_ '>luEq lqr ruo4

iulqs IIn ;UDJOOJ sB \

riouonr ouros 'urEr

'eau aruos 'sselr qleu eqr uro4

1e .6 i3s[Ferr auqsB \ 3ro .8 .puEq,{uI

'3urpu3 pBs erIr

.qr

feuoIII oruos
's.3eJ lEre4es

P 'spoo,{\ atp rn .E
nrrld
'slr.u3d perolor

.9

'srnoq lere4as roJ

i,{e)to 'rqEFr re 'e.r .uros uo

euo ssrrr

atrls
.all,{\ srq rnoq

r[rr4\ t is?8 qrr.r rBa aqr 't

'sasslr o

.uorsbep,{uI

!r

.z

rnoqe poo8

dddDq .I

erow

.(s)sorrerduroc

rcar:oc arp rrrrrc .a.uerues (9-z puo p_z stroLtJ)

r{r;:l#::;?r[:r:T11"#;

.6u;u5pi1 .gl esrcrey3

'

:
ano.{

aFsdn no,{ arelN

trsdn nod eIB r ol rEaur awaqs plc .Z idn t aa{B \ ere^t no,{ alosy rq/aqs pk] . I I isprE^uogB roog sqr dae.{\s eq,iags prCI .0I isrer s<roqqbrou arp pral eq/:qs ptc .6
suEeq eaJor aluos purr8 aq/eqs

.rI .rI aqiqs prc

arqStuplur ls tsElJsarq alEul aq/oqs

pr(I .t idtpnol Burs avaqs pre .9 aC:, R uo lnd eq :q' ptc ! aeuorluo\ qrr$ rqBU rrl rqq plaf .t

irsrg

pro

.8

\epr a8uoqC

isJrll] fueur 5uu ruoqd D s.atELUruoor rno{ pr(T aasrouJo lol lEeq no,{ prc 'z e dn nod a>lB \ areululoor Jno,{ prc .I irol
'lqgl'u pBq s pErI ,sa :(prsol, ,/doq) g I traNnvd i1qru pEq e .^Bq no,{ pre :(rrdo ryooq) V dcNrt{v.I ilqiru pq E a^q no,{ pt<I :atlluDxg

noIJ reuuEd lnod IIaJ :gJoN darls q5nur no,\ .paro,{iaa ,taa ssetc oii.,o. .ro1 I ^.r,rorr.rg 'suoDsonb eqr In (a?s./arl) unosord elIldordalE eqr rsn :aJuN .erurlues rl:ldaror ? pus aal rpll\ suoqsanb aqr sJ3 \su g rorrlrEd .suous:nb :tg slse g ra.rrre4 .rr.,rr"a e qr,^ ,1"o41 (q z puo t-z st]oqo) .yorvulod :y|ols,1a1 .{ oslcroxl
ra8

r.upp pue areunuoor risrou E {lL{ a

'JlErrnuoor elur3l Jo alBlu s a q

Par',

/L listen
1

you hear' again. Complete the sentences with the verbs

a

I :

terible e$erience last night You won't believe

into my apartment

what happened! A thief

when while I was asleep. Tbere I was, just sleeping Peacetullv

rhe glass in the sliding door!

'I\e
th.

sound

me

up. I

"liaiog

and aoo. op.n, .o I reached for the phone by the bed

as

callt;il the police. MY voice opemtor *Iere was an intruder in my home'

I told the

around my offtce Soon in my be&oom closet ]I/hile the thief was sneakiDg
sirens as the police

e
as - he

to my

building From the

crack

in

I= rhe closet door,-lo

jn a the thief' but he managed to get awav The police jumped out of their cars and followed back in their cars and drove afler police car fiat was wajdng for bim The 12

--

the thief

- ,,

outside with my computer'

him. Later I leamed that they

14

the *Iief a few miles from mv bujlding

really ftightened bv aI this.

It reallv

15

toDrght' can imagine. I think I'11 stay at my sister's house

L]

dd

iii""-li-.*rt
sound.

Exercise 20' Worm-up: lislening' (chorr 2-6)

""rt

"ii'"Ji'

Decide if-trre'verr; endinss have talked, pushd

$e

same sound or a different

Erra,rrPlrr" You will hear: You will choose: You will hear: You will choose:

@
renred,

different

1- same different

2. sane i- same

different different

same A!..-tt 4. same different 5. same different same different

caligl-

7. 8.
g_

difierent different differcnt

25

CHAPTER

Final -ed has rhree ditferent prcnunciations: /v, /d/, and /ad/. The schwa /e/ is an unstressed vowelsound. li is pronounced like a in a/one in norma, rapid speech ie.g., She lives alone.).

(a) looked

'
linish/t/ iaugh/i/

Final -d is pronounced /V after voiceless sounds. Voiceless sounds arc made by pushlng airlhroughyour moulh;nosound cornes frcm your ihroal.

E.amp'ps olvoiceless boLnds:"hl "pl "sl "chl "sh:

Tl

(b) smelled

Final -d is pronounced /d/ afler voiced sounds. Voiced sounds comelrom yourlhroat. li vou touch your neck when you make a voiced sound, vou can leelyourvoice boxvibte. Examples ol voiced sounds:
1,"

"v,"

"ni'

b,' and all vowel sounds.

Fina -ed is pronounced /ad/ atler whoLe syllable to a worcl.

ooMPAFE:

"1"

and "d'sounds. Thesound /ed/ adds a

looked
smelled needed

:inviled

: : :

one syllable one syLable hvo syLables

LJ

Exelcise 21. Lislening. (chort 2-6) Listen to each word. circle the pronunciation of the -d ending you hear.

l. M 2. ltl 3. ltl

ldl ldl ldl

l.dl
/edJ

4. ltl
5. h/

ledl

6. /r/

/d/ ldl ldl

ledJ

7. ln
8. /rl 9. h/

tdt /dt /dl

ledl ledl

ledl

ladl

.>

LJ

Exercise 22. Listening ond pronunciolion. (chod 2-6)

Listen to tie sentences. Practice saying them aloud. ItJ endings you hear.

te the pronunciations ofthe -ed

l.
2.

Olga blinked

/r/, ya\rned

/, and stetched

l.

/ /the kitchen floor, vacuumed / Lhe furnirure. the carper. and dusted / early. / late and ended / 3. The meetrng started / I / up and down and yelled / 4. My ftiend junped /
Mrs. Olsen moppd
when she got the news.

5.
6.

The airplane departed

When I asked

/ at six and landed

/ at eight.

/ the doctor about some mediatioq he suggested

/ a new one.

Presenl ond Post: simple ond

Prcgres*e

Zt

(cho '2 6) Exercise 23. Lel's lolk: smoll gloups' . verb ilom rhe hst in anv order Work in smal1 groups Take orns ctriosrni a will wrjre that word in the corect column'

vou

wish

Sav the

#;";";:il;;;i;""mates
accept believe
chase

comPlain die

{i

miss neeal play

Push rain request

thank work

worly

Practice pronouncing the -d endings' yesterday- Tell your patner about drem Parr r. Check (/) all the activities you did surfed the intemet washed clothes combed mY hair translated some words - 4Ped an email - brushed mY teeth added some numbers - worked on a comPuter - cooked breaKast

Exelcise 24. Lel's lolk: poirwolk' (chod 2-6)

waited for a bus walked to school

P@r,

/L

partner talked Choose four to six activities your

exercised

talked on the Phone

about Tell the class about them

Wolm'up' (chods 2-7 ond 2-8) ilr-,"-tit"-".-"r"i" ".".ence la or b 1 that correctlv

Exercise 25.

describes each scene'

to rarn' Rita was standing under a tree when it began when il began ro rain b. fuLa stood under a lree

2nd:
SCE!.'E 1:

Rlto sioocl under o

lree

28

CHAPTER 2

rsi:

Aild siood under o iree.

2nd:

Li

beqon io roin.

SCENE 2:

(a) I wrlkedlo school yesteday. (b) John ,ived in Pafs for ten yea6, bul (c) I bougfl
now he lives in Rome. a new car three days ago. Rlia slood under a tre n4ren
(e)
(1)

The simple past indicate+hat an acllvily or siiuation began ard ended at a paniculat tine in the

f bega,

When Mts. Chu hearcl a sttange noise, she got up io invdbatel When I cttopped ny Np,the ccfiee

lfa sentence contains wnen and has lhe simple past ln both clauses. the action in lhe whelFclause happens lirst.
ln

(d):]st: The

rain besan.
a

2ndr Rita slood under

tree.

(g) I was

walr{,.ng dotNn the sbeet when it

clotf,n the

ln (g):

1st

was wa king down the

slreel. 2nd: lt began io rain.

