1

Properties of Nuclei
Rutherford 10-4 10-12 10
-8

R Mass number A

R = R0 A1/3

(1

1)

R0 A a.m.u 1amu R0= 1,2 * 10-5m = 1,2fm u

1u =1, 6605402 (10) * 10-27kg

Nucleus Density

(1

1) A

4/3 R3

V A/V

D=

A V

A 4 R3 3

A 4 ( R0 A 3 )3 3
1

1 3 R 4 0 3

1 3 R 4 0 3

A = 56

(1 R = R0 A1/3

1)

R = (1, 2) * 10-15 (56)1/3 = 4, 6 * 10-15m = 4,6fm 1fm = 10-15 1amu A m m ( 56 ) ( 1,66 * 10-27kg ) = 9,3 * 10-26kg :
4 3 R 3 4 (3,14) (4,6 * 10 3

15

m) 3

4,1 * 10

43

m3

D=m/v :
D m v 9,3 * 10 26 kg 4,1 * 10 43 m3 2,3 * 1017 kg / m3

7000kg/m3 1013

1cm3 1cm3 230 2,3 * 1011kg*

Nuclides and Isotopes

: mp = 1,007276 u = 1,672623 * 10-27kg mn = 1,008665 u = 1,674929 * 10-27kg me = 0,000548580 u = 9,10939 * 10-31kg Z N A : A=Z+N N Z Nuclide (1 2)

N A
1 1

Z A Z 1 2 4 6 7 1 1 2 3 3 4 5 5 6 6 7 8 11 29 92 92 (1 1) N 0 1 2 3 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 12 36 143 146

H D

2 1 4 2

He

6 3
7 3
9 4

Li
Li

Be

10 5

9 10 11 12 13 14 16 23 65 235 238

11 5 11 5 13 6
14 7 16 8
23 11

B B

C
N O

Na

65 29

Cu

235 92 238 92

U U

A
1 1 2 1 3 1 3 2 4 2

Z 1 2 3 3 4 6 7 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 1 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 8 8 (1 2)

N 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 8 9 10

U
1,007825 2,024102 3,016049
3,016029 4,002603 6,015121 7,016003

H H

He He

6 3
7 3
9 4

Li
Li

Be

9,012182 10,012937 11,009305

12,000000 13,003355 14,003074 15,000109 15,994915

10 5 11 5

B B

12 6 13 6 14 7
15 7

C N
N O O

16 8 17 8 18 8

16,999131 17,999160

Ze N (1 76% N = 20 U
238

2)

N = 18 Z = 17 24%

Cl

235

( UF6 ) (1 Z A = 37
37 17

1)

A Z

EL :

EL
Cl
37 17

Cl :

A = 35 37 35

35

Cl

37

Cl

Z = 17 (1 2)

12u

12

C
12

( Mass Defect )

10

(Nuclear Binding and Nuclear Structure)

1,5fm 3fm E0 ( Binding Energy ) EB E0 EB :

A Z

E0

EB

( Z MZ

N MN
m

M ) C2

(1 3)

EB ) C2

C2 Mass Deffect

EB EB N

MZ
A Z

Z MN

11

C2/U
1 1

C2 C2 = 931,5 Mev/u
H
2 1

( Deuteron ) : EB = ( 1,007276u + 1,008665u 2,014102u )(931,5Mev/u) = 1,7131Mev

2 1

EB/A

7Mev 9Mev EB A

12

(1

1)

13

( Nuclear Forces )

: ( Electromagnetic Forces ) 1

( Strong Forces )

( Weak Forces )

- 3

( Gravitational Forces )

14

( Nuclear Forces )
10
-13

cm

peon ( MB
M e Boson )

1934

15

: 1 Range -2 10-15cm FN >> FC FC << FN

-3 Covalence

Models

16

( The Liquid Drop Model )

1936

- 2

-3 Z(Z ( Low Energy State ) 1) -4

17

-5

EB EB

(Nuclear Stability and Radioactivity)

2500 300

18

A A = 40 A = 20

N=Z A=N+Z A = 80 A = 60

A = 130 A = 124 A = 96 A = 136

2 1 6 H ,3 Li,10B,14N 5 7

A N/Z Z N 1,6

19

(2

1)

