Oracle Important Notes

TRANSPORT TABLESPACES
Data movement has never been a pleasant experience especially

when the database is very big and
the time is less. In this short article , I am explaining 8 simple steps
for transport tablespace from one
database to another.
Summary :-
Step 1:- Check for self-contained tablespace(s).

Step 2:- Set the Tablespaces in read only mode.
Step 3:- Grab the information about data files belongs to desired
tablespaces.
Step 4:- Export the tablespaces with options
TRANSPORT_TABLESPACES=Y TABLESPACE = <TABLESPACE_NAME>
TRIGGERS=N
Step 5:- Physical copy the tablespace datafiles from source to target
location. Note that the data file names can be changed in this process.
Step 6:- Physical copy the export file, created in step 4 , from source to
target system
Step 7:- Import the tablespace metadata into the target database
,using the names the data files were give in target system
Step 8:- The tablespace can be returned to read write mode on either
or both nodes
Detail :-
Checklist before taking a decision for Answer Decision

transporting a tablespace from source to it ?
target system
Is transportable tablespace is self- Yes Can transport

contained ?
Is transportable tablespace contains No Can transport

Nested tables, varrays, Bitmap indexes ?
Are you willing to move part of data ? Yes Can not transport
Is source and target database have

Can transport
Same operation system (OS) Yes
Same Block size
Same Character set
This checklist is valid up-to Oracle 8.1.7 . Some of the restriction like
same oracle blocksize are not in Oracle 9i. In 9i if you are
transporting a tablespace from different version of oracle databases ,
you have to set db cache_size. (Refer oracle doc)
Step 1:- Check for self-contained tablespace(s).
For checking of self-contained tablespaces we will use package

DBMS_TTS.TRANSPORT_SET_CHECK package. This package is created
by dbmsplts.sql which ran by catproc.sql and populate
TRANSPORT_SET_VIOLATIONS table.
Svrmgrl>EXECUTE
DBMS_TTS.TRANSPORT_SET_CHECK(TS_LIST=>'<TABLESPACE1>,<TABLESPA
CE2',incl_constraints=><FALSE/TRUE>);
As you see this package mainly consist of two input parameters
1. 1. Transportable tablespace name

2. 2. Whether you want to include the constraints or not.
For the sake of simplicity let us consider a scenario where we need to

transport two tablespaces STablespace1 and STablespace2 from
source to destination database across a network. Assume that both the
database are on windows NT , Oracle database version is 8.1.6.3.0 ,
same Database block size and same charcter set.
Connect with sys and execute the package as follows :-
SQL> execute
dbms_tts.transport_Set_check(TS_LIST=>('STablespace1,STablespace2'),incl_c
onstraints=>TRUE);
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
If the tablespace is not self-contained then the above package will

popluate transport_set_violation table. Query this table as follows to
check violation.
SQL> select * from transport_set_violations;
no rows selected
If it returns "no rows selected" means tablespaces are ready for

transportation. Otherwise part of the tablespace objects are linked
with other tablespace . You have to make these tablespaces as self
contained first.
Step 2:- Set the Tablespaces in read only mode.
SQL> alter tablespace SourceTablespace1 read only;
Tablespace altered.
SQL> alter tablespace SourceTablespace2 read only;
Tablespace altered.
Step 3:- Grab the information about data files belongs to desired
tablespaces.
SQL> desc dba_data_files;

Name Null? Type
----------------------------------------- -------- -----------------
FILE_NAME VARCHAR2(513)
FILE_ID NUMBER
TABLESPACE_NAME VARCHAR2(30)
BYTES NUMBER
BLOCKS NUMBER
STATUS VARCHAR2(9)
RELATIVE_FNO NUMBER
AUTOEXTENSIBLE VARCHAR2(3)
MAXBYTES NUMBER
MAXBLOCKS NUMBER
INCREMENT_BY NUMBER
USER_BYTES NUMBER
USER_BLOCKS NUMBER
SQL> select tablespace_name,file_name from dba_Data_files

2 where tablespace_name in ('SourceTablespace1','SourceTablespace2');
TABLESPACE_NAME FILE_NAME
--------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------
SourceTablespace1 F:\OR8I\ORADATA\SourceTablespace11ORSV.DBF
SourceTablespace2 F:\OR8I\ORADATA\INDX01ORSV.DBF
Step 4:- Export the tablespaces with options

TRANSPORT_TABLESPACES=Y TABLESPACE = <TABLESPACE_NAME>
TRIGGERS=N
C:\>set ORACLE_SID=SAMDB
C:\>exp 'sys/change_on_install as SYSDBA'

Tablespaces=('SourceTablespace1','SourceTablespace2')
TRANSPORT_TABLESPACE=Y CONSTRAINTS=N file=expdat.dmp
Export: Release 8.1.6.3.0 - Production on Thu May 3 11:20:50 2001

(c) Copyright 1999 Oracle Corporation. All rights reserved.
Connected to: Oracle8i Enterprise Edition Release 8.1.6.3.0 - Production

With the Partitioning option
JServer Release 8.1.6.3.0 - Production
Export done in WE8ISO8859P1 character set and WE8ISO8859P1 NCHAR
character set
Note: table data (rows) will not be exported
About to export transportable tablespace metadata...
For tablespace SourceTablespace1 ...
. exporting cluster definitions
. exporting table definitions
. . exporting table SAMTEST1
For tablespace SourceTablespace2 ...
. exporting cluster definitions
. exporting table definitions
. exporting referential integrity constraints
. exporting triggers
. end transportable tablespace metadata export
Export terminated successfully without warnings.
Step 5:- Physical copy the tablespace datafiles from source to target
location. Note that the datafile names can be changed in this process.
c:\>copy F:\OR8I\ORADATA\SourceTablespace11ORSV.DBF ...... <target

system>
c:\>copy F:\OR8I\ORADATA\INDX01ORSV.DBF .......... <target system>
Step 6:- Physical copy the export file, created in step 4 , from source to
destination location.
c:\> copy expdat.dmp ........... <target system>

On unix , you can ftp the files with binary .
Step 7:- Import the tablespace metadata into the target database
,using the names the datafiles were give in target system
C:\>imp sys/mantra file=c:\temp\expdat.dmp transport_tablespace=Y

datafiles=('E:\ORA816\DATABASE\SourceTablespace11ORSV.DBF','E:\ORA816\
DATAB
ASE\INDX01ORSV.DBF')
Import: Release 8.1.6.3.0 - Production on Thu May 3 12:23:03 2001
(c) Copyright 1999 Oracle Corporation. All rights reserved.
Connected to: Oracle8i Enterprise Edition Release 8.1.6.0.0 - Production

With the Partitioning option
Export file created by EXPORT:V08.01.06 via conventional path

About to import transportable tablespace(s) metadata...
import done in WE8ISO8859P1 character set and WE8ISO8859P1 NCHAR
character set
. importing SYS's objects into SYS
importing tables ...
:
:
:
About to enable constraints...
. importing SourceTablespace1's objects into SourceTablespace1
Import terminated successfully without warnings.
Step 8:- The tablespace can be returned to read write mode on either
or both nodes
Sql> alter tablespace SourceTablespace1 read write;

Sql> alter tablespace SourceTablespace2 read write;
the below query wil be used to find out which user allocated more
space in temporary tablespace
select se.username
,se.sid
,su.extents
,su.blocks * to_number(rtrim(p.value)) as Space
,tablespace
,segtype
from v$sort_usage su
,v$parameter p
,v$session se
where p.name = 'db_block_size'
and su.session_addr = se.saddr
order by se.username, se.sid
the above query wil be used to find out which user allocated more space in
temporary tablespace
the sript is very userful for oracle dba
FIND BLOCK CORRUPTION
V$database_block_corruption is use to find out block corruption
Below query is used to find out chin rows (only oracle 10g)b
select * from table (dbms_space.asa_recommendations());

The large number of columns will make it difficult to see the output
clearly. So, here is just one record shown in vertical format.
TABLESPACE_NAME : USERS
SEGMENT_OWNER : ARUP
SEGMENT_NAME : ACCOUNTS
SEGMENT_TYPE : TABLE PARTITION
PARTITION_NAME : P7
ALLOCATED_SPACE :0
USED_SPACE :0
RECLAIMABLE_SPACE :0
CHAIN_ROWEXCESS : 17
RECOMMENDATIONS : The object has chained rows that can be removed
by re-org.
C1 :
C2 :
C3 :
TASK_ID : 261
MESG_ID :0
====================================================
My query was fine last week and now it is slow. Why?
The likely cause of this is because the execution plan has changed. Generate a
current explain plan of the offending query and compare it to a previous one that
was taken when the query was performing well. Usually the previous plan is not
available.
Some factors that can cause a plan to change are:
• Which tables are currently analyzed? Were they previously analyzed? (ie. Was
the query using RBO and now CBO?)
• Has OPTIMIZER_MODE been changed in INIT.ORA?
• Has the DEGREE of parallelism been defined/changed on any table?
• Have the tables been re-analyzed? Were the tables analyzed using estimate
or compute? If estimate, what percentage was used?
• Have the statistics changed?
• Has the INIT.ORA parameter DB_FILE_MULTIBLOCK_READ_COUNT been
changed?
• Has the INIT.ORA parameter SORT_AREA_SIZE been changed?
• Have any other INIT.ORA parameters been changed?
What do you think the plan should be? Run the query with hints to see if this
produces the required performance.
====================================================
If you want to get some idea of which users spend most time and consume most
resources on the system, you don’t necessarily have to do anything subtle and
devious to find out what’s been happening. There has been a (simple) audit trail
built into the database for as long as I can remember. (The 8.1 – 10.1 in the banner
simply covers the fact that I’ve only recently checked the following comments
against those versions)
The init.ora file contains an audit_trail parameter. This can take the values true,
false, none, os, db (the true/false options are for backwards compatibility). If you
set the value to db (or true), then you have enabled auditing in the database. Once
you have restarted the database (the parameter is not modifiable online), you can
decide what events you want to audit.
For a quick cheap audit of connections, connect as a suitably privileged account

(which typically means as a DBA), and issue the command:
audit create session;
If you need to turn this audit off, the corresponding command is:
noaudit create session;
The older syntax for the same level of audit is:
audit connect;
noaudit connect;
With this level of audit turned on, every session that logs on (except the SYS
sessions) will insert a row into the table sys.aud$ giving various details of who they
are and what time they connected. When the session ends, its last action is to
update this row with various session-related details, such as log-off time, and the
amount of work done. To make the results more readable, Oracle has superimposed
the view dba_audit_session on top of the aud$ table; the 9.2 version of this view
is as follows:
Name Null? Type

----------------------- -------- ----------------
OS_USERNAME VARCHAR2(255) Who
USERNAME VARCHAR2(30)
USERHOST VARCHAR2(128) Where
TERMINAL VARCHAR2(255)
TIMESTAMP NOT NULL DATE logon date/time
ACTION_NAME VARCHAR2(27)
LOGOFF_TIME DATE log off date/time
LOGOFF_LREAD NUMBER v$sess_io.consistent_gets
LOGOFF_PREAD NUMBER v$sess_io.physical_reads
LOGOFF_LWRITE NUMBER v$sess_io.block_changes
LOGOFF_DLOCK VARCHAR2(40) Number of deadlocks
SESSIONID NOT NULL NUMBER
RETURNCODE NOT NULL NUMBER
CLIENT_ID VARCHAR2(64)
SESSION_CPU NUMBER Session statistic. CPU used by this
session
=========================================================================
how to relocate temporary tablespace
1.shu immediate
2.startup mount
3.copy (os level) excisting location to new location in temp file
4.alter database rename file ‘excisting location ‘ to ‘new location’
5.alter database openb

How to enable logminer
Log Miner
Log Miner enables the analysis of the contents of archived redo logs. It can be used to
provide a historical view of the database without the need for point-in-time recovery.
It can also be used to undo operations, allowing repair of logical corruption.
• Create Dictionary File

• Adding Logs
• Starting LogMiner
• Querying Log Information
• Stopping LogMiner
Create Dictionary File

Without a dictionary file LogMiner displays all tables and columns using their internal
object IDs and all values as hex data. The dictionary file is used to translate this data
into a more meaningful format. For the dictionary file to be created the following
initialization parameter must be set and the instance must be mounted or open.
UTL_FILE_DIR=C:\Oracle\Oradata\TSH1\Archive
The dictionary file is created using the BUILD procedure in the DBMS_LOGMNR_D
package.
BEGIN
DBMS_LOGMNR_D.build (
dictionary_filename => 'TSH1dict.ora',
dictionary_location => 'C:\Oracle\Oradata\TSH1\Archive');
END;
/
Adding Logs
A list of logs to be analyzed must be added to log miner using the DBMS_LOGMNR
package. The first log in the list is added using the NEW procedure, while subsequent
logs are added using the ADD_LOGFILE procedure.
BEGIN
DBMS_LOGMNR.add_logfile (
options => DBMS_LOGMNR.new,
logfilename => 'C:\Oracle\Oradata\TSH1\Archive\TSH1\T001S00006.ARC');
DBMS_LOGMNR.add_logfile (
options => DBMS_LOGMNR.addfile,
logfilename => 'C:\Oracle\Oradata\TSH1\Archive\TSH1\T001S00007.ARC');
END;
/
Starting LogMiner
At this point LogMiner can be started using the overloaded START_LOGMNR
procedure. The analysis range can be narrowed using time or SCN.
BEGIN
-- Start using all logs
DBMS_LOGMNR.start_logmnr (
dictfilename => 'C:\Oracle\Oradata\TSH1\Archive\TSH1dict.ora');
-- Specify time range

DBMS_LOGMNR.start_logmnr (
dictfilename => 'C:\Oracle\Oradata\TSH1\Archive\TSH1\dict.ora',
starttime => TO_DATE('01-JAN-2001 00:00:00', 'DD-MON-YYYY HH:MI:SS'),
FIND ORACLE USER PRIVILEGES
SQL> select privilege from dba_sys_privs where grantee='CONNECT';
PRIVILEGE
----------------------------------------
CREATE VIEW
CREATE TABLE
ALTER SESSION
CREATE CLUSTER
CREATE SESSION
CREATE SYNONYM
CREATE SEQUENCE
CREATE DATABASE LINK
8 rows selected.
SQL>
ORACLE 10G
SQL> select privilege from dba_sys_privs where grantee='CONNECT';
PRIVILEGE
----------------------------------------
CREATE SESSION
SQL>
Exchange partition :
It is use to move table data for non partition table to partition table
Step 1: create the one table with out partition
SQL> CREATE TABLE my_table (

id NUMBER,
description VARCHAR2(50)
);
INSERT INTO my_table (id, description) VALUES (1, 'One');

INSERT INTO my_table (id, description) VALUES (2, 'Two');
INSERT INTO my_table (id, description) VALUES (3, 'Three');
INSERT INTO my_table (id, description) VALUES (4, 'Four');
2 3 4
Table created.
SQL> SQL>
1 row created.
SQL>
1 row created.
SQL>
1 row created.
SQL>
1 row created.
Commit;
Step 2: create another one table with partition options
SQL> CREATE TABLE my_table_2 (

id NUMBER,
description VARCHAR2(50)
)
PARTITION BY RANGE (id)
(PARTITION my_table_part VALUES LESS THAN (MAXVALUE)); 2 3 4 5 6
Table created.
Step 3 : use this command
SQL> ALTER TABLE my_table_2

EXCHANGE PARTITION my_table_part
WITH TABLE my_table
WITHOUT VALIDATION 2 3 4
5 /
Step 4: the above step all my_table data will be move to partition my_table_2 table
SQL> select * from my_table;
no rows selected
SQL> select * from my_table_2 partition(my_table_part);
ID DESCRIPTION
---------- --------------------------------------------------
1 One
2 Two
3 Three
4 Four
The above ouput first u insert the record my_table table only but now all the table
data is moved to my_table_2 partiton table
Optimize Oracle UNDO Parameters
Overview
Starting in Oracle9i, rollback segments are re-named undo logs. Traditionally transaction undo
information was stored in Rollback Segments until a commit or rollback statement was issued,
at which point it was made available for overlaying.
Best of all, automatic undo management allows the DBA to specify how long undo
information should be retained after commit, preventing "snapshot too old" errors on long
running queries.
This is done by setting the UNDO_RETENTION parameter. The default is 900 seconds (5
minutes), and you can set this parameter to guarantee that Oracle keeps undo logs for
extended periods of time.
Rather than having to define and manage rollback segments, you can simply define an Undo
tablespace and let Oracle take care of the rest. Turning on automatic undo management is
easy. All you need to do is create an undo tablespace and set UNDO_MANAGEMENT = AUTO.
However it is worth to tune the following important parameters
The size of the UNDO tablespace

