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CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT - UNIVERSITY OF JORDAN

Amman 11942 - Jordan

Dear Students, The faculty of the Chemical Engineering Department (ChE), University of Jordan have written these guidelines in an attempt to improve the quality of final year project (FYP) reports generated by our valued students. The faculty of the ChE hope that you make the most of these guidelines and follow them as well as report to us any corrections and/or modifications that you think will provide a better revision of these guidelines. Your feedback is welcome and will be given the utmost attention. You will find copies of these guidelines and other resources on the website of Dr. Ali Al-Matar (http://fetweb.ju.edu.jo/staff/che/aalmatar). We wish you have a very fruitful experience in your stay at the department and will make the most of it as well as provide us with your feedback.

1 REPORT WRITING FORMAT

The design report represents the culmination of the design team through out the lifecycle of the design phase. Therefore, no matter how hard you have worked in the design, it will not be received well if it is represented poorly. The readers of your report may be faculty members for your graduation project or upper management in a company that you work for or fellow engineers in an engineering and construction company. Ultimately, the aim in writing such reports should be two-fold: To convince the reader(s) that you were thorough, comprehensive and you did your work well. The conclusions and recommendations that you have arrived at are convincing, reasonable and justified. To attain such goals, your report must reflect four main points that are synonymous with the styles of technical writing: 1. Clarity (.) 2. Precision (.) 3. Conciseness (.) 4. Objectivity (.) Objectivity plays a central rule in technical writing. Objectivity by definition necessitates avoiding subjectivity and personal references since the main concern is focused on facts. To attain objectivity one resorts to using passive voice ( ) and elimination of any references to the first person (.) In writing the report, students should follow the instructions below. A template is made available for the use of students. The design report should not exceed 200 pages long including appendices. A summary for the template is given below: Chapter title font size Section font size Sub-section font size Page margins Text font size Text spacing

18 bold /ALL CAPITAL

16 bold /ALL CAPITAL
14 bold / ALL CAPITAL
1" from all sides 12 Times New Roman one and a half lines (1 )

2 REPORT DIVISIONS
The report is divided into two main parts: front matter and the report body. The following sections describe the expected divisions in these two parts.

2.1 FRONT MATTER

Front matter should be numbered in Roman numerals (i, ii, iii, etc). The following items should be included in the front matter of the report: 1. Title (Cover) Page: This is the first page of the report (not to be numbered). This page provides information to define University, College, Department, and Project title, Student and Supervisor Names and Date. A DISCLAIMER statement must be printed on the inside of the cover page. 2. Executive summary (can be replaced by an abstract): From the name of this section: executive summary, the students should introduce the problem, state the approach and scope of the work, and summarize the findings of the project. This part is very crucial since for a busy reader the way it is written will determine whether they will proceed in reading the report or not. Preferably, this part does not exceed 3 pages in length. 3. Dedication (optional). 4. Acknowledgment: A student can acknowledge those who contributed towards the accomplishment of his/her project work. 5. Table of Contents (TOC): In this table, the report contents with respective page numbers have to be listed. This part provides a glimpse of the reports divisions as well as the importance and size of the various parts of the report. Make sure that each division down to subsections is included with the right page numbers. Also, make sure that the body of your report is organized exactly as it appears in the TOC. 6. List of Figures (LOF): In this section, all figures in the report are to be listed together with respective page numbers. Make sure that the figures appear in the body of the report exactly as they are listed in the LOF. 7. List of Tables (LOT): In this section, all tables in the report are to be listed together with respective page numbers. Make sure that the tables appear in the body of the report exactly as they are listed in the LOT.

8. Nomenclature or list of symbols: In this section, all symbols used in equations in the text or axis of plots have to be properly defined including the units. The order should be as follows: a. Roman letters (a, A, b, B , y, Y, z, Z) sorted alphabetically with lower case letters preceding upper case letters. b. Greek letters (, , ..., , ) sorted alphabetically with lower case letters preceding upper case letters. c. Subscripts used throughout and sorted alphabetically. d. Superscripts used throughout and sorted alphabetically. e. List of abbreviations: list the abbreviation used in the document with their definition to the right.