20

A > 209 Z > 83 Tc Z = 43

( Alpha Decay )
2500 90%

226 88

Ra

( Alpha Emitter )

21

1,52 * 107 m/sec :

1 2 mv 2 1 ( 6,64 * 10 2 m 2 ) sec

5%

27

kg ) ( 1,52 * 107

7,7 * 10

13

joul

1 joul

6,24 * 1012 Mev

4,8Mev

cm mm Tunneling Effect

22

(2

1)

( Beta Decay)

( Electron Capture )

( Anti Neutrino )

23

15min

( Neutrino ) 0,9995C

( Muons ) Z N A

24

(2

1)

(2

2)

25

( Gamma Decay )

( Ground State ) 1Mev

( Ground State ) Z

226

Ra
222

Ra

4,685Mev

226

Ra

26

0,186Mev

( 4,871

4,685 ) = 0,186Mev

(2 Range

3)

27

(2

4)

( Natural Radioactivity )

40

14

28

Ray 1896 ( Henri Becquerel ) ( Pierre Currie ) (Marrie Curie)

( Ernest Rutherford )

238

U
206

Pb Z N

238

234

Th

234

Th

234

Pa

29

234

Th

234

Pa

234

234

Th

(2

2)

30

234

Th Pa

234

234 *

Pa
214

234

234 *

Pa

Pa

234

Pa

Bi
210

Pb

Ti
235

U
207

Pb
208

Pb

232

Th

( Activitiy and half life )

N(t) dN ( t ) (t)

31

dN (t ) dt

-dN( t )

dt

( Rate of Change ) N( t )

dN (t ) dt

N (t )

(2

2)

dN (t ) dt

N (t )

(3 2) /

N (t )

dN (t ) N (t )

dt

(a)

dN (t ) N (t )

dt

dx x

ln x c

32

dN (t ) N (t )

dt

ln N (t )

C1

C2

ln N (t )

C2

C1

(b)

C2

C1

ln N (t )

(c )

N = N0

t=0

ln N 0

.0

ln N 0

(c)

ln N (t )

ln N 0

ln N (t )

ln N 0

33

ln

N (t ) N0

N0 e

(4 2)

N0 N0/2 N0/4

N (t ) N0

1/ 2

T1 / 2

(4
t

2)

N0 e

/ N0

34

1 2

N (t ) N0

1 2

T1/2

1 2

T1 / 2

/ ln

ln1 / 2

T1 / 2

ln1 ln 2

T1 / 2

ln2 = 0,693 0 0,693 = - T1/2

ln1 = 0

0,693 = T1/2 => T1/2 = ln2/

T1 / 2 0,693 (5 2)

( life time )

Tmean

35

Tmean

ln 2 T1 / 2

Tmean

1 ln 2 T1 / 2

T1 / 2 ln 2

Tmean

T1 / 2 0,693

( 6 2)

( Radioactive Dating )

( Archeology ) ( Geology )
14

5730y

36

0,255 bq/gr sec ( Becquerel ) 1bq = 1D/sec Curie 1Cu = 3,7 * 1010bq 1Cu = 3,7 * 1010D/sec bq

40

Ar
40

40

K 2,14 * 108y

37

(5

2)

( Radiation Hazards )

222

Rn

3,82d

38

(2

2)

226

Rn
222

3500PCi / L 1PCi = 10-12 3500PCi

1,5PCi / L 1Ci = 3,7 * 1010 D/sec

Rn

40d

39

Mutition X X Photo electric Compton Effect and pairproduction

40

( Radiation Dosimetry )

( Quality Factor ) joul/kg

QF SI Gy 1Joul / kg = Gray Rad kg = 0,01Gy

1rad = 0,01joul /

100Rad = Gray

QF Sv

( Radiation Biological Effect ) Sivert

(RBE)

1Sv = RBE . Gy rem 1rem = RBE . rad 1rem = 0,01Sv => 100rem = 1Sv

41

10Gy 48h

DT = RBE . D ;