The UNDO_RETENTION parameter
Calculate UNDO_RETENTION for given UNDO Tabespace
You can choose to allocate a specific size for the UNDO tablespace and then set the
UNDO_RETENTION parameter to an optimal value according to the UNDO size and the database
activity. If your disk space is limited and you do not want to allocate more space than necessary
to the UNDO tablespace, this is the way to proceed. The following query will help you to
optimize the UNDO_RETENTION parameter:
Optimal Undo Retention= Actual Undo Size
-----------------------------------------------
DB_BLOCK_SIZE * UNDO_BLOCK_PER_SEC
Because these following queries use the V$UNDOSTAT statistics, run the queries only after the
database has been running with UNDO for a significant and representative time!
Actual Undo Size
SELECT SUM(a.bytes) "UNDO_SIZE"

FROM v$datafile a,
v$tablespace b,
dba_tablespaces c
WHERE c.contents = 'UNDO'
AND c.status = 'ONLINE'
AND b.name = c.tablespace_name
AND a.ts# = b.ts#;
UNDO_SIZE
----------
209715200
Undo Blocks per Second
SELECT MAX(undoblks/((end_time-begin_time)*3600*24))
"UNDO_BLOCK_PER_SEC"
FROM v$undostat;
UNDO_BLOCK_PER_SEC
------------------
3.12166667
DB Block Size
SELECT TO_NUMBER(value) "DB_BLOCK_SIZE [KByte]"

FROM v$parameter
WHERE name = 'db_block_size';
DB_BLOCK_SIZE [Byte]
--------------------
4096
Optimal Undo Retention
209'715'200 / (3.12166667 * 4'096) = 16'401 [Sec]
Using Inline Views, you can do all in one query!
SELECT d.undo_size/(1024*1024) "ACTUAL UNDO SIZE [MByte]",

SUBSTR(e.value,1,25) "UNDO RETENTION [Sec]",
ROUND((d.undo_size / (to_number(f.value) *
g.undo_block_per_sec))) "OPTIMAL UNDO RETENTION [Sec]"
FROM (
SELECT SUM(a.bytes) undo_size
FROM v$datafile a,
v$tablespace b,
dba_tablespaces c
AND a.ts# = b.ts#
) d,
v$parameter e,
v$parameter f,
(
undo_block_per_sec
FROM v$undostat
) g
WHERE e.name = 'undo_retention'
AND f.name = 'db_block_size'
/
ACTUAL UNDO SIZE [MByte]

------------------------
200
UNDO RETENTION [Sec]

--------------------
10800
OPTIMAL UNDO RETENTION [Sec]

----------------------------
16401
Calculate Needed UNDO Size for given Database Activity
If you are not limited by disk space, then it would be better to choose the UNDO_RETENTION
time that is best for you (for FLASHBACK, etc.). Allocate the appropriate size to the UNDO
tablespace according to the database activity:
UNDO SIZE=UNDO RETENTION * DB_BLOCK_SIZE * UNDO_BLOCK_PER_SEC
Again, all in one query:
SELECT d.undo_size/(1024*1024) "ACTUAL UNDO SIZE [MByte]",

SUBSTR(e.value,1,25) "UNDO RETENTION [Sec]",
(TO_NUMBER(e.value) * TO_NUMBER(f.value) *
g.undo_block_per_sec) / (1024*1024)
"NEEDED UNDO SIZE [MByte]"
FROM (
SELECT SUM(a.bytes) undo_size
FROM v$datafile a,
v$tablespace b,
dba_tablespaces c
AND a.ts# = b.ts#
) d,
v$parameter e,
v$parameter f,
(
undo_block_per_sec
FROM v$undostat
) g
WHERE e.name = 'undo_retention'
AND f.name = 'db_block_size'
/
ACTUAL UNDO SIZE [MByte]
------------------------
200
UNDO RETENTION [Sec]
--------------------
10800
NEEDED UNDO SIZE [MByte]
------------------------
131.695313
The previous query may return a "NEEDED UNDO SIZE" that is less than the "ACTUAL UNDO
SIZE". If this is the case, you may be wasting space. You can choose to resize your UNDO
tablespace to a lesser value or increase your UNDO_RETENTION parameter to use the
additional space.
what are the advantages of ASM?
- Disk Addition—Adding a disk becomes very easy. No downtime is required

and file extents are redistributed automatically.
- I/O Distribution—I/O is spread over all the available disks automatically,

without manual intervention, reducing chances of a hot spot.
- Stripe Width—Striping can be fine grained as in Redo Log Files (128K for
faster transfer rate) and coarse for datafiles (1MB for transfer of a large
number of blocks at one time).
- Buffering—The ASM filesystem is not buffered, making it direct I/O

capable by design.
Kernelized Asynch I/O—There is no special setup necessary to enable
kernelized asynchronous I/O, without using raw or third-party filesystems
such as Veritas Quick I/O.
- Mirroring—Software mirroring can be set up easily, if hardware mirroring

is not available.
Striping
ASM stripes files across all the disks in a disk group. The stripe granularity can be
either coarse or fine.
Coarse Striping - 1MB chunks of space. Not used for controlfiles, online redo logs or
flashback logs.
Fine Striping - 128K chunks of space. Can be used for controlfiles, online redo logs
or flashback logs.
Aligning (db_file_multiblock_read_count x db_block_size) to 1MB and using coarse

striping would yield a fairly optimal performance on most small-medium size
installations.
Mirroring
The Oracle-specific nature of ASM means that Oracle can mirror segment extents
on seperate disks in a disk group. There will be a primary extent on one disk and a
mirrored extent on a different disk in the same disk group. Failure groups allow you
to group disks so that primary and mirrored extents reside in separate failure
groups. This would be necessary to mitigate the loss of a disk controller or IO
channel. There are 3 levels of redundancy:
External Redundancy No mirroring. Rely on the O/S or an external

logical volume manager. Failure groups are
not allowed
Normal Redundancy
2-way mirroring. Requires at least 2 failure
groups
High Redundancy 3-way mirroring. Requires at least 3 failure
groups
library error in oracle
SQL> connect sys as sysdba

Enter password:
/usr/lib/hpux64/dld.so: Unable to find library 'libodm9.so'.
ERROR:
ORA-12547: TNS:lost contact
The above error occurs when libodm9.so file is corrupted or misplaced in the
$ORACLE_HOME/lib path
SOLUTION: copy the libodm9.so from the backup or any existing

$ORACLE_HOME/lib/libodm9.so to its original path
dropping the user error
SQL> drop user GSSORACLE cascade;

drop user GSSORACLE cascade
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-00604: error occurred at recursive SQL level 1
ORA-24005: must use DBMS_AQADM.DROP_QUEUE_TABLE to drop queue tables
SOLUTION :
Execute the below query as DBA
SQL> show user;

USER is "SYS"
SQL> alter session set events '10851 trace name context forever ,level 2';
To set the root password never expires in solaris

In Solaris to set the root or any user password to never expires execute the below
command
bash-2.05# passwd -x -1 root
passwd: password information changed for root
bash-2.05# pwconv
To check the solaris / linux os - 32 bit or 64 bit

Is my Operating System 64-bit?
In Solaris, from the command line (you don’t have to be root in most cases) run this
command:
/usr/bin/isainfo -kv
If your OS is 64-bit, you will see output like:
64-bit sparcv9 kernel modules
If your OS is 32-bit, you will get this output:
32-bit sparc kernel modules
For Linux users
If you are running Linux, you can check your distribution with the uname command:
uname -m
The output will read x86_64 for 64-bit and i686 or similar for 32-bit.
How about this Oracle install? Is it 64-bit?
The question here is weather your Oracle binaries are 64-bit. While some of the
binaries associated with Oracle may be 32-bit, the important ones will be 64 bit. To
check those, follow these steps from the command line:
cd $ORACLE_HOME/bin
file oracl*
This will display the file type of your oracle binaries. If you are running 64-bit
binaries, the output should look like this:
oracle: ELF 64-bit MSB executable SPARCV9 Version 1, dynamically linked, not
stripped
oracleO: ELF 64-bit MSB executable SPARCV9 Version 1, dynamically linked, not
stripped
If your binaries are 32-bit, the output will look like this:
oracle: ELF 32-bit MSB executable SPARC Version 1, dynamically linked, not stripped
If you find you are running 32-bit and decide to go to 64 be careful. The switch can
be a bit tricky. Read the documentation closely and make sure your service contract
is payed up!
Oracle 10G installation in LINUX

LINUX - Installing oracle 10G
INCLUDE THIS LINE IN /etc/sysctl.conf
# Oracle Parameters
kernel.shmmax = 536870912
kernel.shmmni = 4096
kernel.shmal = 32000
kernel.sem = 500 32000 100 128
fs.file-max = 65536
NEED TO SEE THE ADDITIONAL PARAMETERS:-
[root@stgpxy2 core]# pwd

/proc/sys/net/core
[root@stgpxy2 core]# cat rmem_default
110592
[root@stgpxy2 core]# echo "262144" > /proc/sys/net/core/rmem_default
[root@stgpxy2 core]# cat rmem_default
262144
[root@stgpxy2 core]# pwd
/proc/sys/net/core
[root@stgpxy2 core]# echo "262144" > /proc/sys/net/core/rmem_max
[root@stgpxy2 core]# echo "262144" > /proc/sys/net/core/wmem_default
[root@stgpxy2 core]# echo "262144" > /proc/sys/net/core/wmem_max
DATA GUARD ( 9i / 10G ) :- Implementing a Physical Standby
Database
May 22nd, 2006 at 9:40 am by Yuri van Buren
Following our cookbook we installed CRS and RAC software on OCFS2 on our linux5
server.
See our PoC MAA- Blogs 5,6 and 7 about OCFS2, CRS and RAC install respectively.
Overview of the file system on linux5:
[oracle@linux5 ~]$ df -k
Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/VolGroup00-LogVol00
67829336 11887112 52496672 19% /

/dev/cciss/c0d0p1 102182 6774 95408 7% /boot/efi
none 1020720 0 1020720 0% /dev/shm
/dev/sdj 522240 105408 416832 21% /u01/cd1
/dev/sdk 522240 102336 419904 20% /u02/cd2
/dev/sdl 522240 86976 435264 17% /u03/cd3
/dev/sdm 20971200 3783872 17187328 19% /u01/sw1
/dev/sdn 20971200 137984 20833216 1% /u09/sw2
/dev/sdo 26213888 11774080 14439808 45% /u02/oradata
/dev/sdp 26213888 2737664 23476224 11% /u03/oraflra
We followed the steps outlined in Chapter 3 of the Oracle Data Guard Concepts and
Administration Guide to create our physical standby database.
<!–More–>
Step 1 Configure a Standby redo log
Ensure log file sizes are identical on the primary and standby databases:
The primary database has 8 redolog groups of 50Mb each (All 4 nodes have two
groups each).
Because we use a backup to setup the Standby database the redologfiles of the
Standby database are defacto the same size.
Determine the appropriate number of standby redo log file groups:
As best practices you have to add:
(maximum number of logfiles for each thread + 1 ) * maximum number of threads =

(2+1) * 4 = 12
Verify related database parameters and settings:
Check MAXLOGFILES and MAXLOGMEMBERS settings for 10.1. databases.
Use: alter database backup controlfile to trace; + check the trace in the
user_dump_dest directory. From 10.2 onwards the controlfile automatically expands
for the MAX settings parameters. Be sure that 8 + 12 = 20 redolog files can be
created.
If that is not the case re-create the controlfile on the primary database for 10.1.
databases only.
Create standby redo log file groups:
Add 12 standby redolog groups on the primary database all of the same size with:
alter database add standby logfile group 9 ('/u02/oradata/prac/stredo09.log') size

50M;

50M;

50M;

50M;

50M;

50M;

50M;

50M;

50M;

50M;

50M;

50M;
Verify that the standby redo log file groups were created with:
select group#, thread#, sequence#, archived, status from v$standby_log;
GROUP# THREAD# SEQUENCE# ARC STATUS

———- ———- ———- — ———-
9 0 0 YES UNASSIGNED
12 rows selected.
Step 2 Set the Primary Database Initialization Parameters
Use the following alter system commands to change the necessary parameter
settings:
alter system set log_archive_config='DG_CONFIG=(prac,stdb)' scope=both;
alter system set log_archive_dest_1='LOCATION=/u02/oradata/prac_arch

VALID_FOR=(ALL_LOGFILES, ALL_ROLES) DB_UNIQUE_NAME=prac' scope=both;
alter system set log_archive_dest_2='SERVICE=stdb LGWR ASYNC

VALID_FOR=(ONLINE_LOGFILES, PRIMARY_ROLE) DB_UNIQUE_NAME=stdb'
scope=both;
alter system set log_archive_max_processes=30 scope=both;
alter system set fal_server = 'stdb' scope=both;

alter system set fal_client = 'prac' scope=both;
alter system set db_file_name_convert='stdb','prac' scope=spfile;
And the most important one: specify online redolog location on Primary and Standby
location.
alter system set log_file_name_convert = '/u02/oradata/prac/', '/u02/oradata/prac/'

scope=spfile;
Note that the scope is only spfile, so you have to restart the instance to make the
parameter active.
alter system set standby_file_management=AUTO scope=both;
Step 3 Check if ARCHIVELOG is enabled
Select log_mode from v$database; Must be: ARCHIVELOG.
If the database is in NOARCHIVELOG enable it by doing:
shutdown immediate;
startup mount;
alter database archivelog;
alter database open;
Step 4 Create a backup copy of the Primary Database datafiles
Use RMAN or even more simple use a COLD BACKUP.
shutdown immediate;
Copy all database files to the standby site
(This might take a while … depending on size of you’re database and network speed).
Step 5 Create a Control File and Parameter File for the Standby Database
startup mount;
alter database create standby controlfile as '/u02/oradata/prac/stdb.ctl';
create pfile='/u02/oradata/prac/initstdb.ora' from spfile;
alter database open;

Modify this initstdb.ora file with “vi” according to the following:
This line is OK!! *.db_name='prac'
ADD line ==> *.db_unique_name='stdb'
Flip names in these parameters to:
*.db_file_name_convert='prac','stdb'
*.log_archive_dest_1='LOCATION=/u02/oradata/prac_arch
VALID_FOR=(ALL_LOGFILES, ALL_ROLES) DB_UNIQUE_NAME=stdb'
*.log_archive_dest_2='SERVICE=stby LGWR ASYNC

VALID_FOR=(ONLINE_LOGFILES, PRIMARY_ROLE) DB_UNIQUE_NAME=prac'
*.fal_client='stdb'
*.fal_server='prac'
Remove both local and remote listener lines.
Save the file and copy it with the standby controlfile to the standby database server.
Now we have on the standby database server in the /u02/oradata/prac directory the
Cold Backup, the Standby Control File and the initstdb.ora file.
Step 6 Setup the environment to support the Standby database
Create a password file for the “prac” standby database on the standby
server:
orapwd file=orapwprac.ora entries=10
Configure the Oracle Net Services names on the primary and standby
server:
Add the following two tnsnames.ora entries on the primary server and standby
server.
prac =
(DESCRIPTION =
(ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = linux1_vip)(PORT = 1522))

(CONNECT_DATA =
(SERVER = DEDICATED)
(SERVICE_NAME = prac) ) )
stdb =
(DESCRIPTION =
(ADDRESS_LIST =
(CONNECT_DATA =
(SERVER = DEDICATED)
(SERVICE_NAME = prac) ) )
Check if the listeners are configured on both the primary and standby
database servers.
Restart the listeners on the primary servers with:
[oracle@linux1 prac]$ . oraenv
ORACLE_SID = [prac1] ? crs
[oracle@linux1 prac]$ srvctl stop listener -n linux1
[oracle@linux1 prac]$ srvctl start listener -n linux1