2.1.1 DISCLAIMER STATEMENT FORMAT

The report is a document written by the student(s) and should reflect expertise in different aspects of research methodology and technical writing skills. The supervisor's job is to guide the student so that she/he can achieve the objectives in an efficient way while gaining the skills sought. While maintaining credit the disclaimer statement is simply a statement protecting the Department and the University from any legal liability claims associated with the use of the results and the methods presented. It must be printed on the inside of the cover page. Its format is as follows: DISCLAIMER This report was written by student(s) at the Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, The University of Jordan. It has not been altered or corrected, other than editorial corrections, as a result of assessment and it may contain language as well as content errors. The views expressed in it together with any outcomes and recommendations are solely those of the student(s). The University of Jordan accepts no responsibility or liability for the consequences of this report being used for a purpose other than the purpose for which it was commissioned.

2.2 MAIN BODY

The front matter is organizational in nature; the actual report begins with the introduction. The body of the report is to be numbered in Arabic numerals (1, 2, 3 etc). The following items should be included in the main body of the report: 1. Introduction: The introduction provides background information to understand the sections following the introduction. The breadth and width of the information to be included in the introduction is dictated by the expected readership of the report i.e., experts in the field or non-specialists. Usually, the introduction includes the following concepts without resort to their order: a. Nature of the work. Define your problem in this part. What is the nature of your work and what is the design problem you are dealing with? b. Objectives (Purpose or Aims) of the work. Why is the work done, what do you hope to achieve and what is the propose(s) for carrying out this work? c. Scope of the work. The scope and boundaries of the work is defined in this part. What does the work deal with and what it does not deal with? Usually, in the design project the main scope is to check the technical and economic feasibility for producing a certain chemical of interest. Therefore, piping and detailed design are outside the scope of such a project. While preliminary design is within the scope of this project. d. Significance or importance of your work. Here you have to convince the reader that the work is worth their attention and is important preferably using market demands and projections for the chemical to be produced. e. Organization of the report. Briefly state how the report is divided and organized. 2. Literature review (background): Includes citation of relevant work and results. This part serves two purposes: a. Reflects your expertise, that you have done your homework and you are aware of the topic you are reporting. b. Gives the reader a quick background regarding the topic(s) discussed.

3. Process selection and design: Alternatives considered. Why were other processes rejected? How did you select your flowsheet structure? Include simple sketches for this section. Discuss here any aspects related to economical, environmental and ethical issues. Basis of design: a precise statement of the problem, including feed compositions, product specifications, available utilities. 4. Process description: Describe the selected process in detail and provide a detailed flowsheet including assumptions and limitations for such flowsheet. Label all streams and equipment properly and sequentially using standard symbols and abbreviations. 5. Material and energy balances (stream information table): Report for each stream its temperature, pressure, component flow rates, total flow rate, and vapor/liquid/solid fraction. Every stream must have a separate entry in the table. Streams differing only in pressure, temperature, or vapor fraction should appear in adjacent columns: only the changed quantities need to appear for the downstream entries. Include utilities and make-up streams. The stream information table must reside on a single page. Place the stream table on the same page as the flowsheet and insert it in your document as A3 page instead of the standard A4 page size. Simulation software e.g., ASPEN PLUS, HYSYS or CHEMCAD are capable of producing such a summary for you automatically and you encouraged using them throughout your project. Whether you have used a simulation software or hand calculations, state clearly the material and energy balances for each piece of equipment in your flowsheet. 6. Design: Equipment list, design methods and approaches, and specification sheets are placed here. The bulk of your work is in this section; so pay attention to the methods and results and always include specification sheets for your equipment. There are many ways to organize this part, the easiest would be to classify the design of equipment according to its category: a. Heat exchangers: heat exchangers with no phase change e.g., heaters and coolers, heat exchangers with phase change e.g., vaporizers, evaporators and condensers, fired heaters and furnaces. b. Fluid movers: pumps, compressors, fans, blowers. c. Mass transfer equipment: distillation columns, absorptions columns, extraction equipment etc.