(h) While Lvas wrlf,irg

sheei, it

(i)
(j)

Bila was

siardiig

under a tree when ii

Both a.tions MUtred atthe same liine, bul one action began ea ier and was in prcgress when the other actlon occurred.
ln (j): l,4y sludyins began belore 8:00, was in progress at lhat lime, and probably continued.

At eighr o'cloct( lasi n'ghi, I

rrs

(k)

While I was sludying in one room of our apadment, nry roommate was havinq a pady in the other room.

Someiimes the past proqressive s used in bolh parls of a senlence when nro actions are in progress

tr

Exelcise 26, Lel's tolk, (chods

2-7 ond 2-8) Choose the question or statement you would expect

ile

speaker to say. Discuss your answe$.

\7ork in pabs, in small gmups, or as a class.

1.

u?hen

I went to bed late last night, I noticed that the light was on in your bedroom. b. Did you read? a. Vere vou reading?
Presenl ond Post Simple ond Progresstue

29

2.

Jane's cousin was at the party last night.

a- Weie you meeting him?

b. Did you meet him?

3. A small airplane flew over our house several times last night. a. We were sitting out on the patio, and ir m2de us nelvous.

. '

b. Ve sat out on the patio, and it made us nervous

met Carol Jones at the party last night' Descnbe her for me h. \lthar did she wear? a. What was she wearing?
sure

4.

rm not

ifl

tr

grqmmor. (chods 2 7 qnd 2-8) -Use tlie simple past or the past progressive Comilete the sentences.
Exencise 27. Looking 1.

ol

oflhe verbs in parmtheses'

in class at tlis exact

am sining in class right now'

(si)

wae

5ifrina
,ot

same time Yesterday.

2. llca 3. I

)
dJ,)

Roger at nine last night, but he (6e, -

;at home. He (rt

(heat, not)

at the libmry.

the thunder during the storm last night

because

(slee?)

4.

It

was beaudfirl yesterday when we went for a walk in the

park The sun

(sftrze)

. A cool breeze
The birds (si,is)

(610rr)

5.

My brclher and sister (drate)

about sometling when

(watk)

6. I got a package in the mail.

when I (oprr)
a surprise.

it,l (fi*1)
the litde boy a story, he

?.

Vhile Mrs. Emerson (/ead)

asleepj so she (.bre)

(/all)

the book and

quietly (sredA)

A. A:

(you, heaO
(listen,
'?ot)

what *re reacher just said?

B: No, I

I (think)
in lorra,

about something

9. I reaUy enjoyed my iast vacatjon \l&ile it G'?o'o)

dle sun (r&i,d) in Florida, While you (rl'oeel)
snow in Iowa all last week, otr a beah in Florida.

I (fu)

30

CHAPTER 2

_Exercise 28. Lel,s lolk poirwork, (chods 2-7 ond 2_B) nfo.k with a partner. Complete rhe sentences with the given ;erbs and the words in parenrheses. Use the simple past or the past progressive. Role*play on ofthe dialogues for the of the ciass or a small group of classmates. Try not to Iook at your book whJn you -iest perform rhe dialogue.

1.

call, wait

A: \Yy'hy B:T

weren't you at the meeting?

for an overseas call fiom my family.

k
B:
-2.

(rhey)

Yes.

It

was

wondedrl to hear from them_

A: How

(J,or,)

your arm?

B:I
front ofthe dorm.
3.

on the ie while the sdeet in

A:

You're late again! You were supposed to be hre ren minures ago. \i(rhere were vou? B:I fo. a place to park.

A: (you) B: Well, yes and

4.

no.

my car illegally.

ash, dec le, Iaoh, see, worh

A: How B: No,

did it go? (J,or) her yesterday?

the manager for a raise when on pretty busv. big presentation for next week. She to wait until later.

she

dtbe, get, happen,

heepj pctJt see

A: I had a bad day yesterday. B: Oh? \ja,hat A:T a tmffic tickef B: Really? That's too bad. What was it for? A: For ruDning a red light. I
attention to the road. I

home atrd

(r?or)

dr)

fte red light and just

driving

Presenl ond Posf; Simple ond progressive

3l

tr
(iJ

c"-J.i. an. *",""*s. Use the simple pasr-or the past progressive form of the verbs in the list' ifr"ft.,"tr ,o .n" p"."uge to check your completions' Use each verb only one time'

Exercise 29, Orommor ond lislening. (cnorts 2 r o'd 2-8)

It was my fllst day of class. Ifinally

already tull of students
2

*re dght room. The room

Arabic' on the On:one side of ihe room, students were talklng to each other in Japanese or
other side, students

in Spanish or Portuguese. It sounded like

3

the United Nations some of the students, however,

themselves, not talking to anyone

quietly by

for an empty seat in the last row 3nd sat down ln a few
mjnutes, the teacher conversation suddenly
7

into the room, and allthe multilingual

Exercise 30, let's lolk. (chqds 2-7 ond 2 B) ii"iJ, i".."t"-p.tr.rm u panto-ime. Then in pa

s, in small groups' or as a class' describe

forms trr"l.*"" i" A" p".tomirne step by step. Pay speciai anention to the use ofpastvetb pedod succEsrloN: Satctrand describe a few panomimes in each ciass ;;J..6;"":

for the no<t week or two i1 order to keep pmcticing past verbs

Eramrld. washing one's hands "'-" -''" at a sink. She turned on the faucet Then she picked up some t ah" ;* "anding *ashing her hands, the soap slipped out ofher-hands and V,'ttif. "ft"-t* She bent over to pick it up' Thenshe fi"ished waslnns her """p. ato'pp.d to O. floot. hands and turned offthe fauet At the end, she wiped her hands on a towel'
Posible pantomime subjecx : opening a door with a key

taking

picture with a camera

reading a newspaper while ilrinking a cup of coffee being unable to start a car; looking r:nder the hood

tr

Exercise 31. Let's wrile. (chorts 2-7 ond 2 B) or more of lour clas'males' panlomimec Give 3 Ljde to-$'" l"-*ti,i""-. J.*riU. ""e pu,',oro;-,".. rlse a fewti'"e words to show the order in which ;;;;;;;'.-;il;",tft.tt. 'rhe acrion" were perforrn et firs!.ne\t. then'oJkr !hat betorc' when' uhik' et''

rchorl'2-l 2-8) hrst dav or two in ttris cor'muv or citv use past tense verbs $?hat did ;;.,;;;bJ;."t ti?ho did vou meet? Did you have any oo" aoi Wut aiav"" think? ri0hat did vou see? -interesting experiences? How did you feel about this place? are your present Seconcl write about how you fel about this place now ln what ways experiences here different from your earlier experiences?
Exelcise 32. Lel's wrile.
CHAPTER

32

Check (/) the sentences that are collect. verb tenses in these sentences?

Exercise 33. Worm-up. (chort 2'9)

Vhat do you notice
aboua the use of ar{l,aJs

with

l.
2.
3.

Nadia is slways hlking on the phone when I'm tryng ro study. Fmnk always studics in the library aftcr school. My friends always do their homework togetler. Our mar} reacher ir al1^ays grving u\ .urprisr quiTzes.

la)

Mary atwaF teavestar school al 7:45

ln senrences releringio presenitime, uslallythe simpe presenl is used with ,Iwrys to descibe hab:t'ralor everyday activities, as in (a). ln special circumsiances, a speaker may usethe prcsent progressive wiih always io exprcss annoyance, as in (b).

lb)

Mary is always leaving her didy socks on ihe lloor lor me io plck lpl Who does she think I am?

(c) I an atwaysltorcve
l,4ary's didv socksl

constantty picking up

ln addition io rrryryq the wods lorcvet and constantly are used wiih prcgressve verbs lo express annoyance.

tr

Exercise 34, lel's lqlk. (chod 2-9) Your roommate, Jack, has many bad habits. These bad habits annoy you. Pretend you are speaking to a Aiend and complaining about Jack. Use the present progressive of a velb in colurnn A and complete the smtence s'ith a phrase ftom Column B. Vse ahtays, constantb,, or /ore6'? in ach sentence. Say your sentence aloud with annoyance in your voice.
-Ejrampl- He's always messing up the kitchen!

Colurnn A

Colurnn B

2. leav 3. borrow

1.

mess up

/ b. f,

a.

4.try
7.
5. 6.

c.
d. e.

brag crack

forget

s.

about himself the kitchen my clothes without asking me to give me my phone messages his dirty dishes on the table to show me he's smarter than me* his knuckles while I'm trying to study

Exercise 35, ln your own words, (chod 2 9)

Complete the sentences xdth your own words.