For a non RAC database use the familiar listener commands:
lsnrctl stop
lsnrctl start
Specify the correct listener name if needed, check the listener.ora file for the name.
Step 7 Start the Physical Standby Database
Copy the standby control file to the controlfile names mentioned in the initstdb.ora
file:
cp stdb.ctl /u02/oradata/prac/control01.ctl
Set the correct environment variables and do the following:
[oracle@linux5 prac]$ . oraenv
ORACLE_SID = [prac] ? prac
[oracle@linux5 prac]$ export ORACLE_SID=prac1
[oracle@linux5 prac]$ sqlplus /nolog
SQL*Plus: Release 10.2.0.1.0 - Production on Tue Feb 28 11:19:33 2006
Copyright (c) 1982, 2005, Oracle. All rights reserved.
SQL> conn / as sysdba
Connected to an idle instance.
SQL> create spfile from pfile='/u02/oradata/prac/initstdb.ora';
SQL> startup mount;
ORACLE instance started.
Total System Global Area 524288000 bytes
Fixed Size 1995688 bytes
Variable Size 213912664 bytes

Database Buffers 306184192 bytes
Redo Buffers 2195456 bytes
Database mounted.
SQL> alter database recover managed standby database disconnect from session;
Database altered.
YES!!!
Step 8 Test the Physical Standby Database is performing properly
Force several log switches on the primary database with:
alter system switch logfile;
On the standby database connect as sysdba and check with;
select sequence#, applied, first_time, next_time, archived, status
from v$archived_log order by sequence#;
SEQUENCE# APPLIED FIRST_TIME NEXT_TIME ARCHIVED STA
———- ——— ————— ————— ——— —
426 YES 28-FEB-06 28-FEB-06 YES A
427 YES 28-FEB-06 28-FEB-06 YES A
428 YES 28-FEB-06 28-FEB-06 YES A
429 YES 28-FEB-06 28-FEB-06 YES A
430 YES 28-FEB-06 28-FEB-06 YES A
431 YES 28-FEB-06 28-FEB-06 YES A
432 NO 28-FEB-06 28-FEB-06 YES A
433 NO 28-FEB-06 28-FEB-06 YES A
In the applied column you can see up to which logfile the standby database has
catched up.
To see the role of the standby database do:
select database_role, db_unique_name, name from v$database;
DATABASE_ROLE DB_UNIQUE_NAME NAME
——————– ——————– —————————
PHYSICAL STANDBY stdb PRAC
You can also check the file system to see that the archived log files really arrive on
the standby destination site.
Troubleshoot tips
Always check the alert file on both the primary and the standby database
site.
On Unix systems use tail –f alertprac.log to see the new messages appear at the end
of the file.
You might get errors like these:
Error 12514 received logging on to the standby
Tue Feb 28 13:07:22 2006
Errors in file /u01/sw1/app/oracle/admin/prac/bdump/prac1_arc5_11753.trc:
ORA-12514: TNS:listener does not currently know of service requested in connect

descriptor
PING[ARC5]: Heartbeat failed to connect to standby 'stdb'. Error is 12514.
OR
Errors in file /u01/sw1/app/oracle/admin/prac/bdump/prac3_arcj_29779.trc:
ORA-12545: Connect failed because target host or object does not exist
PING[ARCj]: Heartbeat failed to connect to standby 'stdb'. Error is 12545.
==> These are Oracle Net Configuration errors, fix in listener.ora, tnsnames.ora or
sqlnet.ora.
Test the connectivity from the primary database to the standby with:
[oracle@linux1 admin]$ sqlplus system/arnhem@stdb
SQL*Plus: Release 10.2.0.1.0 - Production on Tue Feb 28 13:23:01 2006
ERROR:
ORA-01033: ORACLE initialization or shutdown in progress
Enter user-name:
THIS IS THE CORRECT MESSAGE YOU SHOULD GET SINCE THE STANDBY DATABASE
IS IN MOUNT MODE!
or You might get the following error:
Tue Feb 28 12:15:21 2006
Errors in file /u01/sw1/app/oracle/admin/prac/bdump/prac1_mrp0_31715.trc:
ORA-00313: open failed for members of log group 8 of thread 4
ORA-00312: online log 8 thread 4: '/u02/oradata/pracredo08.log'
ORA-27037: unable to obtain file status
Linux-ia64 Error: 2: No such file or directory
Additional information: 3
Clearing online redo logfile 8 /u02/oradata/pracredo08.log
Clearing online log 8 of thread 4 sequence number 334
Tue Feb 28 12:15:21 2006
Thus: /u02/oradata/pracredo08.log There is a missing “/” between prac and

redo08.log?
Check the parameter log_file_name_convert: /u02/oradata/prac/,

/u02/oradata/prac
AHA a Typo change it with:
alter system set log_file_name_convert = '/u02/oradata/prac/', '/u02/oradata/prac/'

scope=spfile;
Note that you have to recycle the instance because the scope is spfile only!
So parameter settings are KEY!
Popularity: 64%
Posted in Oracle Infrastructure, Databases, Operating Systems, Networks |
2 Responses to “PoC MAA -Blog 10 - Implementing a Physical Standby

Database”
SHAHIQUE ANWER Says:

February 8th, 2007 at 1:23 pm
Clearing online log 1 of thread 1 sequence number 4
overmars Says:
July 11th, 2007 at 10:40 am
your standby database is not a RAC database?
The following parameter should seting on parmary site

alter system set db_file_name_convert=’prac’,’stdb’ scope=spfile;
alter system set log_file_name_convert = ‘prac’, ’stdb’ scope=spfile;
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Is my Operating System 64-bit?

In Solaris, from the command line (you don’t have to be root in most cases) run this
command:
/usr/bin/isainfo -kv
If your OS is 64-bit, you will see output like:
64-bit sparcv9 kernel modules
If your OS is 32-bit, you will get this output:
32-bit sparc kernel modules
For Linux users
If you are running Linux, you can check your distribution with the uname command:
uname -m
The output will read x86_64 for 64-bit and i686 or similar for 32-bit.
How about this Oracle install? Is it 64-bit?
The question here is weather your Oracle binaries are 64-bit. While some of the
binaries associated with Oracle may be 32-bit, the important ones will be 64 bit. To
check those, follow these steps from the command line:
cd $ORACLE_HOME/bin
file oracl*
This will display the file type of your oracle binaries. If you are running 64-bit
binaries, the output should look like this:
oracle: ELF 64-bit MSB executable SPARCV9 Version 1, dynamically linked, not
stripped
oracleO: ELF 64-bit MSB executable SPARCV9 Version 1, dynamically linked, not
stripped
If your binaries are 32-bit, the output will look like this:
oracle: ELF 32-bit MSB executable SPARC Version 1, dynamically linked, not stripped
If you find you are running 32-bit and decide to go to 64 be careful. The switch can
be a bit tricky. Read the documentation closely and make sure your service contract
is payed up!
unix command to find the files modified in the past 3 days
Finding Any Files Modified in the Past 3 Days

$ cd ~
$ find . -mtime -3
./.bash_history
./examples
./examples/preamble.txt
./examples/other.txt
./example1.fil
./.viminfo
Now we start to really see the power of the find command. It has identified files not
only in the working directory but in a subdirectory as well! Let’s verify the findings
with some ls commands:
$ ls –alt
total 56
drwxrwxr-x 2 tclark authors 4096 Feb 3 17:45 examples
-rw——- 1 tclark tclark 8793 Feb 3 14:04 .bash_history
drwx—— 4 tclark tclark 4096 Feb 3 11:17 .
-rw——- 1 tclark tclark 1066 Feb 3 11:17 .viminfo
-rw-rw-r– 1 tclark tclark 0 Feb 3 09:00 example1.fil
-rw-r–r– 1 tclark authors 0 Jan 27 00:22 umask_example.fil
drwxr-xr-x 8 root root 4096 Jan 25 22:16 ..
-rw-rw-r– 1 tclark tclark 0 Jan 13 21:13 example2.xxx
-rw-r–r– 1 tclark tclark 120 Aug 24 06:44 .gtkrc
-rw-r–r– 1 tclark tclark 24 Aug 18 11:23 .bash_logout
-rw-r–r– 1 tclark tclark 191 Aug 18 11:23 .bash_profile
-rw-r–r– 1 tclark tclark 124 Aug 18 11:23 .bashrc
-rw-r–r– 1 tclark tclark 237 May 22 2003 .emacs
-rw-r–r– 1 tclark tclark 220 Nov 27 2002 .zshrc
drwxr-xr-x 3 tclark tclark 4096 Aug 12 2002 .kde
$ cd examples
$ ls -alt
total 20
drwxrwxr-x 2 tclark authors 4096 Feb 3 17:45 .
-rw-rw-r– 1 tclark tclark 0 Feb 3 17:45 other.txt
-rw-rw-r– 1 tclark authors 360 Feb 3 17:44 preamble.txt
drwx—— 4 tclark tclark 4096 Feb 3 11:17 ..
-rw-r–r– 1 tclark authors 2229 Jan 13 21:35 declaration.txt
-rw-rw-r– 1 tclark presidents 1310 Jan 13 17:48 gettysburg.txt
So we see that find has turned up what we were looking for. Now we will refine our
search even further.
Finding .txt Files Modified in the Past 3 Days
Sometimes we are only concerned specific files in the directory. For example, say you
wrote a text file sometime in the past couple days and now you can’t remember what
you called it or where you put it. Here’s one way you could find that text file without
having to go through your entire system:
$ find . -name '*.txt' -mtime -3
./preamble.txt
./other.txt
Now you’ve got even fewer files than in the last search and you could easily identify
the one you’re looking for.
Find files by size
If a user is running short of disk space, they may want to find some large files and
compress them to recover space. The following will search from the current directory
and find all files larger than 10,000KB. The output has been abbreviated.
Finding Files Larger than 10,000k
# find . -size +10000k

./proc/kcore
./var/lib/rpm/Packages
./var/lib/rpm/Filemd5s
…
./home/stage/REPCA/repCA/wireless/USData.xml
./home/stage/REPCA/repCA/wireless/completebootstrap.xml
./home/stage/REPCA/repCA/wireless/bootstrap.xml
./home/bb/bbc1.9e-btf/BBOUT.OLD
Similarly a – could be used in this example to find all files smaller than 10,000KB. Of
course there would be quite a few of those on a Linux system.
The find command is quite flexible and accepts numerous options. We have only
covered a couple of the options here but if you want to check out more of them take
a look at find’s man page.
Most of find’s options can be combined to find files which meet several criteria. To do
this we can just continue to list criteria like we did when finding .txt files which had
been modified in the past three days.
Finding any files modified in the last 7 days.
# date
Fri Nov 30 12:01:52 IST 2007
# pwd
/
# find / -mtime -7
/oracle/ora10gr2/oracle/product/10.2.0/oradata/oracle/control02.ctl
# cd /oracle/ora10gr2/oracle/product/10.2.0/oradata/oracle
# ls -al
total 1438020
drwxr-x--- 3 oracle dba 4096 Oct 16 12:48 .
drwxr-x--- 3 oracle dba 4096 Oct 9 16:56 ..
-rw-r--r-- 1 oracle dba 7258112 Nov 30 12:01 control01.ctl
# cd /
# find / -name '*.log' -mtime -7
/var/log/boot.log
Finding files by type .trc which has been changed for the past 7 days
$ id
uid=501(oracle) gid=501(dba) groups=501(dba)
$ cd $ORACLE_HOME
$ pwd
/oracle/ora10gr2/oracle/product/10.2.0/db_1
$ find . -name '*.trc' -mtime -7
./admin/oracle/bdump/oracle_arc3_4232.trc
Most CPU utilized by the Oracle Qurey

# prstat
PID USERNAME SIZE RSS STATE PRI NICE TIME CPU PROCESS/NLWP
2786 ora10g 3814M 3781M cpu1 0 0 0:02:16 37% oracle/11
2801 ora10g 3814M 3780M sleep 59 0 0:01:43 14% oracle/11
2780 ora10g 3814M 3780M sleep 59 0 0:01:03 0.2% oracle/11
2294 ora10g 3384K 3272K sleep 59 0 0:00:04 0.1% prstat/1
2930 root 3352K 3224K cpu0 59 0 0:00:00 0.1% prstat/1
20478 ora10g 216M 109M sleep 29 10 0:05:24 0.1% java/24
1680 noaccess 205M 47M sleep 59 0 1:00:12 0.0% java/25
10516 ora10g 33M 22M sleep 59 0 0:35:16 0.0% emagent/6
2778 btshuser 3016K 2240K sleep 59 0 0:00:00 0.0% bash/1
Total: 112 processes, 1334 lwps, load averages: 1.22, 1.11, 1.05
# ps -ef | grep 2786
ora10g 2786 665 42 11:57:40 ? 2:26 oracleKNIGHTS (LOCAL=NO)
root 2931 1866 0 12:02:49 pts/1 0:00 grep 2786
# su - ora10g
Sun Microsystems Inc. SunOS 5.10 Generic January 2005
You have new mail.
-bash-3.00$ sqlplus " / as sysdba "
SQL*Plus: Release 10.2.0.3.0 - Production on Wed Dec 12 12:03:04 2007
Copyright (c) 1982, 2006, Oracle. All Rights Reserved.
Connected to:
Oracle Database 10g Enterprise Edition Release 10.2.0.3.0 - 64bit Production
With the Partitioning, OLAP and Data Mining options
SQL> select name from v$database;
NAME
---------
KNIGHTS
SQL> select ses.sid SID,sqa.SQL_TEXT SQL from v$session ses, v$sqlarea sqa,
v$process proc
where ses.paddr=proc.addr and ses.sql_hash_value=sqa.hash_value and proc.spid=
2972;
SID
----------
SQL
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
967
select /*+ use_merge(a b) index(b PK_ELMNTRY_PDT_ELMNTRY_PDT_ID) */
b.ELMNTRY_
PDT_ID,b.ELMNTRY_PDT_NAME, b.ELMNTRY_PDT_ACTIV_FRM_DT,
b.ELMNTRY_PDT_ACTIV_TO_DT
, b.ELMNTRY_PDT_TYP_FLG, b.ELMNTRY_PDT_DESC, b.NRML_PDT_FLG,
b.MS_PDT_ID,b.IMPRT
_SEQ, a.ms_pdt_name, a.ms_pdt_desc, b.EXTN_FLG, b.rv_flg from
UC_ELMNTRY_PRODUCT
_MS b,(SELECT owner_id FROM PM_VIEW WHERE PRVDR_ID =:"SYS_B_00" AND
TAB_DESC = :
"SYS_B_01" UNION (SELECT XYZ.ELMNTRY_PDT_ID FROM(SELECT
A.ELMNTRY_PDT_ID, A.MS_P
DT_ID FROM UC_ELMNTRY_PRODUCT_MS A WHERE A.ELMNTRY_PDT_ID NOT IN
(SELECT OWNER_
ID FROM PM_VIEW WHERE TAB_DESC = :"SYS_B_02" )) XYZ, (SELECT
A.MS_PDT_ID FROM UC
SID
----------
SQL
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
_MASTER_PRODUCT_MS A WHERE A.MS_PDT_ID NOT IN ( SELECT OWNER_ID FROM
PM_VIEW WHE
RE TAB_DESC = :"SYS_B_03" )) ABC WHERE XYZ.MS_PDT_ID = ABC.MS_PDT_ID
UNION SELEC
T XYZ.ELMNTRY_PDT_ID FROM( SELECT A.ELMNTRY_PDT_ID, A.MS_PDT_ID FROM
UC_ELMNTRY_
PRODUCT_MS A WHERE A.ELMNTRY_PDT_ID NOT IN (SELECT OWNER_ID FROM
PM_VIEW WHERE T
AB_DESC = :"SYS_B_04" )) XYZ, (SELECT A.
SQL> select SID,SERIAL#,USERNAME from v$session where SID=967;
SID SERIAL# USERNAME

