CHEM-101

Dr. Tapan Kanti Paine

Department of Inorganic Chemistry

Indian Association for the Cultivation
of Science
Kolkata
 Goals of the Course

‹ Theoretical approaches used to

understand and describe the
structure and bonding of molecules.
‹ Chemistry of the main group and
Transition metals
Course grade depends on
• Exams (mid-term and class
test)
• Final Exam
• Problem Sets / Assignments
• Participation
 Texts

‹ Huheey, Keiter & Keiter (4th Ed)

Inorganic Chemistry - Principles of
Structure and Reactivity
‹ Gary Wulfsberg-
Inorganic chemistry
Periodic Table
 Classification of the Elements
‹ OBJECTIVES:

• Explain why you can infer the properties

of an element based on those of other
elements in the periodic table.

• Use electron configurations to classify

elements as noble gases, representative
elements, transition metals, or inner
transition metals.
 HISTORY
•DOBEREINER (1829)
•DOBEREINER’S TRIADS: GROUPS OF 3
LIKE ELEMENTS WHOSE AVERAGE
ATOMIC WEIGHT EQUALLED THE
ATOMIC WEIGHT OF THE MIDDLE
ELEMENT

• NEWLANDS (1865): LAW OF OCTAVES

PROPERTIES OF THE ELEMENTS

REPEATED AT INTERVALS OF 8
 Periodic Table (real)
‹ Russian scientist Dmitri Mendeleev
taught chemistry in terms of
properties.
‹ Mid 1800’s - molar masses of elements
were known.
‹ Wrote down the elements in order of
increasing mass.
‹ Found a pattern of repeating
properties.
 Mendeleev’s Table
‹ Grouped elements in columns by similar
properties in order of increasing atomic
mass.
‹ Found some inconsistencies - felt that the
properties were more important than the
mass, so switched order.
‹ Also found some gaps.
‹ Must be undiscovered elements.
‹ Predicted their properties before they
were found.
 The modern table
‹ Elements are still grouped by properties.
‹ Similar properties are in the same
column.
‹ Order is by increasing atomic number
(periodic law)
‹ Added a column of elements Mendeleev
didn’t know about.
‹ The noble gases weren’t found because
they didn’t react with anything.
‹ Horizontalrows are called periods
‹ There are 7 periods
 Vertical columns called groups
Elements are placed in columns
by similar properties
Also called families
 ‹ The elements in the A groups 8A
1A
are called the representative 0
2A elements 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A

outer s or p filling
The group B are called the
transition elements

‹ These are called the inner

transition elements, and
they belong here
‹ Group 1A are the alkali metals
‹ Group 2A are the alkaline earth metals
‹ Group 7A is called the Halogens
‹ Group 8A are the noble gases
The long form of the Periodic Table

Ds
 Why?
‹ The part of the atom another atom
sees is the electron cloud.
‹ More importantly the outside orbitals.
‹ The orbitals fill up in a regular
pattern.
‹ The outside orbital electron
configuration repeats.
‹ The properties of atoms repeat.
 Atomic Structure
&
Electronic Configuration
 Overview

• The nature of the atom

– Rutherford’s α particle scattering
expt.

• The introduction of quantization

– Bohr model
– Hydrogen atom spectra

• Wave - particle duality

 • Abandoning classical mechanics

– the uncertainty principle

– a probabalistic description of electrons
using orbitals
– the Schrödinger equation and its solutions
– electron spin, the Pauli exclusion principle
and Hund’s rule
– many electron atoms and the Aufbau
principle
– effective nuclear charge, shielding and
penetration
– the structure of the periodic table
 Rutherford’s experiment
The notion that atoms consist of very small
nuclei containing protons and neutrons
surrounded by a much larger cloud of
electrons was developed from an a particle
scattering expt.