A: I don't know if I can stand Sue as a roommate

Oh? \Yy'hat's wrons?

one mo.e day. She's drMng me crazy.

A: well, for one thing she's

alwavs

'!r 6(el Elg[sh, a suitid prcnou falioivs tral: llel ftSdrt c.d aJra tta Il,\ olnd rtan e.

d/da t&4,

fad.

ln

everyday

i.formal Ens]is\ m ob,ecr pr"nom is

Presnl oncl Posti Simple ond

Proges-ive 33

B:

Really?
She's forever

A:'And not only rhat.

B: That

must be a hassle for you.

she's constantl:/

A: It is. And what's morer

Can you believe that? And she's always

B: I think

vou're

right

You need to find a new toommate

- O

Exercise 36. Worm-up. (Chori 2-10) Reaa iie two short dialogues- what do you notice about the word order? How
ditrerent?

is the focus

t.' A: \Y,&at was Hans doing when you arrived?

2.-

B: He was reading a book ilr bed. A: Where was Hans when You ardved? B: He was in bed rcading a book.

(a)

Whal !s Kay doing? She s stuclving in het

ln usualwod order, an exprcssion ol place lollows a veio

roon

ln

\a\

is studying

+ in het toom

the focus is on Kav's activilv

SheE in het rcom studYing

An expression ol place can sometimes come behveen the auxiliaDa be and ihe r:ngverb in a progressive verb lorm l^(b): was + inhetrcon+ studyitg = lhefocus is on Kays location

:'-E

plac Work individually, in sma-ll groips, or as a class. Use the given verbs and ergressions of order if the focus is on an activiry in progress lf to co-plete ttt. d-ialogues. Use usual word the focus is on the peison's location, put the expression ofplace between 6e aJld the -?ttg verb'

Exelcise 37, Looking ol grommor. (chod 2-]0)

l.

Iisten to

nltsic\ in

her room

A:

Where's Sally?
5he'6 in her raam li'l,enina to muoia

B:

2. listen to music\ in the h.ting room

A: rvhat's B: llle's
3-

Soon doing?

listenina r'o ffiueic ih tthe livina

uanhTV\in hk betuoom A: Where was Ji]n when you got home? B: He was

34

CHAPIER 2

4.

watchTv\in

his bedroom

A: What was Jim doins B: He was

when you got home?

\ on the couch in the toing room

A: rx/hat's Kurt B: He's

6.

doing?

\ on the .ouch in the lbing room

's

Kurt?

B:

He's

7. attend a conference \ in Si.ngapore

A: \(&ere's Ms. Chang

-Exercise

this week?

tr

38. Check your knowledge. (chopter

Cofiect the effors.

2)

1.

Brealdast is an important meal. I'm always eating breakfast.

\vy'hile

2.

I was working in my ofiice yesterday) my cousin stops by to visit me.

a

3. ?uki staied home because she catched

bad cold.

4.
5.

My brother is looks like our fatier, but I am resembling my mother.

Jun, are you listen to me?

Iamtalktoyou!
I
was finding a really interesting Web site.

6. while I was surfing

the internet yesterday,

7.
8.

Did you spoke English before you were come here?

Yesterday, while

I was working at my computer, Shelley was suddenly coming into

she was

ahe

room. I wasn't knowing

suddenly speals

there, I was concentrate hard on my \to.k- When she

am

tump. She startle me.

Presenl ond Posl; Simple ond Plogressive

35

2-4 ond 5) l. Lel's lolk: poin olk' rchortsPartner A2asks questions beginning with llooe p"* p"'iiipLt \trflork with a pararer to ""itt q"*'i"" " ih No' I hooen'L I'Qe neoer ' ' ;.:il;. i'fi;*; ""*"'' 'r''

Exercise

;;i;;,i?;;.'': ;;i;ffi; i;;;; .fu;):

1: buy a boat

FrartDle. see a silent film

Ha!e You ever seen a sirenr nrrn? No, I haven't rve never sen a slnt mm'

2. break a vrindow 3. hide ftom the Police 4. teach English 5. make ice cream 6, win a ontest ?. ride an elePhant 8. flY an ai4lane 9. catch a bufterflY

l0 .i

leave your umbrella at a

restartant

11. dig a hole to Plaflt a tree 12. ddve a school bus 13. dru* a Pi"n:te ofYourself
Change rolas,

14. build a house 15, forget Your own name 16. fall otra ladder

l?.

hold

a Poisonous snake

18. steal alrything 19. eat a duck egg 20. swing a baseball bat 21. feed a lioa 22. sptit wood with an axe 23. hit a basebal 24. read a PlaY bY Shakespeare

25

dow romaloes ftom

seed

26.

teat a Page out of a library book

t6

tr
,4?
.".t,i

Exercise 2. Lel's lislen ond

lolk.

5,

You.witL heara sentence and rhe begiming of a question. C;mplte rhe quesrion vrith rhe pasr participle of$e verb you heard in rhe first sentence. Have youiver done these things? Circte yes ot na. Telj anolher student some ol the rhings you have and haven.r done.

(chqrts t-6 ond

2_4)

Example: You vtlllhear: I took an English test. Have you ever . . . ? You will write: Have you evel traken an English test?

1.

Have you ever Have you ever Have you ever Have you ever Have you ever

a book?

@
ves
ves

2.

your wallet?
a mountain?

3.
4. 5.

"o.

ves
ves yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes

a speech to a large audience?

a lie?

6. Have you ever 7. Have you ever

in public? on a motorcycle?

L
9.
10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16.

Have you ever Have you ever Have you ever Have you ever Have you ever Have you ever Have you ever Have you ever Have you ever

TLrkish coffee?
a cooking class?

hands with a famous person?

another person v.ith English?

in a tent?
a

tluck?

a car accident?

biologJ'?
a violin?

Exercise 3. Wqlm.up. (chori s-t)

Complete the smtences with your own words. What do you notice about the verb tenses in blue? In which sentences do the situations continue ftom the past until now?

l r.
4.

I got up at
since

(time) today.

2. I have been awake

I am qrudying

(tine).

EnClish grammar in Lhis class. I have comc to

fii!

class

(r,'7rbel) times so far this montll.

I took my first English class in

(year).

Pefcl ond Perfecl Progressive Tenses 37

(a)

Mrs. Oh

,as bee,

ieacher s/lrce

2002.

(b) I have Oee,

lvtay.

in this ciiy

st

ce last

The present perfect is olten used wilh slrce and rirrio talk aboul sliuatons that began in the past and continue up

(c)

We

tt

v beet here s,nce nine

T|ME F-RAME

ln (a); sLrualoN: being a ieachei = from 2002 uP to now

ldl

Rita knows Fob. TheY metlwo months aqo. She ttrs kr'olvt h]m fortwo rnonths. I mel him three years ago. I have known hjm for

N.ti.e ihe use of s,tce vs. fol

in the

since + a specilic paint in tine \e g ' 2002, last MaY, nine o'clock)

(e) I nave k own Fob sinceIwas in

tot

a length of tine (e.9 , tuva nonths, thrce years)

ln (e): since + a rme c/ause(ie, a subiectand verb may lollow s,r.e)'

(J)

n E

(r)

,.
6t

Have You ever se.' snow? No, I hrvenl I've nevet seen snow But Anna has seer'

The present Pedectcan talL about events that ha@ \or havenlJ happened befora rorq The exact iime oi lhe

--*--------*-

tt

lg) ttaveYou nishedYout

Ihe

homework yei? I snrr trver'l firist ed mine. Jack has akeadv

advetbs evet, nevet, yet, sti ' and a/readyare olten used wilh the prcsent ln (ll: EVENT: seeing snow from lhe beginning of rME FRAME their lives uP to now

ln (q): EvENr: doing homework rME FRAME: hom thetime the People

(h)
E

We t ave hadlhree tesis so far

t
'E

(i)

l've met many People since

The present pedecl can also erpress an evenr lhat has occurcd rcpeatedtv frcn a point in the Past uP to Ihe present tine. The event may haqPen ln {hl: FEPEATED EvENr : taklng tesls rffE;FAME: from lhe beginninq oithe

rn

il:

REPEATED

EvEifi:

meenng pople

rME

FFATTE

= kom the llme lcame here

(j)

,'ve been therc' You'Ye been lhere

Hrve and ta. a usually coniracted with perconal Pronouns in iniormal wrilins, as in (j).
NOiE: tle's lhere.