---------- ---------- ------------------------------
967 2426 SIT_STAT
SQL> select s.sid,p.spid,s.osuser,s.username,s.program from v$session s ,v$process

p where s.paddr=p.addr and S.sid in ('967');
SID SPID OSUSER USERNAME PROGRAM

-----------------------------------------------------------------------
967 3981 wls815 SIT_STAT JDBC Thin Client
Oracle Memory Allocations on Windows

Oracle's implementation of database on Windows has some specifics not seen on
other platforms (*nix, Linux). Main difference is that all Oracle processes (PMON,
SMON, even server processes) run within single OS process as separate threads. The
reason for this is that on Windows you can't start a background process other than a
"service". Otherwise you have to start it in a user session and it will be stopped when
session is ended (user logged out). So, Oracle had to "pack" all the background
processes as threads within a single process that you see in "Services" panel on
Windows as your "OracleServiceORCL" or something else with ORCL representing
your database's SID.
Main impact of this architecture is that the maximum amount of memory that can be
used for both SGA and PGA is limited by a maximum amount of memory available to
single process. On Windows (we assume a 32-bit platform in this article), the default
maximum user addressable memory is 2GB. It is a limitation imposed by a 32-bit
addressing (4GB) and fact that Windows reserves 2GB out of user space for kernel
memory.
So, this means that sum of SGA and PGA cannot be over 2GB... Not a very pleasant
situation, given that nowadays it is rather common to have a cheap Intel server
running Windows with Oracle with 4GB of RAM.
What can be done to get around this? Well, good news is that you can do
something...
First, you can use a /3GB switch in boot.ini file. Just put it like this:
[boot loader]
timeout=30
default=multi(0)disk(0)rdisk(1)partition(2)\WINNT
[operating systems]
multi(0)disk(0)rdisk(1)partition(2)\WINNT="Microsoft Windows 2000 Server"
/fastdetect /3GB
What does it do? Basically, what it looks like - pushes the limit of 2GB to 3GB? How?
- Windows reserves not 2GB but only 1GB for kernel use. This gives us extra 1GB for
user process.
If you have over 4GB of RAM, you can also use another mecahnism in Windows to
leveragr this memory. It is called Address Windowing Extensions (AWE) and is
enabled by /PAE switch in boot.ini:
[boot loader]
timeout=30
default=multi(0)disk(0)rdisk(1)partition(2)\WINNT
[operating systems]
multi(0)disk(0)rdisk(1)partition(2)\WINNT="Microsoft Windows 2000 Server"
/fastdetect /3GB /PAE
But just setting the switch is not enough. Now you need to configure Oracle to use
the extra memory you've got in there. How Oracle does it is that it "maps" the extra
memory through a "window" in the usual memory space. One limitation here is that
Oracle can do it only for buffer cache, not shared pool.
So, what you need to set in Oracle is:
· USE_INDIRECT_DATA_BUFFERS=TRUE in init.ora
· increase DB_BLOCK_BUFFERS in init.ora (Note: if you use Oracle 9.2 and use
DB_CACHE_SIZE instead of DB_BLOCK_BUFFERS, you will get an error starting
instance. Comment out DB_CACHE_SIZE and use DB_BLOCK_BUFFERS instead)
· You might want to adjust a registry setting in HKLM\Software\Oracle\Homex called
AWE_WINDOW_MEMORY. It specifies the size of the "window" that Oracle will use for
using the extra memory. See Metalink Note 225349.1 for details on calculating
miminum size of this setting.
So, to summarize all of the above:

· use /3Gb switch to increase memory space for Oracle from default 2Gb to 3GB
· use /PAE and USE_INDIRECT_BUFFERS to utilize memory over 4GB
· remember, that SGA and PGA come from the same address space. So, do not set
your SGA to 3GB - you will have no memory for client processes then. You need to
estimate client processes memory requirements and size SGA accordingly to have
enough memory for PGA. (On 9i you can use PGA_AGGREGATE_TARGET to bettre
manage PGA)
The Need for Virtual Private Databases

When I first began working for Oracle, I was asked to work on a Department of
Defense (DoD) project that was using a special version of Oracle called Trusted
Oracle. Trusted Oracle ran on special “trusted” operating systems. I was familiar with
Oracle, and I was familiar with UNIX operating systems, but working with Trusted
Oracle was really bizarre. A lot of what I had learned about access controls and
security was somehow deficient in this world.
The one behavior that I quickly realized was distinctly different was that Trusted
Oracle transparently filtered data records. I found out that the DoD security
requirements dictated mandatory separation of records based on a user’s
authorizations. In this case the users were authorized for access at different
sensitivity levels—SECRET, CONFIDENTIAL, and UNCLASSIFIED. The data was
intermingled within tables at various sensitivity levels. One user accessing the data
would see one set of records, and a different user with different authorizations would
see a different set of records.
The interesting part was that the security was implemented so that it was
transparent and could not be subverted. The manner in which Trusted Oracle
behaved and the requirements from customers in other industries gave Oracle the
idea of abstracting the row-level security features from Trusted Oracle into a
framework that would support practically any data model and security policy. This
was the genesis of the Virtual Private Database technology.
Officially, the phrase “Virtual Private Database (VPD)” refers to the use of row-level
security (RLS) and the use of application contexts. (Application contexts were
discussed in detail in Chapter 9.) However, the term “VPD” is commonly used when
discussing the use of the row-level security features irrespective of implementation.
Row-Level Security Quick Start
Many examples you see using VPD involve the use of application contexts and/or
several data tables with esoteric column names and complicated referential integrity
constraints. I find that these elements, while truthful in their representation of many
database schemas, tend to confuse and mislead the reader about how the row-level
security technology works and precisely what is needed to enable it. Using RLS is
easy, and the purpose of this section is to prove this very point.
VPD’s row-level security allows you to restrict access to records based on a security
policy implemented in PL/SQL. A security policy, as used here, simply describes the
rules governing access to the data rows. This process is done by creating a PL/SQL
function that returns a string. The function is then registered against the tables,
views, or synonyms you want to protect by using the DBMS_RLS PL/SQL package.
When a query is issued against the protected object, Oracle effectively appends the
string returned from the function to the original SQL statement, thereby filtering the
data records.
Quick Start Example
This example will focus on the process required to enable RLS. The intention is to
keep the data and security policy simple so as not to distract from how to enable an
RLS solution.
The RLS capability in Oracle requires a PL/SQL function. The function accepts two
parameters, as shown next. The database will call this function automatically and
transparently. The string value returned from the function (called the predicate) will
be effectively added to the original SQL. This results in an elimination of rows and
thus provides the row-level security.
The security policy for this example will exclude Department 10 records from queries
on SCOTT.EMP. The PL/SQL function to implement this will look as follows:
sec_mgr@KNOX10g> CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION no_dept10(

2 p_schema IN VARCHAR2,
3 p_object IN VARCHAR2)
4 RETURN VARCHAR2
5 AS
6 BEGIN
7 RETURN 'deptno != 10';
8 END;
9 /
Function created.
To protect the SCOTT.EMP table, simply associate the preceding PL/SQL function to
the table using the DBMS_RLS.ADD_POLICY procedure:
sec_mgr@KNOX10g> BEGIN
2 DBMS_RLS.add_policy
3 (object_schema => 'SCOTT',
4 object_name => 'EMP',
5 policy_name => 'quickstart',
6 policy_function => 'no_dept10');
7 END;
8 /
That’s it; you are done! To test this policy, log on as a user with access to the
SCOTT.EMP table and issue your DML. The following shows all the department
numbers available in the table. Department 10 is no longer seen because the RLS
policy transparently filters out those records:
scott@KNOX10g> -- Show department numbers. scott@KNOX10g> -- There
should be no department 10.
scott@KNOX10g> SELECT DISTINCT deptno FROM emp;
DEPTNO
---------
20
30
The important point is that row-level security can be trivial to implement.
NOTE
RLS has no requirements or dependencies on the use of application contexts, the

user’s identity, or the predicate referencing the table’s columns.
Changing the security implementation is trivial, too. Suppose the security policy is
changed so that no records should be returned for the user SYSTEM:
sec_mgr@KNOX10g> -- change policy implementation to

sec_mgr@KNOX10g> -- remove all records for the SYSTEM user
sec_mgr@KNOX10g> CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION no_dept10 (
2 p_schema IN VARCHAR2,
3 p_object IN VARCHAR2)
4 RETURN VARCHAR2
5 AS
6 BEGIN
7 RETURN 'USER != ''SYSTEM''';
8 END;
9 /
Function created.
sec_mgr@KNOX10g> -- Test by counting records as SCOTT
sec_mgr@KNOX10g> -- then by counting records as SYSTEM
sec_mgr@KNOX10g> CONN scott/tiger
Connected.
scott@KNOX10g> SELECT COUNT(*) Total_Records FROM emp;
TOTAL_RECORDS
-------------
14
scott@KNOX10g> CONN system/manager Connected.
system@KNOX10g> SELECT COUNT(*) Total_Records FROM scott.emp;
TOTAL_RECORDS
-------------
0
Notice that the security policy implemented by the function can change without
requiring any re-registration with the DBMS_RLS package.
rem -----------------------------------------------------------------------
rem Filename: sga_stat.sql
rem Purpose: Display database SGA statistics
rem Date: 14-Jun-2001
rem Author: Anjan Roy (AnjanR@innotrex.com)
rem
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
DECLARE
libcac number(10,2);
rowcac number(10,2);
bufcac number(10,2);
redlog number(10,2);
spsize number;
blkbuf number;
logbuf number;
BEGIN
select value into redlog from v$sysstat
where name = 'redo log space requests';
select 100*(sum(pins)-sum(reloads))/sum(pins) into libcac from v$librarycache;
select 100*(sum(gets)-sum(getmisses))/sum(gets) into rowcac from v$rowcache;
select 100*(cur.value + con.value - phys.value)/(cur.value + con.value) into bufcac
from v$sysstat cur,v$sysstat con,v$sysstat phys,v$statname ncu,v$statname
nco,v$statname nph
where cur.statistic# = ncu.statistic#
and ncu.name = 'db block gets'
and con.statistic# = nco.statistic#
and nco.name = 'consistent gets'
and phys.statistic# = nph.statistic#
and nph.name = 'physical reads';
select value into spsize from v$parameter where name = 'shared_pool_size';
select value into blkbuf from v$parameter where name = 'db_block_buffers';
select value into logbuf from v$parameter where name = 'log_buffer';
dbms_output.put_line('> SGA CACHE STATISTICS');
dbms_output.put_line('> ********************');
dbms_output.put_line('> SQL Cache Hit rate = '||libcac);
dbms_output.put_line('> Dict Cache Hit rate = '||rowcac);
dbms_output.put_line('> Buffer Cache Hit rate = '||bufcac);
dbms_output.put_line('> Redo Log space requests = '||redlog);
dbms_output.put_line('> ');
dbms_output.put_line('> INIT.ORA SETTING');
dbms_output.put_line('> ****************');
dbms_output.put_line('> Shared Pool Size = '||spsize||' Bytes');
dbms_output.put_line('> DB Block Buffer = '||blkbuf||' Blocks');
dbms_output.put_line('> Log Buffer = '||logbuf||' Bytes');
dbms_output.put_line('> ');
if
libcac < 99 then dbms_output.put_line('*** HINT: Library Cache too low!
Increase the Shared Pool Size.');
END IF;
if
rowcac < 85 then dbms_output.put_line('*** HINT: Row Cache too low!
Increase the Shared Pool Size.');
END IF;
if
bufcac < 90 then dbms_output.put_line('*** HINT: Buffer Cache too low!
Increase the DB Block Buffer value.');
END IF;
if
redlog > 100 then dbms_output.put_line('*** HINT: Log Buffer value is rather
low!');
END IF;
END;
/
Friday, March 23, 2007

Db file sequential read while doing full table scan?
These days, we are working on data warehouse in which we have a master table
which will have 1.5m (approx) rows inserted every half hour and we have few fast
refresh materialized view based on it. These mviews have some aggregate functions
on it, which makes it a bit complex.
To start the experiment, each mview refreshes used to take some 18-20 mins, which
is totally against the business requirement. Then we tried to figure out on why the
mview refresh is taking so much time, in spite of dropping all the bitmap indexes on
the mview (generally b-map indexes are not good for inserts/updates).
The 10046 trace (level 12) highlighted that there were many “db file sequential
reads” on mview because of optimizer using “I_SNAP$_mview” to fetch the rows
from mview and merge the rows with that of master table to make the aggregated
data for the mview.
Good part of the story is access to master table was quite fast because we used
direct load (using sqlldr direct=y) to insert the data in it. When you use direct load to
insert the data, oracle maintains the list of rowids added to table in a view called
“SYS.ALL_SUMDELTA”. So while doing fast mview refresh, news rows inserted are
picked directly from table using the rowids given from ALL_SUMDELTA view and not
from Mview log, so this saves time.
Concerned part was still Oracle using I_SNAP$ index while fetching the data from
mview and there were many “db file sequential read” waits and it was clearly visible
that Oracle waited on sequential read the most. We figured it out that full table scan
(which uses scattered read, and multi block read count) was very fast in comparison
to index access by running simple test against table. Also the tables are dependent
mviews are only for the day. End of the day the master table and mview’s data will
be pushed to historical tables and master table and mviews will be empty post
midnight.
I gathered the stats of mview and then re-ran the mview refresh, and traced the
session, and this time optimizer didn’t use the index which was good news.
Now the challenge was to run the mview stats gathering job every half an hour or
induce wrong stats to table/index to ensure mview refresh never uses index access
or may be to lock the stats using DBMS_STATS.LOCK_TABLE_STATS.
But we found another solution by creating the mview with “USING NO INDEX”
clause. This way “I_SNAP$” index is not created with “CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW’
command. As per Oracle the “I_SNAP$” index is good for fast refresh but it proved to
be reverse for us because our environment is different and the data changes is quite
frequent.
Now, we ran the tests again, we loaded 48 slices of data (24 hrs x 2 times within
hour) and the results were above expectations. We could load the data with max 3
mins per load of data.
This is not the end of story. In the trace we could see the mview refresh using
“MERGE” command and using full table scan access to mview (which we wanted) and
rowid range access to master table.
The explain plan looks like:
Rows Row Source Operation

------- ---------------------------------------------------
2 MERGE SF_ENV_DATA_MV (cr=4598 pr=5376 pw=0 time=47493463 us)
263052 VIEW (cr=3703 pr=3488 pw=0 time=24390284 us)
263052 HASH JOIN OUTER (cr=3703 pr=3488 pw=0 time=24127224 us)
263052 SORT GROUP BY (cr=1800 pr=1790 pw=0 time=14205624 us)
784862 NESTED LOOPS (cr=1800 pr=1790 pw=0 time=3169093 us)
1 VIEW ALL_SUMDELTA (cr=9 pr=0 pw=0 time=468 us)
1 FILTER (cr=9 pr=0 pw=0 time=464 us)
1 MERGE JOIN CARTESIAN (cr=9 pr=0 pw=0 time=459 us)
1 TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID OBJ$ (cr=3 pr=0 pw=0 time=56 us)
1 INDEX UNIQUE SCAN I_OBJ1 (cr=2 pr=0 pw=0 time=23 us)(object id
36)
1 TABLE ACCESS CLUSTER USER$ (cr=3 pr=0 pw=0 time=40 us)
1 INDEX UNIQUE SCAN I_USER# (cr=1 pr=0 pw=0 time=7 us)(object
id 11)
1 BUFFER SORT (cr=3 pr=0 pw=0 time=354 us)
1 INDEX RANGE SCAN I_SUMDELTA$ (cr=3 pr=0 pw=0 time=243
us)(object id 158)
0 INDEX RANGE SCAN I_OBJAUTH1 (cr=0 pr=0 pw=0 time=0 us)(object
id 103)
0 FIXED TABLE FULL X$KZSRO (cr=0 pr=0 pw=0 time=0 us)
0 FIXED TABLE FULL X$KZSPR (cr=0 pr=0 pw=0 time=0 us)
784862 TABLE ACCESS BY ROWID RANGE SF_ENV_SLICE_DATA (cr=1791
pr=1790 pw=0 time=2383760 us)
708905 MAT_VIEW ACCESS FULL SF_ENV_DATA_MV (cr=1903 pr=1698 pw=0
time=6387829 us)
You can see the access pattern as above.
Interesting twist in the story is when I saw the wait events in trace file.
Event waited on Times Max. Wait Total Waited