D = E/m

QF QF QF QF QF QF

= 1 rem/rad = 2,3 rem/rad = 5 rem/rad = 10 rem/rad = 10 rem/rad = 20 rem/rad

Sv/Gy Sv/Gy Sv/Gy Sv/Gy Sv/Gy Sv/Gy

Beta, X, Gamma Thermal Neutrons Protons Alpha Fast Neutrons

X 0,20mSv

Ray 0,40mSv

1mSv

42

1500m 5Sv 100Sv

( Beneficial Uses of Radiations )

43

131

I
127

131

I I

131

8,04d

131

99

Tc 6,01h
99

( Tracer )

Mo

44

3 4

45

( Nuclear Reactions )

1919

( Ernest Rutherford )

4 2

He

14 7

17 8

1 1

(1 3)

14 7

N
1 1

17 8

( Mass Number ) ( Atomic Number )

46

( Reaction Energy )

Q = mc2 MA + MB MC + MD + Q Q = mc2
Q ( MA M B ) ( MC
m

M D ) * C2

(2 3)

Q Q Exoergic Endoergic Exothermic Endothermic

47

Q Endothermic
14

Threshold N 3) ( Accelerator ) (1

1,19Mev

1 1

7 3

Li

4 2

He

4 2

He

F .r

qq r2
K 1 4
0

48

1 4
0

(e) (3e) . r

(3) (1,6 * 10 19 C ) 2 (9,0 * 10 N .m / C ) 3,5 * 10 15

9 2 2

2,0 * 10

13

joul

1ev = 1,602 * 10-19 joul U = 1,2 Mev Exoeargic 1,2Mev Tunnel Effect

( Neutron Absorption )

TransUranium 92 19 111 Z Z

49

( Neutron Activation Analysis )

10-6gr

( Nuclear Fission )

( Otto Hahn )

1938 ( Fritz Strassmann )

235 92
92 36

U
141 56

Kr

Ba

( Fission Fragment )

50

235 92

3 1

100%
235 92

235 92

0,7 %

238 92

99,3 %

( Thermal Neutrons ) ( Slow Neutrons ) 1ev 2200m/sec

1Mev ( Induced Fission )

252 98

235 92

Cf

( Spontaneous Fission )
235 92
236 92

U*

100 145 135

51

235 92

1 0

236 92

U*

144 56

Ba

89 36

Kr

301N

235 92

1 0

236 * 92

140 54

Xe

94 38

Sr

201N

200Mev 2Mev 1Mev

(1

3)

52

(1

3)

53

(1

3)

( Liquid Drop Model )

54

236 92

U*

235 92

235 92

(2

3) 2

( Chain Reactions )

55

O2

UO2

4500J/G 11ev 200Mev

(3-3)

56

( Nuclear Reactors )

2,5 40%
235 92

1ev ( Moderator )

3%

57

Pellet Clading

BWR

PWR

3)

58

3)

( Pressurized Water Raector ) PWR ( Boiling Water Reactor ) BWR

59

238

239

Pu Pu

Breeder Reactor

239

PWR

(5

3)

60

BWR PWR

PWR

61

PWR Zircoly 0,95cm 0,06cm UO2

238

BWR 4 Zircoly 1,23cm 0,08cm UO2 2,8% 2

2,1/2,6/3,1% 0,82cm 1,5cm 15 x 15 or 17 x 17 193 98000kg 740cm 366cm 33% (1 3) 1,04cm 1,04cm 8x8

740 150000kg 366cm 376cm 34%

62

200Mev

Three Mile Island 10-8Ci

( Nuclear Fusion )

63

1 1

1 1

2 1

2 1

1 1

3 2

He

3 2

3 2

4 2

1 1

1 1

(6

3)

64

Fusion

Fusion

65

66

( Detectors )
X

Properties of Detectors

67

tc

tc

Q
0

Z (t )dt

(1

4)

68

Mean square voltage Mode puls Mode , current Mode Current Mode Pulse Mode MSVM Mean Square Voltage Mod

Energy Resolution

NaI FWHM

69

(2

4)

0.5Mev

FWHM 10kev NaI

( Efficiency of Detector )

70

Detector efficiency

Eabs

10ev-20ev 30000 1ev

(3

4)

71

Proportional Counter

( Dead Time )

n=

m 1 mT

72

m (dead time)

n T

( Ionization Chamber )

pre Amplifier

73

( Geiger - Muller Counter )