Ttpy've been there

He',s: llis

Itebbeenlherc. sl,eb
*Se Chen r8-Z
p. 388, for

been ihere-

He'sbeen there

Hes:

He hae

dore infomation abour dme cLtuses'

38

CHAPTTR 3

tr

Exercise 4. Looking

ol grommoL (chort3-l)
NewYear's DaL
a long time.
less

Complete the sentences with srrrce or/or..

1
2.

There has been snow on dre ground

Th weatller has been cold Maria has studied English

3. 4.

than

a year,

Mr. and Mrs. Roberts have been together

They have known each other \ve haven'f seen Aziz
Iast

they were in college.

5.
6.

more than fiftv yea$.

monft.

-7. I've had a cold

8. I haven't heard firom my sister

$e begjnning ofMarch.

tr

Exelcise 5. Lel's tolk. (chori 3-t)

eomplete the sentences with any appropdate time expression. Vork in pai4, in small groups,

1.

af,Jun6 . I bought this book the firaL of lune I have had this book silce two weeke I have had this book for
Today

is

the 1+th

ttwa

week6

age.

2. I moved ro this ciry

I have been in this city since I have been here for

3. It is the year
I started going to
schooi in the year

I've been a student for I've been a student since

4.

I first met our teacher

I've known her/him for I've knom her,4rim since

5.

t}]ave (a/an)

rhat

I boughr

ago.

I have had it since I have had it for

Pedecl ond Pedecl Progressive Tenses

39

ilJ;".if'. o".",i."" l" complete

sir?ce- Close Your book.

Exercise

6' ll's tqlk' (chod 3-l)

use sentences student B will use /o'f Studeft C will

C: Or' u)ing .fl'?ce' F anble: To A: W}len drd volr come here? To B: Use/or' To TEACHER: V'ben did You come here? STL'DENT A: I cane here on June 2nd'

T;;"'

How long has (Szdenr'4) been here? Useifo/' iiuosN"t s, I{e/She has been here for two week' TEACHER: or, using since? c, He's/She's been here since June 2nd'

irqo"r"r 1: To A: Vhen did You get to class today? -' To B: How long has (-) been in class? Use/or'

To

C: or'

using ri'c?

2.

To

A: rJi&rat dme did vou get up this morning? been up? UseF/ To C: Or' To B: How long has (-)

using si'c??

,. to O' tlyno ,n.nt" class owns a car/bicycle? \(&en did you buv it? - To B: How long has (-) had a carfuicycle? Use/o'1 To C: Or' using sitte?
4.
5. 6.
To

A: \)vho To B: How
To

is wearing a watch) \x'/hen did )ou get ir?

long has

(-)

had his/her watch? Use/or' To

C: Or' using stuee?

using siarei

A: rtri&o is married? When did you get malried? or' ) been married? Use /or To C: To B: How long has ( To

A: Do you kno\t ( To B: How long has (-) -)?

\i(41en did you meet him'&er?

known

(-)?

Use/or' To C: Or' usjng sincel

l

,.-,

Exercise 7. Looking ot glsmmol. (' 4c: 3

i;;.;;;;;.
Endt

1. 2.

ci+ I don't lerow arvone here' I haYed!-gEqlded any parties since I came to this ' t\esen PerlPn z'erb ha\eni nae Pd a-e the sPeaher anix'ed in this c;ry to 'ha presem time , iii"'ii,i", l'"* 'n" quiz And it's only wednesdav! So far this week, I've had two tests an'l a the term You've already missed too Try not to be abseni from class again for the rest of
rlr: '
many classes. got up' I,m really hungry I haven't eaten sjnce I but she still hasn't finished Nadia sta$ed her homework right after dinner' probably won't be able to go to bed llntil after midnight met my cousin? Hi, Judy. \(ielcome to the party Have you ever B: No,I haven't.

;.;i

;rfecirerbs

wrrar is Lhe time frame in ea'h situalioni

3. 4.

it

She

5- A:

40

cHAmR 3

6. A:

. .

Do you like lobster? B: I don,t know. I,ve never eaten it.

7. A:

How did you like the book I tent you? B: cosh,I,m sorry, but I haven't read it yet. I havenl had dme.

tr

Answer the questions. Vork in pairsJ in small groupsr or as a class.

Example:

Exercise 8, Lel's lolk, (chod 3_t)

A (6oo,t orsr): SiEAI<BR B (,ooL ./rrsd)

SPEA(ER

Ho\,\ many te{s ha\e you laken since you \tarred commg to this class? r nave taken lthr?e, seactal. na\)\ test. (ince I sraned coming ro this clas.. oR I havenl lakeo any lects since I srafled coming to rhis cls.\.

How How How How How

many textbooks have you bought since the beginning of rlle year? many emails have you gotten so far this weelvmotrth? many emails have you writrer since the beginning of the weelVmonth? many quesrions have I asked so far? many times have you flowtr in an airplane?

(Chanse roles if wotkins in pai.rc.)

10, How many times have you eaten your

6. How many people have you met sine you came here? 7. How many classes have you missed since the beginning ofthe semester? 8. Ho\r many cups ofcofee have you had since you got up this moming? 9. How many classes have you had so far today?
native food at a rcstaurant this month?

'What. are some interesting and unusual things you iave done in your lifetime? Answer this question share your.sertences w.ith a partner, a small

Exercise g. Lei,s wrile ond

lolk

(chart.3-j)

by writing four to six sentences,

so;e of rhem true anisome

gro"p, o. th"

statement is true or false. Example:

SPEAKER

tren *i,"rh.' yo* "t";;, -;;;iig,;;""

or tirem ratse.

A: I have iumped from an airplane. B: I thint that,s false. SPEAKERA: Y:u:l:deht. I,ve never iumped Aom
SPEAKIR

skydit'ing sometime.

an airptane, but I,ve thought about going

Exercise 10, Wolm-up; lislening. (cho- 3_2) trqren tor reduced speech in $ese senrences. How are haue ald has @ ptoDounced?

4. 5. 6.

l The Browns have decided to grow thei own vegerables. 2. It's past midnight. Where have you bem? 3. Ilura has offerd ro help us move into our new apaftment.
Is Nick in troubl again? Vahat has he done ihis time? Janet has traveled all over the world.

He. parenrs have raveled a lot roo.

P ect ond Perfecl progressive Tecs6

al

Ia) ttow haveyau

been?

Spoken: Howlvl yaubeen? oR Howlevl You been?

ln spo,(en E_qlish,lhe presenl pedecl helpinq verbs firsand hrve are oflen educeo 'ollow:nq nou's and queslon words '

ln (a): trave can sound like /v/ or /ev/.

ln (b):
oR

(b)

Jane hrs already eaten lunch

tas

can sound like

//

or

/e/.

Spo6ni Jatez akeady eaten lunch

ln (c): r,as can sound like /s/ or /es/.**

Jane/azl aneady ealen lunch.

(c)

Mt*e nas already left. Spoken: Mjkelsl ateady lell aa a Mike/asl ateady leli.

NorE Jane/l eaten. Jane's: Jane has Jane/l hare. Jane's: Jane 13
Mike/s/ Ieft. Mikc's: Mike has Mike/s/ here. MlkeS: Mike ls

*In very in&iml writile, &6 is sometimes con@cred with no s (e.E Ja@'s ahcadt ur') and qustionwords (c s 'I|/"ere's jn Miting except sith prcnous (e' s ,I'!s). See Ch t 3 l for mits conh'rions iB g"e.'g"", 1, *.+ 'fta@ "."oacted ura A^ *it p.ooo""t. See Appmdia Chaft C for more informltion about condctiors in gndal **Se Cnart 6- I, D. 85, for the proDun iation of fina1 -s aftd voiced ed voiceless som&-

:.

n A) td

Lisien to the sentences. Y6u will hear reduced lorms for haoe,has, znd t5, but you will wdte their full (non-rcduced) fonns and any other words you hear'
Exeampte: yo.u

Ex6rcise I

l.

Ustening' (chort 3-2)

willheat: Sorry I'm late How long have you been here? been have herc? You will write: }j.ow long "vau
in the classroom.

1.

My teacher

2. Your teacher
3.

All ofthe other teachers

4. You're late! Where

5. 6. Susan has a

glilty Iook

on her face.

what

Finallyl The mail

in the same apanment for over drirr) year:.
a

7. My neighbors
8.

Vicky

tdp to Brazil.

9. It's great to see you. How

10.

India

an independent country since 1947.

11. The weather

l2- The weather

\?- The cbildren

warm lately. their &awings-

t4- Rurh

fou

novels so far this month.

42

cHAmR 3

tr

Exercise 12. Worm-up, (choir 3

3)

What do you notice abour the verb tenses in blue? Discuss the differences.

or good ihings

oboui
I

Professor Stevens, bul

hcrven i ioken ony oi her

(a)

've rDer Linda, but I t aven't

hethot

husband. Haye you metthem?