d. Reactors: CSTR, PFR and other types. e. Solid handling equipment: crushers, grinders, mills, screens etc. 7. Feasibility study and economic analysis: Factorial methods for the purchased equipment cost and their installation cost. Include the estimated capital investment, Discounted Cash Flow (DCF), ROI and ROR, payback period, manufacturing cost and breakeven cost. Use the most comprehensive economic indicators that you can produce. Be specific to Jordan and change some indices to match the investment and economic environment in Jordan. 8. Control strategy: May be impeded in the design part of each piece of equipment or discussed here. Develop the proper control strategy and schemes to control the selected process. 9. Plant layout and site: use the CCPS guidelines to layout your plant and provide a plot plan for the layout of the plant on an A3 page instead of the standard A4 page. Determine a suitable location for your plant and justify this selection. 10. Safety and environmental aspects: Include safety and environmental concerns due to the selected process. Identify the methods and means to prevent or deal with hazard sequences preferably carrying out a HAZOP study. 11. Conclusions and Recommendations: These should be itemized and concisely stated. Conclusions should be justified by the results of the previous chapters. Conclusions have to do with the main results of the work and are based on the objectives of the work. Recommendations are helpful for identifying areas requiring further work, areas of concern and means for improvement. 12. References (Bibliography): this part documents the references cited in your report. Make sure that all the references you have used are included. Also, make absolutely sure that you are aware of plagiarism ( ) and its implications. Every idea or word that you have taken from a reference are credited to that reference. This part is very important for the following reasons: a. To build an evidence of the conclusions or results you obtain based on similar results and conclusions other researchers have obtained. b. To acknowledge that you have the work of others in your work. c. Provide the reader with the necessary references regarding the topic of your work in the original citations.

13. Appendices: All derivations, some of the tables and figures, which are referred to in the text, are to be included in this section(s).

3 WHAT TO WRITE IN VARIOUS SECTIONS

3.1 EXEUCTIVE SUMMARY (ABSTRACT)
The executive Summary should be no more than a three page summary of the report. Some elements to be included in the executive summary are listed below: i. Introductory statement. ii. Flowsheet considerations. iii. Summary of mass and energy balances. iv. Summary of equipment design results including environmental and safety issues. v. Summary of economic and feasibility studies. vi. Summary of land requirement and site location. vii. Summary of conclusions and recommendations. You may want to assess the executive summary (abstract) by asking the following questions: Is it condensed and brief? If you separate the summary from the report, will it be useful in providing the most important results, conclusions and recommendation of the report? Did you avoid using ambiguous symbols ( ) or undefined symbols? Did you use passive voice throughout?

3.2 INTRODUCTION AND LITERATURE REVIEW

i. Introductory paragraph about the chemical of interest and its importance and uses. ii. Market study of the chemical and the problem statement e.g., it is required to design a plant to produce 100,000 tpy of biodiesel using spent frying oil. iii. Introductory paragraph on alternative processes and routes to manufacture the chemical. iv. General properties of the chemical of interest. v. Properties related to reactions involved in the manufacturing of the chemical. This list may include but is not restricted to: reactions, equilibria, kinetics, heats of formation and heats of the reactions. vi. Physical properties of all chemicals. This shall include molecular weights (MW), heat capacity in various phases: Cp(g), Cp(l), vapor and sublimation pressures as a function of temperature Ps(T), Latent heat of vaporization Hv(T), and vapor-liquid equilibrium data

VLE. Equations and coefficients with particular attention to units shall be included. Other properties which may be needed in the calculations such as density etc. should be included. vii. Any particular design aspects should be noted. viii. Chemical costs include reference and year and update using the M&S index. ix. Health, safety, hazard and operability (HAZOP) and environmental aspects. x. References

3.3 MASS AND ENERGY BALANCES

These are three separate segments: mass, energy and simulation software results.

3.3.1 FOR MASS BALANCE

i. Introductory statement ii. Discuss your strategy for flowsheet numbering. iii. Define your overall basis of calculation. Also, define product specifications according to standards adopted. iv. Define the basis of recycle calculations. v. Carry out calculations for each unit sequentially or modularly e.g., proper reaction coordinates and extents of reactions for reactors, heavy and light key for distillation columns and specifications required, purity and/or recovery used. vi. Summarize all flows in a Stream Table like a Process Flow Diagram (PFD)

3.3.2 ENERGY BALANCE

i. Introductory statement ii. Be consistent with the flowsheet numbering strategy adopted for mass balance. iii. Reference Basis. How did you obtain the thermodynamic properties e.g., charts, tables, equations of state etc. iv. For each Unit give a separate basis of calculation. Determine the heat duty, the work required or generated from each unit and temperatures in each stream. v. Revise Stream Table by including Energy Flows like a Process Flow Diagram (PFD)

3.3.3 SIMULATOR BASED RESULTS

i. Introductory statement choice. iii. For each Unit give a separate basis of calculation or specify which parameters have been used to converge the equipment. This will probably be different from your mass balance basis. iv. Present final Mass Balance Table in form of a PFD diagram. v. Use a white background for the simulator PFD! ii. Basis of Calculation. Specify the fluid package you have used and justify the use of this

Comparison: Compare your hand calculated mass and energy balances with the ASPEN PLUS / HYSYS / CHEMCAD results. If different, discuss why.