---------------------------------------- Waited ---------- ------------
db file sequential read 2253 0.74 7.73
db file scattered read 240 1.05 6.77
log file switch completion 6 0.98 3.16
log file switch 8 0.98 2.47
rdbms ipc reply 6 0.00 0.00
log buffer space 3 0.42 0.61
Again, even when we are doing full table scan, there are “db file sequential reads”?
To confirm I opened the raw trace file (before tkprof), and checked the obj# on
sequential read wait event, it was the mview (SF_ENV_DATA_MV) !! and there were
many. To further investigate I checked if there were any scattered reads to mview or
not. I found there were scattered reads but there were many sequential reads also
on which Oracle waited more than that of scattered read which did most of the data
fetching.
After giving some thought, I realized that we created the mviews without storage
clause, which means Oracle created the mview with default storage clause.
So assuming there are 17 blocks in an mview (container table) extent and Multi
block read count is 16, Oracle will use scattered read mechanism (multiple blocks) to
read the first 16 blocks and for the rest 1 it will use sequential read mechanism (one
block), so you will find many sequential reads wait events sandwiched between
scattered reads. To overcome this we created the mview with larger extent
sizes and also multiple of MBCR (multi block read count).
Also, another cause of sequential read is chained or migrated rows, if your mview (or
table) rows are migrated, the pointer to the next row is maintained in old (original)
block, which will always be read by a single i/o call i.e. by sequential read.You can
check the count of chained rows using DBA_TABLES.CHAIN_CNT after analysing the
table . So to overcome this, we created the mview with genuine pctfree so
when the merge runs (as a part of mview refresh) and updates few rows,
the rows are not moved to a different block and hence avoiding sequential
read.
Conclusion:
1. Mview creation with “USING NO INDEX” does not create “I_SNAP$” index
which sometimes help in fast refresh when the data changes are quite
frequent and you cannot afford to collect stats after every few mins.
2. Create mview with storage clause suiting to your environment. Default extent
sizes may not be always good.
3. PCTFREE can be quite handy to avoid sequential reads and extra block read.
Posted by Sachin at 2:01 AM 4 comments
Labels: CBO, Tips, Tuning
Saturday, March 3, 2007

Optimizer_mode – ALL_ROWS or FIRST_ROWS?
Out of all Oracle RDBMS modules, optimizer code is actually the most complicated
code and different optimizer modes seem like jack while lifting your car in case of a
puncture.
This paper focuses on how optimizer behaves differently when you have optimizer
mode set to ALL_ROWS or FIRST_ROWS.
Possible values for optimizer_mode = choose/ all_rows/ first_rows/ first_rows[n]
By default, the value of optimizer_mode is CHOOSE which basically means

ALL_ROWS (if statistics on underlying tables exist) else RULE (if there are no
statistics on underlying tables). So it is very important to have statistics collected on
your tables on regular intervals or else you are living in Stone Age.
FIRST_ROWS and ALL_ROWS are both cost based optimizer features. You may use
them according to their requirement.
FIRST_ROWS/ FIRST_ROWS[n]
In simple terms it ensures best response time of first few rows (n rows).
This mode is good for interactive client-server environment where server serves first
few rows and by the time user scroll down for more rows, it fetches other. So user
feels that he has been served the data he requested, but in reality the request is still
pending and query is still fetching the data in background.
Best example for this is toad, if you click on data tab, it instantaneously start
showing you data and you feel toad is faster than sqlplus, but the fact is if you scroll
down, you will see the query is still running.
Ok, let us simulate this on SQLPLUS
Create a table and index over it:

SQL> create table test as select * from all_objects;
Table created.
SQL> create index test_in on test(object_type);
Index created.
SQL> exec dbms_stats.gather_table_stats(‘SAC’,'TEST')
SQL> select count(*) from test;
COUNT(*)
----------
37944
SQL> select count(*) from test where object_type='JAVA CLASS';
COUNT(*)
----------
14927
You see out of almost 38k records, 15k are of JAVA class. And now if you select the
rows having object_type=’JAVA_CLASS’, it should not use index as almost half of the
rows are JAVA_CLASS. It will be foolish of optimizer to read the index first and then
go to table.
Check out the Explain plans
SQL> set autotrace traceonly exp

SQL> select * from test where object_type='JAVA CLASS';
Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 1357081020
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 1001 | 94094 | 10 (0)| 00:00:01 |
|* 1 | TABLE ACCESS FULL| TEST | 1001 | 94094 | 10 (0)| 00:00:01 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
As you see above, optimizer has not used Index we created on this table.
Now use FIRST_ROWS hint:

SQL> select /*+ FIRST_ROWS*/ * from test where object_type='JAVA CLASS';
Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 14662 | 1345K| 536 (1)| 00:00:07 |
| 1 | TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID| TEST | 14662 | 1345K| 536 (1)| 00:00:07 |
|* 2 | INDEX RANGE SCAN | TEST_IN | 14662 | | 43 (3)| 00:00:01 |
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
In this case, optimizer has used the index.
Q> Why?
Ans> Because you wanted to see first few rows quickly. So, following your
instructions oracle delivered you first few rows quickly using index and later
delivering the rest.
See the difference in cost, although the response time (partial) of second query was
faster but resource consumption was high.
But that does not mean that this optimizer mode is bad. As I said this mode may be
good for interactive client-server model. In most of OLTP systems, where users want
to see data fast on their screen, this mode of optimizer is very handy.
Important facts about FIRST_ROWS
1. It gives preference to Index scan Vs Full scan (even when index scan is not
good).
2. It prefers nested loop over hash joins because nested loop returns data as
selected (& compared), but hash join hashes one first input in hash table
which takes time.
3. Cost of the query is not the only criteria for choosing the execution plan. It
chooses plan which helps in fetching first rows fast.
4. It may be a good option to use this in an OLTP environment where user wants
to see data as early as possible.
ALL_ROWS
In simple terms, it means better throughput
While FIRST_ROWS may be good in returning first few rows, ALL_ROWS ensures the
optimum resource consumption and throughput of the query. In other words,
ALL_ROWS is better to retrieve the last row first.
In above example while explaining FIRST_ROWS, you have already seen how
efficient ALL_ROWS is.
Important facts about ALL_ROWS
1. ALL_ROWS considers both index scan and full scan and based on their
contribution to the overall query, it uses them. If Selectivity of a column is
low, optimizer may use index to fetch the data (for example ‘where
employee_code=7712’), but if selectivity of column is quite high ('where
deptno=10'), optimizer may consider doing Full table scan. With ALL_ROWS,
optimizer has more freedom to its job at its best.
2. Good for OLAP system, where work happens in batches/procedures. (While
some of the report may still use FIRST_ROWS depending upon the anxiety
level of report reviewers)
3. Likes hash joins over nested loop for larger data sets.
Conclusion
Cost based optimizer gives you flexibility to choose response time or throughput. So
use them based on your business requirement.
Labels: CBO, Tuning
Friday, March 2, 2007

Nested loops, Hash join and Sort Merge joins – difference?
Nested loop (loop over loop)
In this algorithm, an outer loop is formed which consists of few entries and then for
each entry, and inner loop is processed.
Ex:
Select tab1.*, tab2.* from tabl, tab2 where tabl.col1=tab2.col2;
It is processed like:
For i in (select * from tab1) loop

For j in (select * from tab2 where col2=i.col1) loop
Display results;
End loop;
End loop;
The Steps involved in doing nested loop are:
a) Identify outer (driving) table

 b) Assign inner (driven) table to outer
table.
 c) For every row of outer table, access the

rows of inner table.
In execution plan it is seen like this:
NESTED LOOPS
outer_loop
inner_loop
When optimizer uses nested loops?
Optimizer uses nested loop when we are joining tables containing small number of
rows with an efficient driving condition. It is important to have an index on column of
inner join table as this table is probed every time for a new value from outer table.
Optimizer may not use nested loop in case:

1. No of rows of both the table is quite high

2. Inner query always results in same set of records
3. The access path of inner table is independent of data coming from outer
table.

Note: You will see more use of nested loop when using FIRST_ROWS optimizer mode
as it works on model of showing instantaneous results to user as they are fetched.
There is no need for selecting caching any data before it is returned to user. In case
of hash join it is needed and is explained below.
Hash join
Hash joins are used when the joining large tables. The optimizer uses smaller of the
2 tables to build a hash table in memory and the scans the large tables and
compares the hash value (of rows from large table) with this hash table to find the
joined rows.
The algorithm of hash join is divided in two parts

Build a in-memory hash table on smaller of the two tables.

Probe this hash table with hash value for each row second table

In simpler terms it works like
Build phase
For each row RW1 in small (left/build) table loop

Calculate hash value on RW1 join key
Insert RW1 in appropriate hash bucket.
End loop;
Probe Phase
For each row RW2 in big (right/probe) table loop

Calculate the hash value on RW2 join key
For each row RW1 in hash table loop
If RW1 joins with RW2
Return RW1, RW2
End loop;
End loop;
When optimizer uses hash join?
Optimizer uses has join while joining big tables or big fraction of small tables.
Unlike nested loop, the output of hash join result is not instantaneous as hash joining
is blocked on building up hash table.
Note: You may see more hash joins used with ALL_ROWS optimizer mode, because
it works on model of showing results after all the rows of at least one of the tables
are hashed in hash table.
Sort merge join
Sort merge join is used to join two independent data sources. They perform better
than nested loop when the volume of data is big in tables but not as good as hash
joins in general.
They perform better than hash join when the join condition columns are already
sorted or there is no sorting required.
The full operation is done in two parts:
• Sort join operation
get first row RW1 from input1

get first row RW2 from input2.
• Merge join operation

while not at the end of either input loop
if RW1 joins with RW2
get next row R2 from input 2
return (RW1, RW2)
else if RW1 < style=""> get next row RW1 from input 1
else
get next row RW2 from input 2
end loop
Note: If the data is already sorted, first step is avoided.
Important point to understand is, unlike nested loop where driven (inner) table is
read as many number of times as the input from outer table, in sort merge join each
of the tables involved are accessed at most once. So they prove to be better than
nested loop when the data set is large.
When optimizer uses Sort merge join?
a) When the join condition is an inequality

condition (like <, <=, >=). This is because hash join cannot be used for
inequality conditions and if the data set is large, nested loop is definitely not
an option.
b) If sorting is anyways required due to

some other attribute (other than join) like “order by”, optimizer prefers sort
merge join over hash join as it is cheaper.
Note: Sort merge join can be seen with both ALL_ROWS and FIRST_ROWS optimizer
hint because it works on a model of first sorting both the data sources and then start
returning the results. So if the data set is large and you have FIRST_ROWS as
optimizer goal, optimizer may prefer sort merge join over nested loop because of
large data. And if you have ALL_ROWS as optimizer goal and if any inequality
condition is used the SQL, optimizer may use sort-merge join over hash join
Labels: CBO, Tuning
Monday, January 29, 2007

Index skip Scan – how?
With Oracle 9i, CBO is equipped with many more features, one of them is “Index skip
scan” .This means even if you have a composite index on more than one column and
you use the non-prefix column alone in your SQL, it may still use index.
I said “may” because CBO will calculate the cost of using the index and if it is more
than that of full table scan, then it may not use index.
Index skip scan works differently from a normal index (range) scan.
A normal range scan works from top to bottom first and then move horizontal.
But a Skip scan includes several range scans in it. Since the query lacks the leading
column it will rewrite the query into smaller queries and each doing a range scan.
Ex:
SQL> create table test (a number, b number, c number);
Table created.
SQL> create index test_i on test(a,b);
Index created.
SQL> begin
2 for i in 1 .. 100000
3 loop
4 insert into test values(mod(i, 5), i, 100);
5 end loop;
6 commit;
7 end;
8/
SQL> exec dbms_stats.gather_table_stats(ownname => 'SAC', tabname => 'test',

cascade => true);
SQL> set autotrace trace exp

SQL> select * from test where b=95267;
Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
0
SELECT STATEMENT Optimizer=ALL_ROWS (Cost=22 Card=1 Bytes=10)
10
TABLE ACCESS (BY INDEX ROWID) OF 'TEST' (TABLE) (Cost=22 Card=1 Bytes=10)
21
INDEX (SKIP SCAN) OF 'TEST_I' (INDEX) (Cost=21 Card=1)
I above example, “select * from test where b=95267” was broken down to several
small range scan queries. It was effectively equivalent to following
Select * from test where a=0 and b=95267

Union
Union
Union
Union
Select * from test where a=4 and b=95267;
In concrete, saying that skip scan is not as efficient as normal “single range scan” is
correct. But yet saves some disk space and overhead of maintaining another index.
Posted by Sachin at 11:09 PM 0 comments
Labels: CBO, Tuning
Friday, January 12, 2007

SESSION_CACHED_CURSORS Vs CURSOR_SPACE_FOR_TIME - which, when
and why?
They 2 considered to be the most important parameter for shared pool tuning, but I
guess most of us generally don’t use them or sometimes use them incorrectly.
The idea to put them here to understand “what they do?”, “when to use them?”,
“how to use them?” and finally “see the impact”.
SESSION_CACHED_CURSORS
In most of the environments, there are many SQL’s which are re-fired many a times
within a session, and every time they are issued, the session searches the shared
pool for the parsed state, if it doesn’t get the parsed version, it will “hard parse” it,
and if it exists in shared pool, it will still do a “soft parse”.
As we know “hard parse” is a costly operation, even a “soft parse” requires library
cache latch and CPU overhead, which if aggregated is a significant number.
This parameter if set to a non-zero value (default is 50), improves the “soft parse”
performance by doing a softer soft parse.
How?
If enabled, oracle maintains a local session cache which stores recently closed
cursors of a session.
To avoid this space getting misused or overused, oracle maintains the cursors for
which there have been 3 parsed calls in the past, so all the SQL’s issued by a session
are not here. Remember each cursor if pinned here, is not freeable and hence you
may require more shared pool area.
A normal cursor in shared pool is sum of 2 components:

a) Heap 0 – size 1KB
b) SQL Area – size multiple of 4k
When we use session_cached_cursors only first component of cursor which is HEAP 0

is pinned in local session cache and if there is a call for re-parse for a statement,
Oracle first checks the existence of the cursor in local cache and if found, it gets the
address of the rest of the cursor which is in SQL Area (assuming if it is not aged
out), so hereby saving CPU overhead and library cache latch contention.
How much it is getting used ?
SQL> select max(value) from v$sesstat

2 where STATISTIC# in (select STATISTIC# from v$statname where name='session
cursor cache count');
MAX(VALUE)
----------
100
This shows maximum value for session_cached_cursors in past. If this value=

“session_cached_cursors” (init.ora parameter), you should consider increasing it.
If you want to see how is your session cache doing?
SQL> select cache/tot*100 "Session cursor cache%"

2 from
3 (select value tot from v$sysstat where name='parse count (total)'),
4 ( select value cache from sys.v_$sysstat where name = 'session cursor cache
hits' );
Session cursor cache%

---------------------
106.635284
A value near 100 is considered very good. But you may still consider increasing this
parameter if MAX(VALUE) in query one shows you equal number of cached cursor
which you have set.
Conclusion: In an OLTP application, where the same set of SQL is issued number of
times, one must configure this parameter more than its default value (50).
Also increasing this parameter will mean extra memory required for shared pool, so
you must increase your shared pool when you use this parameter.
CURSOR_SPACE_FOR_TIME
SQL can be aged out of shared pool in 2 cases:

a) When the cursor is closed: When the cursors are closed by application, they can
still be in shared pool, until there comes a request for a new cursor and oracle needs
to use LRU algorithm. SESSION_CACHED_CURSORS helps you in pinning (partial
because it only pins HEAP 0) when the cursors are closed.
b) When the cursor is open: Oracle requires parsed state of SQL at PARSE and
EXECUTE phase. If oracle parses (soft or hard) a statement, there is a likely hood
that Oracle may age out your SQL out of shared pool after PARSE state if it requires
to accommodate a new SQL coming its way. So in the EXECUTE state, there is a
possibility that parsed information is lost and oracle parse it again.
CURSOR_SPACE_FOR_TIME if set to TRUE, ensures that SQL is not aged out before
the cursor is closed, so in EXECUTE phase, you will have the PARSE information.
But this is generally a rare case and happens in a very highly active environment
because to accommodate a new SQL, Oracle first check the free space and if it
doesn’t get, it checks the closed cursors and see if any cursor can be aged out and
when there is no space which can be reclaimed, Oracle comes to open cursors which
are not EXECUTED.
This generally happens when the space of shared pool is too less.
I don’t suggest setting this parameter to TRUE in most of the cases.
There are some other serious tradeoffs also.