The PnEsENr PERFEoT is used to Ialk about past events when there is no specific ol line.

nenti

h (a):

The speaker istalking aboul

sone unspecnied time betore now.

Simple Pasl

(b) I .ret

Helen yes@rday at a party. Her husband was there loo, bd I didr,l ,reethim. aidyou neerrhem at the pady?

The SUPLE PAsr is used when lhere is a specifrc nentiu of tine. ln (b): I}'e speaker is thinking ora specifi c limei yesterday.

(c)

Sam tas been a leacher Ir. t n years. He loves teacning-

The PFESENT

PERFECT

is used ior

situations that began in the past and continue to the ptesent.

ln ic): The presenl perfect tells us

lhai Sarn is stillateachor now.

Slmple Pasl

(d) Jim wasateader b.ren years,lrom

1995 to 2005. Nc'w he 's
a

salesman

The shrPLE PAsr is used lor siualions that began and ended in ln (d): Thesimple pasliells usthal Jim is not a leachernow

Perlecl ond Perfecl Progressive Tenss

43

Exercise
r:.mDlete

3 3) I3. lookng ot grommqr' (chorts 2-6 o'o pedecr lorm of Lhe verbs in dre presenr tie senrence.. U'. ,h' ";;[;";ior
a

parentheses,

l.

Fatima is from

hot, ari'l part ofher

countv

Stre (see'ne er)

2. Last January,

(ser)

snow for the fust time in mY life'

3. Last night mY ftiend and

I (lduP)

some free timeJ so we (90)

4. Since classes began,

(fta'e,

much ftee time. MY

'?o')

cfasses keep me really busy.

5.

Minsvon

6. ['lls.

ls in this class for three months His English this class until the etrd of May' gefting befter and better. He plans to take left in our class for three months, but then she Perez (6e)
(bc)

school to get a job. 7. Late-breaking news! A maior eartlquake

(o"''"J'st)
ar 9:25 A.M. Pacific Standard

ifl sodhern California. It (odc'l)

Time.

8. I admir

that

I Ger') I G",
aho)

older since I last (sre)

you, but with anY luck at all,

9. A: Are You taking

B:
No,

Chemistly 101 this semester?

Gake, drrcadY'*)

ir. I
it last semester. This semester I'm ill 102'

(rdAe)

10.

Greg Adams? Yes,I know

him l

(krmzo)

him since college.

ll.

I'm solry to hear that Joe North passed all/ay? well wheo we were in college together'

(At?otu)

him

'comN

ts) I haxe Eotb" R ha

.;drs

used as the

p'crpardciple ot ar

s'll:1'

E"el"! @ltsN tu*

''@ '":1.':i{l"h;;i;i"*riJ-Jri;,"rs"*r"o. bob 'n po{ed

ii

ueea ln rhis sentdce'

soe

/ il@s

!'' is presdr perfect (NoB; cotu, ocds o;v in Amenca'

th) !h@eotapnbten

*r'Die,,',

pe'red de jn @6l]Mh 6ed mth &6e tdlerb\ mhrmd E

p.*,

e ri" rlr "r(\d orsdr : 'ar ";o; in",,ui,J,i.r." have mdA 3d meu6 'omi

rn

t*sotatub! 'ltavabnb'* Th< e"e; rbrcannsi.pe"en'i ha.nopaJIrm

r":"1' Y':"t'"*#t'If,*

j,fi

ffi"#1iiiiT'T:

fi J5.:T5""il

*'

44

cHAmR 3

lf

Exercise let's tolk: find someone who , . . . (chorts 3-t ond 3 3) Vralk arcund the room. Ask a complete question for each irem using the presem perfect of the given verb. Begin your quesrions with IIar Joz ezrer. \yy'hen you find someone who answers "yes," ask a follow-up question using tle ror-word and the silnple past.
Erdrrpfu.
SpEAKER SPEAKER
SPEAi<ER

l/L

see a bear? Where?

A:

(Hassan), have you ever seen a bear?

B: No, I havenl. A: Okay. Thanks.

(Maria), have vou ever seen a bear? SP.TAKER C: Yes, I have. S?E{KER A: Really? Where did you see it? SPE{KER C: In a zoo.

H!)e ))au ez,er

...

l.

2. -3. 4. .5. 6.

break something valuable? Vhat - . . ? lose something impoftant? \X/hat . . . ? stay up all night? Why . . . ? tavel to an interesting placc? Vhere . . . ? -i be ir a car accidenr? When . . . play a team sport? W,hich . . . ?

Exercise 15. Worm-up. (chod 3 4) Check (./) each correct senterce. NorE: One sentence in each group is incorrect.

1.

Anita is at the bus stop. a. _ She is waiung lor $e bus. b. She is waiting for rie bus for fiileen mimrtes_ c. _ She has been waiting for the bus for fifteen minlrtes. Tarik is at the bus stop roo. a. _ He is sranding beside Anira. b. He i. <tanding $ere .ince fi\e o clock. c. He has been standing dere since five o'clock.

2.

Pedecl ond Pedecl kogressive Tenses

45

(a) Bighl

now I am silf,ng

mY

(b) I tave been stttitg at mY desk since seven o clock lhrve bee, sittitg here iortwo hours (c) lt's bee, taiting a/ dav hb still
raining righl now

ln la): The PFESENT PRoGRESSNE erpresses an activity in prcgrcss righl nou (See Charl

2-2,p.14.)
ln (b): The PFESEMI PEFFECT PFoGFESS vE ef,oresses how /onQ an aciivity has been in orcoress. ln other wolds, jl eJpresses brre :aaftldr{l an activity mat oegan n the past

aid cattinues ,t

the Present

Tjme exprcssions ofien used with ihis tense

. .

sirceand frt as in (b) aI daylalnominglal week' as

in (c). ln (c): ltbDeen Ening It s stitl nning

lts:

rls=,ihas
ft is

(d) I've know,

chitd.
r/vcoRREcr:

Alex s'l?ce he was a

-$re+e+k$din Alex

For non-proqressNe verus sLich as k o'4 ihe nresenl;erfecl (not lhe preseni Perhct prosrcs;jve)is used lo express the duratron ol a silua on lhat began in lhe past and continues to the Prcsent (See Charls 2_3,

16, and 3_1' p 38 )

(e)

How long have You been

livi'g

(l)
(g)

Forsome (nol all)vefts,lhe idea ol how /onocan be expressed byetherlense lhe presentperfect progressive or the present
NorE: (e) and (1) have the same meanins; {q) and (h) have the same meanrng

How long tave You lived here? Al has bee, wearitg glasses since he was len

(h) A r,as

'{orn

slasses since he

Eitheriense can be used only when ihe velb exDresses the duraton orpresent aclivilies or srrLraiions lhal happen regularly. usually habitually e.g., tNe, wDtk, teach, studv' wear glasses, chess, etc.

tit
(

l've been thinkins about lookinq for a diflerentjob This one doesnl pay enough.
All of lhe students nave

i)

ten

When the lense is used withod any mentlon of trme. il r(presses a qeneral activity in orooress recentlv, latelv. For example' (i) 'me;ns I ve been thinhins about kis tecenlly

studyi.tg hard Final exams

45

cHAmR 3

tr

Exercise 16. Looking ot grdmmor. (chort 3 4)

Complete the sentences. Use the present progressive or the present pedect progressive form the verbs in parentheses.

ot

1. Mr.

and Mrs. Jones

(.sit)

now They

(sD

sittinq have been sitrina

are

outside on their porch dght there shce after dinner.

Sara rs

2.

The test begins at 1:00. Right now it's

ll:00.

arrhc iibrary. She (/ez,r'rzr)

her notes right now. She @ziaar) all moming.

1. Marco is in a

sto.e. He (r,a,?d)

counter right

now He

(stdrTd)

there for over five

a pair ofjeans.

minutes. He wishes he could find a salesperson. He wants to buy

4

The littie sirl is dirty from head to foot because she (rlar,) The children are excited about the concert. 'fhey (ptdctice)
a

5.

lot in rhe last few weeks.

They're going to sing for their parents.

6.

My back hurts,
a

so

(rlep)

pad on the floor late1y. The bed is too soft-

Exercise 17. Lei's wrile. (chods 2-6.3-'l. oncl 3-4) write about the picture using the verbs in the list and the verb form given in

each item.

plant

wash

l.
2. 3.