3.4 DETAILED EQUIPMENT DESIGN

i. Introductory statement plan to do. iii. Basis of equipment design. Give printout of relevant simulator streams here with their properties. For other data refer to specific pages in Appendix. iv. Specific design calculation for one case v. Supply specification sheets and notice the following cases a. For heat exchangers, the goal is to minimize the area by maximizing U, the overall heat transfer coefficient. b. For columns, distinguish between NMin [from Fenske], NTheor [from Gilliland correlation] and NActual [from efficiency calculation]. c. For Reactors, for the isothermal case describe how system is maintained at the isothermal temperature. vi. Summarize all results in a Table. vii. State Conclusions and recommendations. ii. Statement of the problem. Locate equipment on the flowsheet and describe what you

viii. Make it absolutely clear that you have cited the appropriate references.

3.5 ECONOMIC ANALYSIS

i. Introductory statement ii. Statement of the problem with clear and concise statement of the assumptions used. iii. Supply costs of individual equipments in a table. Be specific such as equipment number, unit type, number of plates in a distillation column etc., parameters used and unit cost. Correct costs to the most current M&S or CPI indices. iv. Labor costs, utility costs etc. v. Summarize all results in a table. vi. Supply graph of at least 10 year Discounted Cash Flow (DCF). vii. Supply information regarding the total capital investment as well as running costs. Find the breakeven price, payback period, ROR and ROI. viii. State conclusions and recommendations. Be sure to state whether the project is profitable or unprofitable. Justify by market demand!

3.6 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

i. Introductory statement ii. Summarize the strengths of the design. iii. Point out deficiencies in your design and how you would improve them. iv. Any HSE (health, safety or environment) problems? v. Conclude with profitability statement.

3.7 FIGURES, TABLES AND EQUATIONS

3.7.1 FIGURES
Diagrams and figures must be plotted using any of the available software. Unless resolution and clarity dictates, the figures must be in black color using different line styles. 1. Give every figure a number, provide a caption (title) below the figure and centered in the page. 2. Number figures sequentially throughout. You may use global sequential numbering throughout the document i.e., Figure 1, Figure 2 etc. The recommended in this case is to use figures numbered according to their chapter i.e., Figure 1.1, Figure 1.1, Figure 2.1, Figure 2.2, etc. 3. Always, try your best to place the figure at the location where it is referred to. Never place the figure before it is being cited. 4. Dont put unnecessary details in any figure. 5. Place the coordinates, labels and units clearly and in a readable size. 6. Points plotted should be clear and easily read from the figure. 7. Try to make the figure as attractive as possible while keeping it as simple as possible.

3.7.2 TABLES
Unless resolution and clarity dictates the tables must be in black color. The following guidelines are recommended to be taken into consideration: 1. Give every table a number, provide a caption (title) above the table and centered in the page. 2. Number tables sequentially throughout. You may use global sequential numbering throughout the document i.e., Table 1, Table 2 etc. The recommended in this case is to use tables numbered according to their chapter i.e., Table 1.1, Table 1.2, Table 2.1, Table 2.2, etc. 3. Always, try your best to place the table at the location where it is referred to. Never place the table before it is being cited.

4. Order the columns in a logical manner and list any units and dimensions in the column head. 5. Always use decimals and never use fractions unless it is absolutely necessary.