When a cursor is pinned, it cant be aged out and related memory cannot be freed for
any new SQL and if you set this parameter to TRUE, you are telling Oracle to keep all
the open cursors pinned and not freeable.
If you use this parameter, you are pinning the whole cursor not just the HEAP 0
which is 1k, you are pinning HEAP 0 (1k) + SQL Area (multiple of 4k) which makes
shared pool life tough because of space issues.
Conclusion:
As I said, I don’t suggest setting this parameter to TRUE in most of the cases. An
alternative to set this parameter is to increase shared pool size or/and check your
code on how many numbers of cursors you are opening/closing. That will be a better
approach. Setting this parameter is like taking paracetamol without knowing the
cause of fever.
Labels: Tuning
Tuesday, December 26, 2006

Index usage with LIKE operator
I have seen many developers getting confused on index usage with like operator.
Few are of the feeling that index will be used and few are against this feeling.
Let’s see this with example:
SQL> create table sac as select * from all_objects;
Table created.
SQL> create index sac_indx on sac(object_type);
Index created.
SQL> set autotrace trace explain
SQL> select * from sac where object_type='TAB%';

Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
0 SELECT STATEMENT Optimizer=ALL_ROWS (Cost=1 Card=1 Bytes=128
)
1 0 TABLE ACCESS (BY INDEX ROWID) OF 'SAC' (TABLE) (Cost=1 Car

d=1 Bytes=128)
2 1 INDEX (RANGE SCAN) OF 'SAC_INDX' (INDEX) (Cost=1 Card=1)
Above example shows that using % wild card character towards end probe an Index
search.
But if it is used towards end, it will not be used. And sensibly so, because Oracle
doesn’t know which data to search, it can start from ‘A to Z’ or ‘a to z’ or even 1 to
any number.
See this.
SQL> select * from sac where object_type like '%ABLE';
Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
0 SELECT STATEMENT Optimizer=ALL_ROWS (Cost=148 Card=1004 Byte
s=128512)
1 0 TABLE ACCESS (FULL) OF 'SAC' (TABLE) (Cost=148 Card=1004 B

ytes=128512)
Now how to use the index if you are using Like operator searches. The answer is
Domain Indexes.
See the following example:
SQL> connect / as sysdba

Connected.
SQL> grant execute on ctx_ddl to public;

Grant succeeded.
SQL> connect sac/******

Connected.
SQL> begin
2 ctx_ddl.create_preference('SUBSTRING_PREF',
3 'BASIC_WORDLIST');
4 ctx_ddl.set_attribute('SUBSTRING_PREF',
5 'SUBSTRING_INDEX','TRUE');
6 end;
7
8/
SQL>
SQL> drop index sac_indx;
Index dropped.
SQL> create index sac_indx on sac(object_type) indextype is ctxsys.context

parameters ('wordlist SUBSTRING_PREF memory 50m');
Index created.
SQL> set autotrace trace exp

SQL> select * from sac where contains (OBJECT_TYPE,'%PACK%') > 0
2/
Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
86)
1 0 TABLE ACCESS (BY INDEX ROWID) OF 'SAC' (TABLE) (Cost=8 Car
d=19 Bytes=1786)
2 1 DOMAIN INDEX OF 'SAC_INDX' (INDEX (DOMAIN)) (Cost=4)
In this case the index is getting used.

Conclusion
=============
For proximity, soundex and fuzzy searchs, use domain indexes.
Labels: Tuning
Thursday, December 21, 2006

Top SQL's
Awareness is first step towards resolution.

I hope you will agree with me.
One of the important tasks of the DBA is to know what the high CPU consuming
processes on database server are.
In my last organization, we used get number of request saying that DB server is
running slow.
Now the problem is that, this server is hosting 86 databases, and finding out which is
the culprit process and database sounds a daunting task (but it isn't).
See this:
First find out the top CPU processes on your system:
You may use TOP (or ps aux) or any other utility to find the top cpu consuming
process.
Here is a sample top output:
bash-3.00$ top
PID USERNAME LWP PRI NICE SIZE RES STATE TIME CPU COMMAND
17480 oracle 11 59 0 1576M 1486M sleep 0:09 23.51% oracle
17550 oracle 1 59 0 3188K 1580K cpu/1 0:00 0.04% top
You can see the bold section. Process# 17480 is consuming 23.51 % CPU.
Now this process can belong to any process out of many instances on this server.
To find out which instance this process belongs to:
bash-3.00$ ps -ef grep 17480
oracle 17480 17479 0 03:02:03 ? 0:48 oracleorcl

(DESCRIPTION=(LOCAL=YES)(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=beq)))
The instance name is highlighted in red.
Now you know which instance is holding that session.
Change your environmental settings (ORACLE_SID, ORACLE_HOME) related to this

database.
and connect to the database as SYSDBA
bash-3.00$ sqlplus "/ as sysdba"
SQL*Plus: Release 10.2.0.2.0 - Production on Thu Dec 21 04:03:44 2006
Copyright (c) 1982, 2005, Oracle. All Rights Reserved.
Connected to:
Oracle Database 10g Release 10.2.0.2.0 - Production
SQL> select ses.sid SID,sqa.SQL_TEXT SQL from

2 v$session ses, v$sqlarea sqa, v$process proc
3 where ses.paddr=proc.addr
4 and ses.sql_hash_value=sqa.hash_value
5 and proc.spid=17480;
SID SQL
--------- -----------------
67 delete from test
Now you have the responsible SQL behind 23% CPU using process.
In my case it was a deliberate DELETE statement to induct this test but in your case
it can be a query worth tuning.
Mostly knowing what is the problem is solution of the problem. (At least you know
what the issue is).
Issue is to be addressed right away or to be taken to development team is a
subjective issue which i don’t want to comment.
Labels: Tuning
Tuesday, December 19, 2006

CURSOR_SHARING - Do we use it?
Are our cursors in shared pool shared at all?

How many DBA’s uses this feature of 9i (introduced in 8i but enhanced in 9i?)?
Actually, lot of us doesn’t use it all. Let’s first understand this feature and implement
this in our systems.
CURSOR_SHARING is an init.ora parameter which decides whether a SQL send from

user is a candidate for fresh parsing or will use an existing plan.
This parameter has 3 values.
1. CURSOR_SHARING = Exact (Default)
Definition: Share the plan only if text of SQL matches exactly with the text of SQL
lying in shared pool
Let’s take an example
SQL> create table test1 (t1 number);
Table created.
SQL> insert into test1 values(1);
1 row created.
SQL> insert into test1 values(2);
1 row created.
SQL> commit;
Commit complete.
SQL> select * from test1 where t1=1;
T1
----------
1

T1
----------
2
SQL> select sql_text

2 from v$sql
3 where sql_text like 'select * from test1%'
4 order by sql_text;
SQL_TEXT
-----------------------------------------------------
select * from test1 where t1=1

select * from test1 where t1=2
As you see there were 2 statements in V$sql, so it generated 2 plans. Oracle had to
do the same work again to generate the plan even when the difference between the
two SQL was just literal value.
2. CURSOR_SHARING = Force (Introduced in 8.1.6)
Definition: Share the plan (forcibly) of a SQL if the text of SQL matches (except the
literal values) with text of SQL in shared pool
This means if 2 SQL’s are same except their literal values, share the plan.
Let’s take an example:
I’m using the same table and data which is used in case of above example.
SQL> alter system flush shared_pool;
System altered.
SQL> alter session set cursor_sharing=force;
Session altered.
T1
----------
1
T1
----------
2
2 from v$sql
SQL_TEXT
---------------------------------------------------
select * from test1 where t1=:"SYS_B_0"
You can see for both the statements there was only one entry in V$sql. This means
for second occurrence, oracle did not generate a new plan.
This not only helps in savings DB server engine time for generating the plan but also
helps in reducing the number of plans shared pool can hold.
Important note:
Cursor_sharing = force can have some flip behavior as well, so you must be careful
to use this. Using this we are forcing oracle to use the same plan for 2(or more)
SQL’s even when using the same plan may not be good for similar SQL’s.
Example: “where t1=2” may be a good candidate for index scan while “where t1=10”
should use a full table scan because 90% of the rows in the table has t1=10
(assumption).
3. CURSOR_SHARING = SIMILAR (Introduced in 9i)
This is the tricky one, but most used.
Definition: SIMILAR causes statements that may differ in some literals, but are
otherwise identical, to share a cursor, unless the literals affect either the meaning of
the statement or the degree to which the plan is optimized. (Source: Oracle
documentation)
Let’s understand this.

Re-quoting the example above > “where t1=2” may be a good candidate for index
scan while “where t1=10” should use a full table scan because 90% of the rows in
the table has t1=10 (assumption).
To avoid 2 statements using the same plan when the same plan is not good for one
of them, we have cursor_sharing=similar
Let’s take an example:
System altered.
SQL> drop table test1;
Table dropped.
SQL> create table test1 (t1 number,t2 number);
Table created.
SQL>
1 begin
2 for i in 1 .. 100 loop
3 insert into test1 values(1,i);
4 end loop;
5 commit;
6 update test1 set t1=2 where rownum <> /
In this case t1 has value “2” in first row and “1” in rest 99 rows
SQL> create index tt_indx on test1(t1);
Index created.
SQL> alter session set cursor_sharing=similar;
Session altered.
1 row selected.
99 rows selected.

2 from v$sql
SQL_TEXT
----------------------------------------------------

This tells us that even though the 2 statements were similar, Oracle opted for a
different plan. Now even if you put t1=30 (0 rows), Oracle will create another plan.
SQL> select * from test1 where t1=30; -- (0 rows)

2 from v$sql
SQL_TEXT
---------------------------------------------------

This is because the first time when the SQL ran, oracle engine found the literal value
as “unsafe” because using the same literal value can cause bad plans for other
similar SQL’s. So along with the PLAN, optimizer stored the literal value also. This will
ensure the reusability of the plan only in case the same lieteral is provided. In case
of any change, optimizer will generate a new plan.
But this doesn’t mean that SIMILAR and EXACT are same.
See this:
System altered.
SQL> select * from test1 where t1=2 and t1=22;
no rows selected
SQL> select * from test1 where t1=2 and t1=23;
no rows selected

2 from v$sql
SQL_TEXT
--------------------------------------------------------------
select * from test1 where t1=:"SYS_B_0" and t1=:"SYS_B_1"
Optimizer used single plan for both.
Conclusions:
1. Use CURSOR_SHARING=similar only when you have library cache misses and/or
most of the SQL statements differ only in literal values
2. CURSOR_SHARING=force/similar significantly reduces the number of plans in
shared pool
Note:
1. Oracle does not recommend setting CURSOR_SHARING to FORCE in a DSS

environment or if you are using complex queries. Also, star transformation is not
supported with CURSOR_SHARING set to either SIMILAR or FORCE
2. Setting CURSOR_SHARING to SIMILAR or FORCE causes an increase in the

maximum lengths (as returned by DESCRIBE) of any selected expressions that
contain literals (in a SELECT statement). However, the actual length of the data
returned does not change.
Labels: Tuning
Thursday, November 30, 2006
Precaution while defining data types in Oracle
I was reading a wonderful article on Tom Kyte’s blog on repercussion of ill defined
data types.
Some of the example he mentions is:
- Varchar2(40) Vs Varchar2(4000)
- Date Vs varchar2
Varchar2(40) Vs Varchar2(4000)
Generally developers ask for this to avoid issues in the application. They always want
the uppermost limit to avoid any application errors. The fact on which they argue is
“varchar2” data type will not reserve 4000 character space so disk space is not an
issue. But what they don’t know is how costly are these.
Repercussions
- Generally application does an “array fetch” from the database i.e. they select 100
(may be more) rows in one go. So if you are selecting 10 varchar2 cols. Then
effective RAM (not storage) usage will be 4000(char) x 10 (cols) x 100 (rows) = 4
MB of RAM. On contrary, had this column defined with 40 char size the usage would
have been 40 x 10 x 100 ~ 40KB (approx)!! See the difference; also we didn’t
multiply the “number of session”. That could be another shock!!
- Later on, it will be difficult to know for what the column was made. Ex: for
first_name, if you define varchar2 (40000), it’s confusing for a new developer to
know for what this column was made.
Date Vs varchar2
Again lots of developers define date cols as varchar2 (or char) for their convenience.
But what they forget is not only data integrity (a date could be 01/01/03 .. what was
dd,mm,yy .. then u don’t know what did you defined) but also performance.
While doing “Index range scans” by using “ between and ”

Optimizer will not be able to use the index as efficiently as in case of:
“ between and ”
I suggest you to read the full article by maestro himself.
Labels: Tuning
Tuesday, November 28, 2006

Oracle table compression
Compress your tables
This feature has been introduced in 9i rel 2 and is most useful in a warehouse
environment (for fact tables).
How to compress? Simple
SQL> alter table test move compress;
Table altered.
How Oracle implements compression?
Oracle compress data by eliminating duplicate values within a data-block. Any

repetitive occurrence of a value in a block is replaced by a symbol entry in a “symbol
table” within the data block. So for example deptno=10 is repeated 5 times within a
data block, it will be only stored once and rest 4 times a symbol entry will be stored
in symbol table.
Its very important to know that every data block is self contained and sufficient to
rebuild the uncompressed form of data.
Table compression can significantly reduce disk and buffer cache requirements for
database tables while improving query performance. Compressed tables use fewer
data blocks on disk, reducing disk space requirements.
Identifying tables to compress:
First create the following function which will get you the extent of compression
create function compression_ratio (tabname varchar2)

return number is — sample percentage
pct number := 0.000099;
blkcnt number := 0; blkcntc number; begin
execute immediate ' create table TEMP$$FOR_TEST pctfree 0
as select * from ' tabname ' where rownum < 1';
while ((pct < 100) and (blkcnt < 1000)) loop
execute immediate 'truncate table TEMP$$FOR_TEST';
execute immediate 'insert into TEMP$$FOR_TEST select *
from ' tabname ' sample block (' pct ',10)';
execute immediate 'select
count(distinct(dbms_rowid.rowid_block_number(rowid)))
from TEMP$$FOR_TEST' into blkcnt;
pct := pct * 10;
end loop;
execute immediate 'alter table TEMP$$FOR_TEST move compress ';
execute immediate 'select
count(distinct(dbms_rowid.rowid_block_number(rowid)))
from TEMP$$FOR_TEST' into blkcntc;
execute immediate 'drop table TEMP$$FOR_TEST';
return (blkcnt/blkcntc);
end;
/
1 declare
2 a number;
3 begin
4 a:=compression_ratio('TEST');
5 dbms_output.put_line(a);
6 end
7 ;
8 /
2.91389728096676737160120845921450151057
1 select bytes/1024/1024 "Size in MB" from user_segments

2* where segment_name='TEST'
SQL> /
Size in MB
----------
18
SQL> alter table test move compress;
Table altered.
SQL> select bytes/1024/1024 "Size in MB" from user_segments