Tom has had a busy day so far. Right now, he's taking a break. what hasTom been doing? 'Write at least four sentences on another piece of prper. Use the present pedect pto$essive. Rewrire your sentences usingjesrerdaH Usethe simple past. Rewrite your seirtences using lrrt IJse the present pedect.
Perlecl ond Perfecl Progressive Tenses

47

3l ond 3-4) Listen to tlle dialogue one time with your book closed. Then, $'ith your book open, listen again and wlite ihe words you hear.
Exercise 18. Lisiening. (chorts

A:

Good to see you ! So what

up to lately?

B: Not too much.

it

asy.

A: How nice!
By rhe way,

GIad to hear you your parcnts?

too hard.

B: -'
that they're rctired.

great.

A: How long
B:

retired?
a couple a lot"?
10

-tiosh, I don't know.

ofyeals now.

B:

Yeah.
11

in warm, sunny places in the winter and

t2

A: What a great way to spend retirement! I'm glad to hear

themselves.

n
-

Exercise 19. looking ot

grdmmot

(chorjs 3-l ond 3-4)

Complete the sentences. Use the ve$ in itdli.J ifl the first sentence of each item to complete the remainjng sentence(s). Use the present perfect or the present perfet progressive. In some sentences, eirher verb form is correcr.
7

I'm Wing

sttdy.

have been

trying

to study for the last hour, but something

go to the libmry.

always seems to

interupt me. I thbk I d better

2.

Joe

dr

an old bicycle. He

3.

Matt

zuorAs

attheABC

------hz.ahad the same bicvcle for twentv vears hao warked / hao been workinq r\erc Company. He
for her since

since 2005.

4.

ToslrJ is uaiting fot his

ftiend. He

five o'clock. She's late for their date.

5. I l?ft cowboy movies. I

sincelwasachild.
rNotie: A satment forn
(not a

cowboy moues ver

qusiion forD) .m sometim$

be used to ask a question bv usins a nsing

intotution at the

48

CHAPTER 3

Susie rt zoarc&i4" a cowboy over two hours

movie. She

it

for

witlout a break.
math at rhi. school

Dr. Chang red.rer math. He is an excellent teacher. He

for more fian 25 year\.

iird. They

Sue and Rick are playrig tennis right now and they're getting

since nine o'clock this morning. Sue's

windng.

She's the better tennis player. She

tennis since she was ten. Rick started playing only last year.

tr
l? gl

E(ercise 20. Lislening. (choris 3-l ond 3-4)

Lisren ro the descriprion of each item and complete the sentence that follows presenl perlecr and Lhe pre.enr perfect progressive.

it.

Use the

'"*"' aro-pt , vou*rllhear:

You will

Manuel has called Eva five times in the last hou.i but her lire is busy. He'll keep trying until he reaches he.

wite:

(try) ha.beentrvina to rcach Eva for to talk about their plans for the weekend. -----aLhp!!"
Ma'Juel in the doctor's office since
She hopes she doesn't have to wait much longer.

1.

Susan (uodrd

2. 1tlei (obn)

bis motorcycle for

3. 4.
5.

Ioe (decide, not)

decide soon.

which job to take yer. He'll

Mika is frustrated. She (sD

She's going to be very late for work.

in rush-hour bafEc

Andrew and Donna (tld!,)

chess

for

hours.

Choose one topic to

Topits:

Exercise 21. Lel's w'ile. (chorts 3-1,3-3, ond 3-4) irrite about.

1. \C

2.

fiftt day in this class. What did you see, hear, feel, think? Then write you have done and have been doing il this class since the first day. about what Describe your last week at home before you came to this city/country. Then describe what you have done and have been doing since you anived here.
te about your

f,

Exercise 22. Worm-up, (chori 3-5)

Each of rhe following talks about two events. Which event happened fiIst?

1. The teacher

2. I looked at

up. Someone had knocked on the classroom door. the chalkboard. The teacher had writlen my name there.
stood

Pefocl ond Pedect Progiessivo Tenses 49

(a)

Sarn ar ved at 10:00. ln other words, Ann tadalready re,l when Sam arrived.

The pasl periect exprcsses

a,

activily that was complete before another adivny ot tine in the

(b)

By ihe time Sam gol lh erc, Ann ha.t ateady

left

. :
(c) Sam t ad /efl before Ann got there. {d) Sam /efi befrre Ann got lhere (e) ,4frihe guests had teft, I wenl to bed

2n.l: Sam arived.

Adveic clauses with by lhe i,me are frequently used wilh the past perlecl in the main clause, as in (b).*

ll either before or after is used in the senlonce, ihe pasl perfecl isoflen not necessary becauselhe time relalionship is alreadyclear The simple past may be
used, as in (d) and il). NorE: (c) and (d) havo ihe same meaninsi (e) and {i)havelhe same meanins. The past pedect is commonly used in reported speech.t* lfthe actualspoken words usethe simple pasi, the past periect is often used in reporiing thos6 wods, as in (h) Common reportins verbs include te\| (soneone), say, find out, leam. and discovet. The pasi perlecl is often Jound in more formalwrliing such
as fiction.l

(fl

Afterthe guesls tefi, I wenl to bed-

(g)

Actual spoken words: l/oslmykeys. Jenny

lhlt Beported words:

'ai.tthatshe

had losthet

1.4/rlteni Bill f-lt great that evning. Earlier in lhe day, Annie hed caught one fish, and he tta.l caught three. They tad nad a dslicious picnic neat lhe lake and then hrd gore swimrning agaln. lt hacl been a nearly periect vacalion day.

eve lhappened (BiI felt greai), and ihen uses lhe past

In (i), the liction wiler uses the simple past to say lhat an perfect to explain what had happened belore that evni. Had is often codiacted wilh personal pronouns in

(j)

t'dfinished. You?Jinished. we'd Jinished. Ihsy'dtinished She'd finished. tte?finished.

informalwrling.
No-tE l'd finished.

lA \ke to
see <-J\att

go

ld= Ihad

t.l:

lwould

*Fd dore inJormatioD *F@ more informrion

abotrr

bt &e tine,

I7-2,

364.

about vdb form uasp in repo.ted speecb see

chdt

12-?'

261-

50

cHAmR 3

tr

Exercise 23. Looking of

grdmmdt (chofs

2-6 ond 3-5)

Use the simple past or the past pedect form ofthe verbs in parenrheses to complete dre senlences. In some cases, eirher ten\e is correct.

1.

Samir

waq/hadbeen (6r) be-orre a bulmessman.

a

a newspaper reporter

beforche (become)

2. t ( feet\
the medicine.

Iittle better after I (rdA)

3. '
|.

I was late. The rea.chet Gbq already)

@et)

a quiz when

4. It was raining
rain (srop)
5.

hard, but by the rime class (6e)

Millions of years ago, dinosaurs (toan)

(become)

the earth, but they

extinct by the time people flrst (appear)

6. t

(see, neuer)

any ofPicasso's paintines before

I ("rrD

7.

After work, I went to Rosa's office to give her a ride home, but I couldn't find her. She
(teaae)

with someone else(&'oA)

8.

I got ready to pay the bill, but when I

discovered that

in my pocketJ
my wallet at home.

(/edz,")

rvith some
my wallet.

embarrassment, I told my friend that

She kindly (o,trel)

I (/oet)
to pay my part ofthe bill for me.

Podeci ond Podect Progressive Tenses

5l

9.

Yesterday at a meeting,I (see)

Rick Collins, an old fiiend of him in years. him beause he (lore)

mirJe.

I (see, ot)

Atftsr,l

(tecognize,not)

ia great deal ofweight.

10. In

1980, my Parents (tnrgldte)

to the United Stats fiom outside of China ard

CljljJira. 'I-bey

(taul,

ne'L'et)

iere, of course, excited by the challenge of rclocating to a foreign coundy Eventually, ftey
(settle)

in Califomia. My sister and I were born there and

up there. I-asr Year,

(smu)

Go)

china for the filst time to studv at Beiiing Univercitv. I (wdnt' abJavs)
to visit China and leam more about my own

family backgrcund. My dreams finallv came tlue.

Exercise 24. looking ol gEmmor. (chort 3 -fi"a".fi". O" p"" p"tf"J, u"tti Wfti"n ot ,ft. passages is Eypical of ficrion vritirg) \?hich of pu""-g.. i"'opiiur ofspoken English? what are the differences in verb form usage?

b)

l. : -.
2.

The thief simply walked in. Mrs. Garcia had forgotten to lock the door_ Hel son's school it' had called to say that he was i11, so she had rushed out the door without thinking to lock to lock Hey, Anna! Did you hear? A thiefgot into Mrs. Garcia's house' Yeah She forgot the door the door- The school called and told her that her son was sick, so she rushed out without locking it. job Somtime in 1995, Mr. Patvaz took a long, hard look athis life He had had the same for almost thee decades. His alear wife had passed away l{is cbildren had gro\r:n and That moved away. So he quit his job, packed everl'thing he owned' and moved to lnndon
was the beginning

3.

ofhis adventure-

o
(l!