3.7.3 EQUATIONS
1. Give every important equation a number, equations are centered in the page with their numbers right justified as below:

x
i =1

=1

(1.1)

If you are using Microsoft word, the Mathtype add on will facilitate the numbering and justification of equations for you. The following are unacceptable formats for the same equation above
No number assigned to an important equation

x
i =1

=1

Number assigned but not right justified

x
i =1

= 1 (1.1)

2. Number equations sequentially throughout. You may use global sequential numbering throughout the document i.e., Equation 1, Equation 2 etc. The recommended in this case is to use equations numbered according to their chapter i.e., (1.1), (1.2), (2.1), (2.2), etc. 3. If there is a division in your equation keep the division line aligned with the equal sign. 4. If the equation is lengthy and requires more than one line, the lines starting from the second must start aligned with the equal sign in the first line. 5. Provide sufficient space before and after the equation.

3.8 CITING REFERENCES

The following instructions regarding the format of references listing and citation in the text are to be adhered to by the final year project students in their preparation of the report. These instructions are accompanied with examples. If you are using Microsoft word, the Endnote add on will facilitate the generation of list of references and citations within your document.

3.8.1 LIST OF REFERENCES

The list of references should be ordered alphabetically without any numbering. This is very helpful when additional references are added at any stage of the work. That is, one does not have to renumber the references or the citation in the text. The references should be written according to the following format: Last name and initials of each author and coauthor(s), year of publication, title, source (Journal or conference proceedings, textbook, etc.) in italic, and the page numbers.
Brauner, N. and Maron, D.M. (1992), Flow pattern transitions in two-phase liquid-liquid flow in horizontal tubes, Int. J Multiphase Flow, vol. 18, pp. 123-140. Brocks, B.W. and Richmond, H.N. (1994), Phase inversion in non-ionic surfactant-oil-water systems-III, The effect of oil-phase viscosity on catastrophic inversion and the relationship between the drop sizes present before and after catastrophic inversion, Chemical Engineering Science, vol. 49, pp. 1843-1853. Cai, J., Chen, T., Tang, W. and Luo, Y. (1999), Experimental investigation of flow characteristics for oil-water emulsions in horizontal tube, Huaxue Gongcheng/Chemical Engineering, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 32-35. Celik, I., Umbel, M., Wilson, W., Chang, P.A. and Hill, B. (1998), Simulations of transient flow inside an experimental compensated fuel/ballast tank model using modified two-fluid model, Proceedings of AEA Technology, Users Conference98, September 28-October 2, Claymont, Delaware, USA. Darwich, T. (1989), A statistical method for two phase flow metering, Ph.D. thesis, Imperial College of Science Technology and Medicine, University of London.

Note that the above references are listed alphabetically according to the last name of the first author.

3.8.2 CITING REFERENCES

The references should be cited in the text as follows: When the citation comes as an affirmative statement

o Where the reference comes first in the sentence.

Al-Abri (1999) developed a theoretical model for the solar still based on onedimensional energy analysis. His findings showed that the productivity is 4.0 L/day.

o Or, if two references are cited (with one author, each)

Al-Abri (1999) and Abbas (2005) developed a theoretical model for the solar still based on one-dimensional energy analysis. His findings showed that the productivity is 4.0 L/day.

o Or, if more than two references are cited (with one author, each)
Al-Abri (1999), Fulan1 (2005), Fulan2 (2005) and Abbas (2006) developed a theoretical model for the solar still based on one-dimensional energy analysis. Their findings showed that the productivity is 4.0 L/day.

When the reference is cited in the passive clause sentence as something was done by Fulan, etc.
The analysis of heat and mass transfer in liquid desiccant dehumidification was investigated by Al-Sinani et al. (1999) and Chen and Yoon (1994).

When the reference is cited in reference to state factual information, conclusions, or findings. Note (in the example below) the way in which authors are cited. That is, if one or two authors are cited their full last name(s) is cited while when more than two authors are cited the first author last name is mentioned followed by "et al.". Note also the way in which two references are cited in reference to the same fact, i.e., they are separated by semicolon ;.
Maintaining stratification in storage tanks is essential for better performance of energy systems with which these tanks are integrated. Solar collectors operate at higher efficiency as the collector inlet temperature is decreased (Duffie and Beckman, 1982). Stratification was found to improve the overall performance of solar collector systems by reducing the average absorber plate operating temperature. Performance improvements reported in the literature are 10% (Davis and Bartera, 1975), 5 to 15% (Sharp and Loehrke, 1979; Cole and Bellinger, 1982). Simulations with ideally-stratified and fully-mixed storage tank models show improvements in annual collector system performance ranging from 11.5 to 18.5% when using the ideally stratified model (Wuestling et al., 1985).