2 where segment_name='TEST';
Size in MB
----------
6
After compressing the table, you need to rebuild indexes because the rowid's have
changed.
Notes:
- This feature can be best utilized in a warehouse environment where there are lot of
duplicate values (for fact tables). Infact a larger block size is more efficient, becuase
duplicate values will be only stored once within a block.
- This feature has no -ve effect, infact it accelerates the performance of queries
accessing large amount of data.
- I suggest you to read the following white paper by Oracle which explains the whole
algorithm in details along with industry recognized TPC test cases.
http://www.vldb.org/conf/2003/papers/S28P01.pdf
I wrote the above article after reading the oramag. I suggest you to read
the full article on Oracle site
Labels: Tuning
The Clustering factor
The Clustering Factor
The clustering factor is a number which represent the degree to which data is
randomly distributed in a table.
In simple terms it is the number of “block switches” while reading a table using an
index.
Figure: Bad clustering factor
The above diagram explains that how scatter the rows of the table are. The first
index entry (from left of index) points to the first data block and second index entry
points to second data block. So while making index range scan or full index scan,
optimizer have to switch between blocks and have to revisit the same block more
than once because rows are scatter. So the number of times optimizer will make
these switches is actually termed as “Clustering factor”.
Figure: Good clustering factor
The above image represents "Good CF”. In an event of index range scan, optimizer
will not have to jump to next data block as most of the index entries points to same
data block. This helps significantly in reducing the cost of your SELECT statements.
Clustering factor is stored in data dictionary and can be viewed from dba_indexes (or
user_indexes)
SQL> create table sac as select * from all_objects;
Table created.
SQL> create index obj_id_indx on sac(object_id);
Index created.
SQL> select clustering_factor from user_indexes where

index_name='OBJ_ID_INDX';
CLUSTERING_FACTOR
-----------------
545
SQL> select count(*) from sac;
COUNT(*)
----------
38956
SQL> select blocks from user_segments where segment_name='OBJ_ID_INDX';
BLOCKS
----------
96
The above example shows that index has to jump 545 times to give you the full data
had you performed full table scan using the index.
Note:
- A good CF is equal (or near) to the values of number of blocks of table.
- A bad CF is equal (or near) to the number of rows of table.
Myth:
- Rebuilding of index can improve the CF.
Then how to improve the CF?
- To improve the CF, it’s the table that must be rebuilt (and reordered).
- If table has multiple indexes, careful consideration needs to be given by which
index to order table.
Important point: The above is my interpretation of the subject after reading

the book on Optimizer of Jonathan Lewis.
Labels: Tuning
Thursday, November 23, 2006

Bad SQL design
Important point
If the statement is designed poorly, nothing much can be done by optimizer or

indexes
Few known thumb rules
–Avoid Cartesian joins
–Use UNION ALL instead of UNION – if possible
–Use EXIST clause instead of IN - (Wherever appropiate)
–Use order by when you really require it – Its very costly
–When joining 2 views that themselves select from other views, check that the 2
views that you are using do not join the same tables!
–Avoid NOT in or NOT = on indexed columns. They prevent the optimizer from using
indexes. Use where amount > 0 instead of where amount != 0
- Avoid writing where is not null. nulls can prevent the optimizer from using an index
- Avoid calculations on indexed columns. Write WHERE amount > 26000/3 instead of
WHERE approved_amt/3 > 26000
- The query below will return any record where bmm_code = cORE, Core, CORE,
COre, etc.
select appl_appl_id where upper(bmm_code) LIKE 'CORE%'
But this query can be very inefficient as it results in a full table scan. It cannot make
use of the index on bmm_code.
Instead, write it like this:
select appl_appl_id from nci_appl_elements_t where (bmm_code like 'C%' or

bmm_code like 'c%') and upper(bmm_code) LIKE 'CORE%'
This results in Index Range Scan.
You can also make this more efficient by using 2 characters instead of just one:
where ((bmm_code like 'CO%' or bmm_code like 'Co%' or bmm_code like 'cO%' or
bmm_code like 'co%') and upper(bmm_code) LIKE 'CORE%')
Inviting Experts
Friends, feel free to correct me. I will appreciate if you can add your comments also.
Labels: Tuning
Consider declaring NOT NULL columns
Consider declaring NOT NULL columns
People sometimes do not bother to define columns as NOT NULL in the data
dictionary, even though these columns should not contain nulls, and indeed never do
contain nulls because the application ensures that a value is always supplied. You
may think that this is a matter of indifference, but it is not. The optimizer sometimes
needs to know that a column is not nullable, and without that knowledge it is
constrained to choose a less than optimal execution plan.
1. An index on a nullable column cannot be used to drive access to a table unless the
query contains one or more predicates against that column that exclude null values.
Of course, it is not normally desirable to use an index based access path unless the
query contains such predicates, but there are important exceptions.
For example, if a full table scan would otherwise be required against the table and
the query can be satisfied by a fast full scan (scan for which table data need not be
read) against the index, then the latter plan will normally prove more efficient.
Test-case for the above reasoning
SQL> create index color_indx on automobile(color);
Index created.
SQL> select distinct color,count(*) from automobile group by color;
Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
0 SELECT STATEMENT Optimizer=ALL_ROWS (Cost=4 Card=1046 Bytes=
54392)
1 0 SORT (GROUP BY) (Cost=4 Card=1046 Bytes=54392)

2 1 TABLE ACCESS (FULL) OF 'AUTOMOBILE' (TABLE) (Cost=3 Card
=1046 Bytes=54392)
SQL> alter table automobile modify color not null;
Table altered.
SQL> select distinct color,count(*) from automobile group by color;
Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
0 SELECT STATEMENT Optimizer=ALL_ROWS (Cost=4 Card=1046 Bytes=
54392)
1 0 SORT (GROUP BY) (Cost=4 Card=1046 Bytes=54392)

2 1 INDEX (FAST FULL SCAN) OF 'COLOR_INDX' (INDEX) (Cost=3 C
ard=1046 Bytes=54392)
2. If you are calling a sub-query in a parent query using the NOT IN predicate, the
indexing on column (in where clause of parent query) will not be used.
Because as per optimizer, results of parent query needs to be displayed only when
there is no equi-matching from sub-query, And if the sub-query can potentially
contain NULL value (UNKNOWN, incomparable), parent query will have no value to
compare with NULL value, so it will not use the INDEX.
Test-case for the above Reasoning
SQL> create index sal_indx on emp(sal);
Index created.
SQL> create index ename_indx on emp(ename);
Index created.
SQL> select * from emp where sal not in (select sal from emp where
ename='JONES');
Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
81)
1 0 FILTER
2 1 TABLE ACCESS (FULL) OF 'EMP' (TABLE) (Cost=3 Card=14 Byt
es=518) –> you can see a full table scan even when index exist on SAL
3 1 TABLE ACCESS (BY INDEX ROWID) OF 'EMP' (TABLE) (Cost=2 C

ard=1 Bytes=10)
4 3 INDEX (RANGE SCAN) OF 'ENAME_INDX' (INDEX) (Cost=1 Car

d=1)
SQL> alter table emp modify sal not null;
Table altered.
SQL> select * from emp where sal not in (select sal from emp where
ename='JONES');
Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
4)
1 0 MERGE JOIN (ANTI) (Cost=5 Card=12 Bytes=564)

2 1 TABLE ACCESS (BY INDEX ROWID) OF 'EMP' (TABLE) (Cost=2 C
ard=14 Bytes=518)
3 2 INDEX (FULL SCAN) OF 'SAL_INDX' (INDEX) (Cost=1 Card=1

4) -> Here you go, your index getting used now
4 1 SORT (UNIQUE) (Cost=3 Card=1 Bytes=10)

5 4 TABLE ACCESS (BY INDEX ROWID) OF 'EMP' (TABLE) (Cost=2
Card=1 Bytes=10)
6 5 INDEX (RANGE SCAN) OF 'ENAME_INDX' (INDEX) (Cost=1 C

ard=1)
The above article has been an inspiration after reading an article on ixora .
The article was missing some of the testcases, so I thought of adding few
for newbiews to relate to it.
Labels: Tuning
IN Vs Exist in SQL
IN Vs EXISTS
The two are processed quite differently.
IN Clause
Select * from T1 where x in ( select y from T2 )
is typically processed as:
select *
from t1, ( select distinct y from t2 ) t2
where t1.x = t2.y;
The sub query is evaluated, distinct, indexed and then

joined to the original table -- typically.
As opposed to "EXIST" clause
select * from t1 where exists ( select null from t2 where y = x )
That is processed more like:
for x in ( select * from t1 )

loop
if ( exists ( select null from t2 where y = x.x )
then
OUTPUT THE RECORD
end if
end loop
It always results in a full scan of T1 whereas the first query can make use of
an index on T1(x).
So, when is exists appropriate and in appropriate?
Lets say the result of the subquery

( select y from T2 )
is "huge" and takes a long time. But the table T1 is relatively small and
executing ( select null from t2 where y = x.x ) is fast (nice index on
t2(y)). Then the exists will be faster as the time to full scan T1 and do the
index probe into T2 could be less then the time to simply full scan T2 to build
the subquery we need to distinct on.
Lets say the result of the subquery is small -- then IN is typicaly more
appropriate.
If both the subquery and the outer table are huge -- either might work as well
as the other -- depends on the indexes and other factors.
Nested loops, Has1h join and Sort Merge joins –

difference?
Nested loop (loop over loop)
In this algorithm, an outer loop is formed which consists of few entries and then for
each entry, and inner loop is processed.
Ex:
Select tab1.*, tab2.* from tabl, tab2 where tabl.col1=tab2.col2;
It is processed like:
For i in (select * from tab1) loop

For j in (select * from tab2 where col2=i.col1) loop
Display results;
End loop;
End loop;
The Steps involved in doing nested loop are:
a) Identify outer (driving) table
 b) Assign inner (driven) table to outer

table.
 c) For every row of outer table, access the
rows of inner table.
In execution plan it is seen like this:
NESTED LOOPS
outer_loop
inner_loop
When optimizer uses nested loops?
Optimizer uses nested loop when we are joining tables containing small number of
rows with an efficient driving condition. It is important to have an index on column of
inner join table as this table is probed every time for a new value from outer table.
Optimizer may not use nested loop in case:

1. No of rows of both the table is quite high

2. Inner query always results in same set of records
3. The access path of inner table is independent of data coming from outer
table.

Note: You will see more use of nested loop when using FIRST_ROWS optimizer mode
as it works on model of showing instantaneous results to user as they are fetched.
There is no need for selecting caching any data before it is returned to user. In case
of hash join it is needed and is explained below.
Hash join
Hash joins are used when the joining large tables. The optimizer uses smaller of the
2 tables to build a hash table in memory and the scans the large tables and
compares the hash value (of rows from large table) with this hash table to find the
joined rows.
The algorithm of hash join is divided in two parts

Build a in-memory hash table on smaller of the two tables.

Probe this hash table with hash value for each row second table

In simpler terms it works like
Build phase
For each row RW1 in small (left/build) table loop
Calculate hash value on RW1 join key
Insert RW1 in appropriate hash bucket.
End loop;
Probe Phase
For each row RW2 in big (right/probe) table loop

Calculate the hash value on RW2 join key
For each row RW1 in hash table loop
If RW1 joins with RW2
Return RW1, RW2
End loop;
End loop;
When optimizer uses hash join?
Optimizer uses has join while joining big tables or big fraction of small tables.
Unlike nested loop, the output of hash join result is not instantaneous as hash joining
is blocked on building up hash table.
Note: You may see more hash joins used with ALL_ROWS optimizer mode, because
it works on model of showing results after all the rows of at least one of the tables
are hashed in hash table.
Sort merge join
Sort merge join is used to join two independent data sources. They perform better
than nested loop when the volume of data is big in tables but not as good as hash
joins in general.
They perform better than hash join when the join condition columns are already
sorted or there is no sorting required.
The full operation is done in two parts:
• Sort join operation
get first row RW1 from input1

get first row RW2 from input2.
• Merge join operation
while not at the end of either input loop

if RW1 joins with RW2
get next row R2 from input 2
return (RW1, RW2)
else if RW1 < style=""> get next row RW1 from input 1
else
get next row RW2 from input 2
end loop
Note: If the data is already sorted, first step is avoided.
Important point to understand is, unlike nested loop where driven (inner) table is
read as many number of times as the input from outer table, in sort merge join each
of the tables involved are accessed at most once. So they prove to be better than
nested loop when the data set is large.
When optimizer uses Sort merge join?
a) When the join condition is an inequality

condition (like <, <=, >=). This is because hash join cannot be used for
inequality conditions and if the data set is large, nested loop is definitely not
an option.
b) If sorting is anyways required due to

some other attribute (other than join) like “order by”, optimizer prefers sort
merge join over hash join as it is cheaper.
Note: Sort merge join can be seen with both ALL_ROWS and FIRST_ROWS optimizer
hint because it works on a model of first sorting both the data sources and then start
returning the results. So if the data set is large and you have FIRST_ROWS as
optimizer goal, optimizer may prefer sort merge join over nested loop because of
large data. And if you have ALL_ROWS as optimizer goal and if any inequality
condition is used the SQL, optimizer may use sort-merge join over hash join
Posted by Sachin at 6:47 AM
Labels: CBO, Tuning
3 comments:
Sachin said...
I wanted to put some examples in the post itself, but missed it earlier.
Here it is:
SQL> conn scott/*****

Connected.
SQL> create table e as select * from emp;
Table created.
SQL> create table d as select * from dept;
Table created.
SQL> create index e_deptno on e(deptno);
Index created.
Gather D stats as it is
SQL> exec dbms_stats.gather_table_stats('SCOTT','D')

Set artificial stats for E:
SQL> exec dbms_stats.set_table_stats(ownname => 'SCOTT', tabname =>

'E', numrows => 100, numblks => 100, avgrlen => 124);
Set artificial stats for E_DEPTNO index
SQL> exec dbms_stats.set_index_stats(ownname => 'SCOTT', indname =>

'E_DEPTNO', numrows => 100, numlblks => 10);
Check out the plan:
A) With less number of rows(100 in E), you will see Nested loop getting used.
SQL> select e.ename,d.dname from e, d where e.deptno=d.deptno;
Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 100 | 2200 | 6 (0)| 00:00:01 |
| 1 | TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID| E | 25 | 225 | 1 (0)| 00:00:01 |
| 2 | NESTED LOOPS | | 100 | 2200 | 6 (0)| 00:00:01 |
| 3 | TABLE ACCESS FULL | D | 4 | 52 | 3 (0)| 00:00:01 |
|* 4 | INDEX RANGE SCAN | E_DEPTNO | 33 | | 0 (0)| 00:00:01 |
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
B) Let us set some more artificial stats to see which plans is getting used:


'D', numrows => 1000000,numblks => 10000 , avgrlen => 124);
Now we have 1000000 number of rows in E and D table both and index on
E(DEPTNO) reflects the same.
Plans changes !!
SQL> select e.ename,d.dname from e, d where e.deptno=d.deptno;
Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Bytes |TempSpc| Cost (%CPU)| Time |
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 250G| 5122G| | 3968K(100)| 13:13:45 |
|* 1 | HASH JOIN | | 250G| 5122G| 20M| 3968K(100)| 13:13:45 |
| 2 | TABLE ACCESS FULL| E | 1000K| 8789K| | 2246 (3)| 00:00:27 |
| 3 | TABLE ACCESS FULL| D | 1000K| 12M| | 2227 (2)| 00:00:27 |
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
C) Now to test MERGE JOIN, we set moderate number of rows and do some
ordering business.