Exercise 25. Worm-up: lislening. (chort 3-6) Listen for reduced speech in these sentences. How is

pronounced?

l.
2. 3. 4.

I'm sorry

we missed the meeting. we had forgotten about

"ad

it'

The movie had already begun by the time we got dtere' I couldn't change my schedule. I had aheady planned mv day' I got home late. My roommate had akeady gone to bed'

52

CHAPTER 3

(a)

Joe.tad aheady heard lhe story

Spoken: JaeldJ aIrcally heard the story. oF Joelad/ akeady heard ihe story.

ln spoken English, the helping verb tad in the past perlecl is often reduced lollowing nouns and question words. lt can be pronounced as /cY or as /ad/.*

(b) Wfo lHd been there belore vou?

Spoken: Wholdl beenlherc-OeloreyouZ oa

l4lholad/ been there before you?

(c)
*See

The dos

tada

bone.

Spoken: Ihe dog ha.l abane

Chrt;3-5 fo. w.itten cordctions
of

lt
tad wirh
pronouns.

dis not reduced when jt is a main verb, as in

(c).

tr

Exercise 26. lislening. (chort 3-6) llcd. If you hear a reduced formJ underline frad is combined with. Practice sayirg the reduced forrns.
Lister for reduced forms of
Exemp
le s

and the word

it

You

vt 1ll

hea.

You will underline:

You wrll hear:

Anna had missed the bus. Anna had missed the busShe had a headache.

You will underline:

(nothine)

1. We had never seen it. He had never seetr it. Thy had never seen it. 2. \7e got home late. The children had already fallen asleep. 3. My roommates had finished dinner by the rime I got home. 4. My roornrnates had dinner early. 5. \7e couldn't drive across the dver. TlIe flood had washed away the bridge. 6. You were at Jim's at 8:00. Where had you beetr before rhat? 7. I had never visited there before. I'd like to go again. I had a good time.

lf,
,ff Ga

Exercise 27. Lisiening, (chots

3 2 ond

3{)

Lrsten ro *re sentences. You wjli hear rcduced forms for hooe, had, will write rheir non-reduced forms-

is, atd aould,htt yott

you been in dtis

L
2. 3.

You're a new student, aren't you? Ilow country?

long

have

You must miss your old neighbor. How long

you known Mr. Kim

before he moved away? You're looking for Jack? Jack

We were late, and Natasha

left. He isn't here.

le{i by rhe dme we gor rhere.

4.
5.

Unfoftunately, I didn't have my cell phone with me when we got losr.

left it at home.

Perlecl ond Prlecl Progressive Tenss

53

6.
7.

Since we're teachers, we have the summers off and do

alot oftraveling w'e

like to travel to Aiiica

ne-'<t.

Talk about long rnaffiages! Can vou believe lhat

been married for 65 Years?

Mr'

and

Mrs

Cho

8.

Serena

an amazing chef. She

get a reseflatlon at her restaurant' new and popular dishes that it's alrnost impossible to

B
cc

n)

rhe words tnat you nearFirst listen to the whole pissage Then listen agajn) and write

Exelcise 28. Listening. (chorl. 3 5 o.o 3'6)

A Pleasant Surprise
Last night, Alny got home from work two hours

late Usuallv

she's home by 7:30' but last

night she didn't get there until ahnost 9:30'

'when she got home, he. husban4 Jamal,
and was washing the dishes.
2

dinner

vith
.

worned tone in his voice' he askecl her where

She

told him

and then, on her way home, slowed traffic to a crawl. He askecl her why she
6

a big accident that had

She

said

to recharge her cell phone, so she couldnl call him'

he he was just glad that she was safely home Then Jamal smiled warmly and said that

offeredtomakeherdlner-whichshegratefuIlyaccepted'Ahome-cookedmealsounded
wondertul.
a long day!

CHAPTER 3

'4

Exercise 29, Worm-up. (chod 3-7) Which sentence (a. or b.) logically follows each statement? Discuss the meanings ofthe verbs in blue.

1.

2.

I have been working outside for aimost an hour. _ I had been working outside for almost an hour_ _

a. It's hot. I think I'lt go inside. b. But I got too hot and came inside.

3. I have been waiting forJack since 5:00. 4. I had been waiting for Jack sirce 5:00.
a. Then I left. b. And I'm still here

(a) Eic rinallycame al six o'clock. Itad

.
ib)

been waking lot hi,r' since

ioftihn|/

The police hrd been tookt glorthe crlminal lor lwo years belore they caughl him.

The pasl pedecl progressive empharires the dun ol or an acLiwty lhal was in progrcss belare anothet activity ot tine in (ne past. NolE: The pasi perlecl proqressive is used infrequently comparcd to other

(c)

When Judy goi home, her hair was still wet because she l,rd beer sw mming.
I wenl 10 Ed s house after the funerat_ His eyes were red because he had

(d)

This lense also may express an a$ivity in progtess close in tine to anothet aclivity or tine in

'

(e) Actual spaken wods: I have been waiting ,ot vou. (f) Bepofted words: Lia told me that she had been waiting

tu

me.

The pasl perfecl progressive also occu6 in reported speech. See Cha'i 3-s, examples (g)and (h).

f,

Exercise 30. Looking ol grdmmoL (chorts 3-4 ond 3

7)

Complete the sentences. Use lhe present pedect prcgessive or the past pedect progressive form of the verbs in parentheses.

1.

V/e

(?.,atr)
(

have been

wailtina

for Nancy for the last two hours, but

sh still hasn'r affived.

2.

We

)ait)

haA been

waitinq

for Nanry for over three hours before

she finally

arived yesterday.
for five shaight houn.

3.

It is midnighr. I (rrfldr)
No wonder I'm getting tired.

Perfect ond Perfecl Progrcssive Tenses

55

4.
5.

midnisht. I (rr&dy) bours- No wonder I was getting thed. It

was

for five straight

Jack suddenly realized that th teacher was asking him a question. He couldn't answer

becaDsehe (dqnlream)

for rhe last ren minutes.

long enough'. It's time to get up.
7)

6.

riTake

up! You (dep)

Complete the sentences. Use the past perfect progressive form of the verbs in the list (or your own r-iords) .

Exercise 31. Looking oi grommdr, (chort 3

SrauATroN: Ms. Ree4 a teacherr left the classroom for fifteen minutes. During that time, her students did whatever they wanted. When she came bacK . .

l.

She learnd rhat a few

studeris

had been

oinqing

lo.udly. otr cell phones

2. She found out that a couple of students 3. Someone told her that one student 4. She heard that several students
5. 6. She found out that a group of students She saw that a couple of sflrdents

loud music.
in the aisles. in her grade book pictures on

the board.
7- She happily discovered that a few students

56

cHAmR 3

tr

Exercise 32, Lel's

tolk clqss oclivily.

(chopters

Discuss the meaning of the verb forms and answer the questions about each W'ork in pairs, in small groupsr or as a class.

, 3)

pai of senrences.

l. a. When dre rain sropped, cloda was dding her bicycie to work. , tj. Vhen the rain stopped, Paul jumped on his bicycle and rode to work.
QuEs'fioN: Who got wet on the way to work? ANs\r,.ER: Gloria.

a j
3.

a. Ms. Lincoln taught ar this school for nine years. b. Mr. Sanchez has taught at this school for nine years.
Qr,'Es_noN:

.who

is teacfung at this school now?

b.

a. Alice \ras opening the door when rhe doorbell rang.

George walked to the door after dte doorbell rang.

:
4.
b.

QuEsTloN: \vy'ho had been expecting a visitor?

a. Donna lived in Chicago for five

years.

Carios has been living in Chicago for five years.

QuEsroN: \i'tro still lives in Chicago?

5.

b.

a. Jane put some lotion on her face because she had been lying in the sun. Sue put some lotion on her face because she was lying in the suJl. QL.EsTroN: \Yy'ho put lotiotr on her face ajler she finished sunbathing? Mr. Fox was waving at me. across the sEeet. Mrs. Cook waved arme.

6. a. I looked across the stleer.

b. I looked

QuEsTtoN: \vy'ho began to wave at me before

I looked

across rhe street?

7. a. Dan
b.

was leaving the room when I walked in. Sam had left the room whed I walked in.
see

QuEsnoN: rwho did I

when I came into the room?

8.

a. Ken went to rhe storc because hewas running out offood. b. Ann went to the store because she had .un our offood.
Qr,EsTroN: \,'ho is better at planning ahead?