1500v

1000v

74

(4 pre Amplifier

4)

discriminator

( Electronic Noise )

75

scalar

High Level Discriminator

HLD

Low Level Discriminator

LLD

pulse polarity ( c

76

High voltage supplier ( d 5000v 15000v 3000v +3000v 1000v 3000v Pre Amplifier NaI

( NaI Detector )

photo- Multi plier

77

(5

4)

78

( Neutron Detectors )

X-ray

10 5

[ 11 B ] *

7 3

Li

4 2 He

B11 (n, )Li7

79

2,7mev 3840 barn Cross section

1barn = 10-24 cm2

6 3 Li ( n,

) 3H
1`

He
2

( n , p )
1 0

3 1

H
1 1

3 2

He

3 1

80

( Fission Chamber )

235 92U

(6

4)

81

( Bubble chamber )

(7

4)

82

( Helium Chamber )

3 2

He

3 2

He
3 2

He

( Neutron Reaction With Elements )

83

( Cross Section )

Barn 2200 Barn N

A N /A

2 * 10-24cm2 10-22cm2 2Barn 1000b 0,001b 10-27cm2

84

(Relation between energy and velocity of Neutron)

E = 5,22 * 10-15V2

E = mv2 V = 1,383 * 107 E 1,383 * 107 1Mev 15cm

2187m/sec

0,025ev 70 sec

( Types of reaction for Neutron )

Scattering

85

Cross Section

~1/V 1000b 1b
240 239

Pu

235

U 2b 1Mev

Pu

238

235

238

( Macroscopic Cross Section )

86

X I(x)
t

I0 N

I ( x)

I0 e

tX

t =N cm-1

N
N a ni M

87

M i ni Na

Na ( n1 M

n2

n1

( Neutron Free Path )

1 t

88

( Protection from Neutrons)

0,025ev

89

( Die Away Time )

100 sec

30 sec

( Moderating )

1 V

90

1 2

91

Water Heavy Water Helium Beryllium Graphit Polyethylene

H2O H2O 4 2He Br CH2 (1 4)

1ev -100kev 1,28kev 0,18kev 0,16kev 0,064kev 3,26kev

92

( Elementary Particles )

93

1 CERN 2 Desy 3 Slac 4

( Particles )

1800 John Dalton) 1900

94

1930

Quarks Elementary Particals

K 10-9sec 10-23sec

95

1 5

96

( Fermion and Boson )

SZ

ms

ms

S , S 1, S

2,...S i

SZ

ms Z
1/ 2

-1/2

+1/2

,1.... ( 0,1,2...)

97

( Hadron and Lepton )

( Heavy Particales ) ( Light particales )

98

( partical and anti partical )

( Dirac ) 1928

99

(Q 1,2 Mev)

( Proton & antiProton )

100

( 1876,6Mev

2*938,3Mev )

P P

101

L = +1 L=0 Mev +1 -1 0 -1 +1
e

L = -1

p
e

938,3 0,511 0 105,7 1,39 0 0 17,77 0

p
e

0 0 -1 0 (1 5)

102

2,6 * 10-8sec

2,2*10-6S

0,511Mev

105Mev

K S Strangeness

103

Strangeness Mev 0 6 -1 -1 -1 -1 -2 -2 +1 0 0 +1 0 -1 0 -1 938,3 939,6 1115,6 1189,4 1192,5 1197,3 1314,3 1321,3
0 0

p n
0

104

1 Albert Messiah. 1999. Quantum Mechanics Dover Publications, Inc.Mineola, New York. 2 Emilio Segr .1977.NUCLIE AND PARTICALES, Second Edition by W.A.Benjamin, Inc. 3 Fleischer, R.L, Price, P.B, and R.M.Walker. 1954. Principle and applications, U.C.Press, London. 4 GLENN F.KNOLL.1989.RADIATION PROTECTION AND MEASURMENT, SECOND EDITION JOHN WILEY & SONS, New York.Chicheter.Brisbane.Toronto.Singapore. 5 Many Internet Sources.

6 Young. Freedman.1996 University physics ninth edition by Addison Wesley publishing.Inc.