9.

a. Jack had been studying Spanish since he was in elementary school. He spoke it very well by the time he moved to Peru. b. Robert has been studying Spanish since he was h elementary school. His Spanish is
gefting quiae good.
Qr,EsTroN: \vho is studying Spanish in school?

Porfocl ond Pedecl P@grcssive

lenss 57

o
(!!

Exercise 33. Lislening. (chooiers '3) (a orb l $al correcrly ocssrut\ rt' Li.ren 1p each siruation Choose the senlence
Eaarrde. You will
You will

hear:
circle:

workjng on Haven't you finished your term paper yet? You've been ir for *ree day' lr'siue romorrow louknow'Alice paper' 6) Alice has been working on her rerm days ago her rerm paper firee Y Aljce Enished

.:

l.
2. 3. 4. 5.

a. Yoko knows how to ski now' b. Yoko is leaming to ski. a.lYoko knows how to ski now

b. Yoko is leaming to ski. a: Mia is working as an auto mechanic dght now' b. Mia has expedence as an auto mechanic'
a. Jon is raveling now.
6-: Jon has traveled in the pastJ

but he isn't traveling now'

a. Jon is currently workjng in sales' b. Jon no longer works in sales

Exelcise 34. Check youl knowledge' (chopters

Cofiect the effors.

l'

3)

1.
.

Since
1

came to this countty,

am leaming a lot about the way of life here'

2. 3. 4.

anive here only a short time ago

am here since last Friday'

two years' How long you been living here? I been here for almost
days? Why you no have been in class for the last couple of

5,
6.

I am coaching a \occer leam for *le lasl two months' My grandfather had lived in
a small village in

Italy when he was a child At fiineteen' he

hadmovedtoRome,whelehhadmetandhadmarfiedmygrandmotherinl95T.My Rome in 198q been born in Rome in 1960 I am bom in

father had

?. rm

living in my cousin's apartment since I have

ived

here lt very small' I don't 6od

and we are

sharing the bedrcom.

am needing my own place' but

one so far'

8.whenlwasachild,Ihadlivedwithmy$andmofhelinsteadofmyparents.Gfandpahas
die before

am

bon\

so

I never knew

him

Grandma ralsed me alofle'

58

CHAPIER 3

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Exelcise 35. lel's lolk. (chopters I + 3) Froar the given situationJ make up a "chain story." One person begins the story; ften others continue the story in tur:nJ using cue words ftom the list. The cue words may be used in any order and may be used more than once. Vork in small groups or as a class.
E
]nzd a terible day ysterday. The touble began earlv in lhe morning. His alarm clock rang at 7:00. ' SPEAI<ER A: Idt en his alarm clockrangJhe got out ofbed and stepded on a snake. He was : nearly ftightened to death, but the snake got away \r'ithout biting himSiiax* B: 4r the snake left, Piene got dtessed in a hufty and ran downstairs to have breakfast. C: tIryrrTe he was rnning downstairs, he fell and broke his arm. Etc. SpaA(rR

^ample: (Pieffe)

'as scion as after before a&er that already '. .because

.bv tbe dlne

for (a lenglt oltime) later

wbile

Pdssible b eginning sentenca : had a tenible day Yesterday. ( ) had a grcat vacatior last surnmer.

]. (-) 2. 3. ( ) got into a lot of uoubl a couple of days ago. ( - ) had an interesting experience last week. 4. 5. (Mahe uP lo r awn beginn;ng sentence.)

tr

Exercise 36. tel's wfile ond

Form a group and sit in a circle. On a separate sheer ofpaper, wri[e the following sentence, using thi name ofthe person sitting to youl right: ( . . . ) had a strange expetietu:e iestetddi' Then write tlvo or three additional sentetrces and pass your papff to the pe$or sifting to jn youl lefl, who will continue the story. Continue to pass the papers to the left rmtil everyone the group has had a hance to $Tite part of each story. 'Ilen decide which story in your grcup is the most entertaining or th most interesting As a groupr make any necessary conections in gl'mm'r or spelling Read the story aloud to the rest of rii class. No-rE: You may wish to establish a time limit for ach contdbution to the story' (Use a buzzer or bell, or appoint someotre to say "pass.") \?hen the time limit is up, each pe$on must pass his/her paper to the left even ifit contains an unfnished sentelce The next person will then have to 6nish the sentence and continue writing the story.

lolk smoll grcuPs. (cl-oprers ' ' i)

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Exercise 37, Lefs wrile, (chopters

Choose one to write about.

3)

1
2.

Describe the state ofthe world in the year ofyour birth What significant or histo cal events occurred or were occuring at that time? $i/ho were the leaders ofyour coulrtry? Then descdbe the changes that have ocuffed since that time and discuss the state ofthe

world today. Describe youl family in the year you were born. Where were they living and working? rWho in your family hadnt Vere tiey in a good situation? Who did your family consist of your family that have occured since the year been born yet? then descdbe the changes in ofyour binh and your lamjly s currenl siruation.

Perfecl ond Perfecl Ptogressive Tenses

59

.
Exoilcise

4) Do the setrtences express present or future time? I-ook at the verbs in italrltt =The students are goit?g to prcsent oral reports todayI.
Size

whol do I olreody know? (chopter

2. I'm beginning
3

a f.ew job next week.

prsent present present present prcsent present present pfesent present

@
future future future future future future

.- Lj]ok. h's begin ing to

fti'].

4.j Th teacher to,l re in her ofEce after class today5. vhen class ir over, the teacher will be in her of8ce

6. Finally, class ts over. I-et's get a cup of coffee. 7. Oh no! .we ,a"e otrly five minutes to make our train! 8. Our train leaoas ftom Track 37 in five minutes' 9. The soccer team & ?ldrir?g in Barcelona next wek

futuIe

10. The

soccer team

;s

ptaving well today. Thev're wiming

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Exercise 2. Wolm-uP. (chod 4-l)

Conect the eIIoIs,

1.

Marie will cooks some chicken and rice for dinner tonight' where you will be tomonow mofning?

2. 3.

I no will ride the bus to work tomorrow.

Matco will probably 1o call us this evening. to look for a new apartrrent.

4.

5. I going
50

(a) (b)

Jack w,/ finrsh his work lomoriow. Jack is goihg to t/rrb,l his work

Wi and be going to exTess luture lime and often have essentiallythe same meaning. Examples (a) and (b)havelhesame meanins. See Chad 4-2 lor ditferences in meaning benveen ihe lwo forms.

(c) Anna wi{

corn

tomorow around

5:Oo.

/xcoflrEcr Anna +ill+ come.

/N60EFcri Anna rNcoFFFcri Anna

+ill comes. +ill to come.

W,/r typically expresses prcdictions aboui rhe fulure, as in (c). Wirl does not take a final -s. WiU is iollowed immediately by lhe simpte iorm of

(d)

Alex rof be here lomorow. Petet'vtt won't be herc enhet you be he'e tol.lotrcw? wi you getherc?

NECATVE

will + not = won't

(e) wi

'HoN

arEsr aN: will + subject + nain vetb ln (e): The speaker is asking ior inlormalton abour a

(f) Spokenot witten:

(s) Spokenr
(h)

I'

be therc.

CONTFACIONS WTH PFONOI]NS AND NOUNS:

ibm?

Written: Ton

wi

be there too.

betherclaa.

Wit is olten contracted with pronouns in bolh speaking and inlormal wriring: l, youl, sheTL he\t, iflt, we\, they\ Wi, is also oilen coniracted with nouns in speaking but usually nol in writing, as in (g)ln very inlormal wrjiing, w,/ may be conhacted wth other kinds ofpronouns and l,lere, as in (h)-

Spoken ot vety int'ornal writing:

Ihele?

be a lesl

lom.iiow

Be Going To

(tl 6,
lk)

t\rna is soing to come lomorrow arcund s:00.

around 5:00.

lnfornally spoken: Anna's gor.ra .ome lomoriow

Ae goirg to dlso comronly expressec prFdiclionEaboLt the luture. ln rnlorma speech. golng roi! oHen
NEGArVE:

lt)

Iofi]' isn t going to come. Arc you gotng to cone?

be + nor + go,hg to, as in (k)

ouEsroN:

,e + sublecl + going

to, as in (t)

-e'_ Exan?b: I'll

I

a' B

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Exercise 3. Lislening. (chort 4 t) If you har a form of a,irl, choose yes. If not, choose
have time to see you tomorrow have time to see you tomorrow,

@
yes

GD

l.

yes

2- yes 3- yes

5. yes 6. yes 7. yes 8. yes

Future

Time

5l