'D', numrows => 1000, numblks => 100, avgrlen => 124);
SQL> select e.ename,d.dname from e, d where e.deptno=d.deptno order by

e.deptno;
Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 2500K| 52M| 167 (26)| 00:00:02 |
| 1 | MERGE JOIN | | 2500K| 52M| 167 (26)| 00:00:02 |
| 2 | TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID| E | 10000 | 90000 | 102 (1)|
00:00:02 |
| 3 | INDEX FULL SCAN | E_DEPTNO | 10000 | | 100 (0)| 00:00:02 |
|* 4 | SORT JOIN | | 1000 | 13000 | 25 (4)| 00:00:01 |
| 5 | TABLE ACCESS FULL | D | 1000 | 13000 | 24 (0)| 00:00:01 |
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--
DATABASE USGAE REPORT

pages 200
col Mb form 9,999,9999
break on report on owner skip 1

compute sum of Mb on report
compute sum of Mb on owner
select rownum as rank, a.*

from (
select owner, tablespace_name, sum(bytes)/1024/1024 Mb
from dba_segments
where owner not in ('SYS','SYSTEM')
group by owner,tablespace_name
order by 3 desc ) a
where rownum < 11
/
clear breaks
clear computes
break on report on tablespace_name skip 1

compute sum of Mb on report
compute sum of Mb on tablespace_name
select rownum as rank, a.*

from (
select tablespace_name, owner, sum(bytes)/1024/1024 Mb
from dba_segments
where owner not in ('SYS','SYSTEM')
group by tablespace_name, owner
order by 3) a
where rownum < 11
/
Script for DBA High Water Mark Statistics

SELECT hwm1.name,
hwm1.highwater,
hwm1.last_value
FROM dba_high_water_mark_statistics hwm1
WHERE hwm1.version = (SELECT MAX(hwm2.version)
FROM dba_high_water_mark_statistics hwm2
WHERE hwm2.name = hwm1.name)
ORDER BY hwm1.name;
Dynamic Memory:
SELECT name,
value
FROM v$parameter
WHERE SUBSTR(name, 1, 1) = '_'
ORDER BY name;
Check the results.
Job Programs?
SELECT owner,
program_name,
program_type,
program_action,
number_of_arguments,
enabled,
comments
FROM dba_scheduler_programs
ORDER BY owner, program_name;
Next Scripts will be available soon

Script to see the Current wait for all active sessions
SELECT NVL(a.username, '(oracle)') AS username,
a.osuser,
a.sid,
a.serial#,
d.spid AS process_id,
a.wait_class,
a.seconds_in_wait,
a.state,
a.blocking_session,
a.blocking_session_status,
a.module,
TO_CHAR(a.logon_Time,'DD-MON-YYYY HH24:MI:SS') AS logon_time
FROM v$session a, v$process d
WHERE a.paddr = d.addr
AND a.status = 'ACTIVE'
ORDER BY 1,2;
View the result

How to Displays scheduler information about windows:
SELECT window_name,
resource_plan,
enabled,
active,
comments
FROM dba_scheduler_windows
ORDER BY window_name;
Check the results.

How to Display the status of buffers in the SGA
SELECT t.name AS tablespace_name,

o.object_name, SUM(DECODE(bh.status, 'free', 1, 0)) AS free,
SUM(DECODE(bh.status, 'xcur', 1, 0)) AS xcur,
SUM(DECODE(bh.status, 'scur', 1, 0)) AS scur,
SUM(DECODE(bh.status, 'cr', 1, 0)) AS cr,
SUM(DECODE(bh.status, 'read', 1, 0)) AS read,
SUM(DECODE(bh.status, 'mrec', 1, 0)) AS mrec,
SUM(DECODE(bh.status, 'irec', 1, 0)) AS irec
FROM v$bh bh
JOIN dba_objects o ON o.object_id = bh.objd
JOIN v$tablespace t ON t.ts# = bh.ts#
GROUP BY t.name, o.object_name;
SQL> SET LINESIZE 200

SQL> COLUMN name FORMAT A30
SQL> COLUMN network_name FORMAT A50
SQL> SELECT name, network_name
FROM dba_services
ORDER BY name;
View the result on you sql window
NAME NETWORK_NAME
--------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------
SYS$BACKGROUND
SYS$USERS
haf haf
hafXDB hafXDB
seeddata.regress.rdbms.dev.us.oracle.com
seeddata.regress.rdbms.dev.us.oracle.com
seeddataXDB seeddataXDB
Script to Displays comments associated with specific table:
SQL> SELECT table_name,,

comments
FROM dba_tab_comments
WHERE owner = UPPER('&P1')
AND table_name LIKE UPPER('%&P2%')
ORDER BY table_name;
Check the results.
Miscellaneous queries to check the general health of the system:
SQL> SELECT file_id, tablespace_name, file_name, status FROM sys.dba_data_files;
SQL> SELECT file#, name, status, enabled FROM v$datafile;
SQL> SELECT * FROM v$backup;
SQL> SELECT * FROM v$recovery_status;
SQL> SELECT * FROM v$recover_file;
SQL> SELECT * FROM v$recovery_file_status;
SQL> SELECT * FROM v$recovery_log;
SQL> SELECT username, command, status, module FROM v$session;
Check the out puta of all queries.

Some General Scripts:
SQL> SELECT LOWER(USER || '@' || instance_name) X FROM v$instance;
It will display the current connected user with instance name, in my case it is
displayed as
ddo@haf
SQL> ALTER SESSION SET NLS_DATE_FORMAT='DD-MON-YYYY HH24:MI:SS';

SQL> ALTER SESSION SET NLS_TIMESTAMP_FORMAT='DD-MON-YYYY
HH24:MI:SS.FF';
SQL> SET TERMOUT ON
SQL> SET FEEDBACK ON
SQL> Select Sysdate from dual ;
out put : 17-NOV-2007 23:29:00
Script to Display information on all database sessions:
SQL> SET LINESIZE 500

SQL> SET PAGESIZE 1000
SQL> COLUMN username FORMAT A15

SQL> COLUMN machine FORMAT A25
SQL> COLUMN logon_time FORMAT A20
SQL> SELECT LPAD(' ', (level-1)*2, ' ') || NVL(s.username, '(oracle)') AS username,
s.osuser,
s.sid,
s.serial#,
s.lockwait,
s.status,
s.module,
s.machine,
s.program,
TO_CHAR(s.logon_Time,'DD-MON-YYYY HH24:MI:SS') AS logon_time
FROM v$session s
CONNECT BY PRIOR s.sid = s.blocking_session
START WITH s.blocking_session IS NULL;
Check the results.
Displays scheduler information for running jobs:
SQL> SELECT owner, job_name, running_instance, elapsed_time FROM

dba_scheduler_running_jobs ORDER BY owner, job_name;
Next Scripts will be available soon
Page: 1 2
Generating CBO statistics:

Many database administrators use the old ‘ analyze table' and ‘ dbms_utility'
methods in order to generate CBO statistics. However these methods are obsolete
and somewhat dangerous to SQL performance. This is because the cost-based SQL
Optimizer (CBO) relies on the quality of the statistics to choose the best execution
plan for all SQL statements.
dbms_stats:
The dbms_stats utility does a far better job in estimating the CBO statistics.
Especially it works good for large partitioned tables, and the better stats results in
faster SQL execution plans.
How does dbms_stats work?
Below is a sample execution of dbms_stats with the options clause
exec dbms_stats.gather_schema_stats( -
ownname => 'SCOTT', -
estimate_percent => dbms_stats.auto_sample_size, -
method_opt => 'for all columns size repeat', -
degree => 34 -
options clause:
When the options clause is specified you may specify GATHER options. When
GATHER AUTO is specified, the only additional valid parameters are ownname,
stattab, statid, objlist and statown; all other parameter settings are ignored.
exec dbms_stats.gather_schema_stats( -
ownname => 'SCOTT', -
options => 'GATHER AUTO'
)
There are several values for the options parameter
gather Re-analyzes the whole schema.
gather
Only analyze tables that have no existing statistics.
empty
gather Only re-analyze tables with more than 10% modifications (inserts, updates,
stale deletes. gather stale require monitoring.
This will re-analyze objects which currently have no statistics and objects
gather
with stale statistics. Using gather auto is like combining gather stale and
auto
gather empty . Both gather stale and gather auto require monitoring.
Page: 1 2
alter table xxx monitoring command:
If you issue the alter table xxx monitoring command, Oracle tracks changed tables
with the dba_tab_modifications view. Below we see that the exact number of
inserts, updates and deletes are tracked since the last analysis of statistics.
SQL> desc dba_tab_modifications;
Name Type
------------------------------------------------------
TABLE_OWNER VARCHAR2(30)
TABLE_NAME VARCHAR2(30)
PARTITION_NAME VARCHAR2(30)
SUBPARTITION_NAME VARCHAR2(30)
INSERTS NUMBER
UPDATES NUMBER
DELETES NUMBER
TIMESTAMP DATE
TRUNCATED VARCHAR2(3)
gather stale option:
Because all statistics will become stale quickly in a robust OLTP database, we must
remember the rule for gather stale is > 10% row change (based on num_rows at
statistics collection time).
Almost every table except read-only tables will be re-analyzed with the gather stale
option. Hence, the gather stale option is best for systems that are largely read-only.
For example, if only 5% of the database tables get significant updates, then only 5%
of the tables will be re-analyzed with the “gather stale” option.
CASCADE option:
When analyzing specific tables, the cascade option can be used to analyze all related
objects based on foreign-key constraints. For example, stats$snapshot has foreign
key referential integrity into all subordinate tables ( stats$sysstat , etc.), so a single
analyze can invoke an analyze of all subordinate tables:
exec dbms_stats.gather_table_stats( -
ownname => 'PERFSTAT', -
tabname => 'STATS$SNAPSHOT' -
estimate_percent => dbms_stats.auto_sample_size, -
method_opt => 'for all columns size skewonly', -
cascade => true, -
degree => 7 -
DEGREE Option:
CBO does full-table and full-index scans and hence you can also parallelize the
collection of statistics. When you set degree=x , Oracle will invoke parallel query
slave processes to speed up table access. Degree is usually about equal to the
number of CPUs, minus 1 (for the OPQ query coordinator).
estimate_percent argument:
You can specify the sample size for dbms_stats . The estimate_percent argument
allow Oracle's dbms_stats to automatically estimate the best percentage of a
segment to sample when gathering statistics:
estimate_percent => dbms_stats. auto_sample_size
dba_tables sample_size column:
You can verify the accuracy of the automatic statistics sampling by looking at the
dba_tables sample_size column. Oracle chooses between 5% to 20% for a
sample_size when using automatic sampling.
=================================================
In previous Oracle releases, tables could be made to appear read-only to other

users by only granting the SELECT object privilege to them, but the tables
remained read-write for the owner. Oracle 11g allows tables to be marked as
read-only using the ALTER TABLE command.
SQL> ALTER TABLE table_name READ ONLY;
SQL> ALTER TABLE table_name READ WRITE;
The following script creates a table, inserts a row, then sets the table to read-
only.
SQl> CREATE TABLE test ( id NUMBER);

SQL> INSERT INTO test VALUES (1);
SQL> ALTER TABLE test READ ONLY;
Any DML statements that affect the table data and SELECT ... FOR UPDATE
queries result in an ORA-12081 error message.
SQL> INSERT INTO test VALUES (2);
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-12081: update operation not allowed on table "DDO"."Test"
SQL> UPDATE test SET id = 2;

ERROR at line 1:
ORA-12081: update operation not allowed on table "DDO"."Test"
SQL> DELETE FROM test;

ERROR at line 1:
ORA-12081: update operation not allowed on table "ddo"."test"
DDL statements that affect the table data
are also restricted.
SQL> TRUNCATE TABLE test;
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-12081: update operation not allowed
on table "ddo"."test"
SQL> ALTER TABLE test ADD (description

VARCHAR2(50));
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-12081: update operation not allowed
on table "ddo"."test"
Operations on indexes associated with the table are unaffected by the read-only
state.
DML and DDL operations return to normal once the table is switched back to
read-write mode.
SQL> ALTER TABLE test READ WRITE;

Table altered.
SQL> DELETE FROM test;

1 row deleted.
The read-only status of tables is displayed in the READ_ONLY column of the
following views (DBA_TABLES, ALL_TABLES, USER_TABLES).
Taking the Guesswork Out of Index Space

Requirements
Now let's say you are about to embark on the task of creating an index on a table, or
perhaps a set of tables. Besides the usual structural elements such as columns and
uniqueness, the most important thing you have to consider is the expected size of
the index—you must ensure that the tablespace has enough space to hold the new
index.
With Oracle9i Database and below, many DBAs use tools ranging from spreadsheets
to standalone programs to estimate the size of the future index. In 10g, this task has
become extremely trivial through the use of the DBMS_SPACE package. Let's see it
in action.
We are asked to create an index on the columns booking_id and cust_name of the
table BOOKINGS. How much space does the proposed index need? All you do is
execute the following PL/SQL script.
declare
l_used_bytes number;
l_alloc_bytes number;
begin
dbms_space.create_index_cost (
ddl => 'create index in_bookings_hist_01 on bookings_hist '||
'(booking_id, cust_name) tablespace users',
used_bytes => l_used_bytes,
alloc_bytes => l_alloc_bytes
);
dbms_output.put_line ('Used Bytes = '||l_used_bytes);
dbms_output.put_line ('Allocated Bytes = '||l_alloc_bytes);
end;
/
The output is:
Used Bytes = 7501128
Allocated Bytes = 12582912
Suppose you want to use some parameters that will potentially increase the size of
the index—for example, specifying an INITRANS parameter of 10.
declare
begin
dbms_space.create_index_cost (
ddl => 'create index in_bookings_hist_01 on bookings_hist '||
'(booking_id, cust_name) tablespace users initrans 10',
);
dbms_output.put_line ('Used Bytes = '||l_used_bytes);
dbms_output.put_line ('Allocated Bytes = '||l_alloc_bytes);
end;
/
The output is:
Used Bytes = 7501128
Allocated Bytes = 13631488
Note the increase in the allocated bytes from specifying a higher INITRANS. Using
this approach you can easily determine the impact of the index on storage space.
You should be aware of two important caveats, however. First, this process applies
only to tablespaces with SEGMENT SPACE MANAGEMENT AUTO turned on. Second,
the package calculates the estimated size of the index from the statistics on the
table. Hence it's very important to have relatively fresh statistics on the tables. But
beware: the absence of statistics on the table will not result in an error in the use of
the package, but will yield a wrong result.
Estimating Table Size
Suppose there is a table named BOOKINGS_HIST, which has the average row length
of 30,000 rows and the PCTFREE parameter of 20. What if you wanted to increase
the parameter PCT_FREE to 3—by what amount will the table increase in size?
Because 30 is a 10% increase over 20, will the size go up by 10%? Instead of asking
your psychic, ask the procedure CREATE_TABLE_COST inside the package
DBMS_SPACE. Here is how you can estimate the size:
declare
begin
dbms_space.create_table_cost (
tablespace_name => 'USERS',
avg_row_size => 30,
row_count => 30000,
pct_free => 20,
);
dbms_output.put_line('Used: '||l_used_bytes);
dbms_output.put_line('Allocated: '||l_alloc_bytes);
end;
/
The output is:
Used: 1261568
Allocated: 2097152
Changing the table's PCT_FREE parameter to 30 from 20, by specifying
pct_free => 30
we get the output:
Used: 1441792
Allocated: 2097152
Note how the used space has increased from 1,261,568 to 1,441,792 because the
PCT_FREE parameter conserves less room in the data block for user data. The
increase is about 14%, not 10%, as expected. Using this package you can easily
calculate the impact of parameters such as PCT_FREE on the size of the table, or of
moving the table to a different tablespace.
Predicting the Growth of a Segment
It's holiday weekend and Acme Hotels is expecting a surge in demand. As a DBA, you
are trying to understand the demand so that you can ensure there is enough space
available. How do you predict the space utilization of the table?
Just ask 10g; you will be surprised how accurately and intelligently it can make that
prediction for you. You simply issue this query:
select * from
table(dbms_space.OBJECT_GROWTH_TREND
('ARUP','BOOKINGS','TABLE'));
The function dbms_space.object_growth_trend() returns record in PIPELINEd format,
which can be displayed by the TABLE() casting. Here is the output:
TIMEPOINT SPACE_USAGE SPACE_ALLOC QUALITY
------------------------------ ----------- ----------- ------------
05-MAR-04 08.51.24.421081 PM 8586959 39124992 INTERPOLATED
09-MAR-04 08.51.24.421081 PM 4517094 4587520 GOOD
10-MAR-04 08.51.24.421081 PM 127469413 1044292813 PROJECTED
11-MAR-04 08.51.24.421081 PM 128108689 1049697234 PROJECTED
12-MAR-04 08.51.24.421081 PM 128747966 1055101654 PROJECTED
13-MAR-04 08.51.24.421081 PM 129387243 1060506075 PROJECTED
14-MAR-04 08.51.24.421081 PM 130026520 1065910496 PROJECTED
The output clearly shows the size of the table BOOKINGS at various times as shown
in the column TIMEPOINT, in the TIMESTAMP datatype. The SPACE_ALLOC column
shows the bytes allocated to the table and the SPACE_USAGE column shows how
many of those bytes have been used. This information is collected by the Automatic
Workload Repository, or AWR (see Week 6 of this series), every day. In the above
output, the data was collected well on March 9, 2004, as indicated by the value of
the column QUALITY - "GOOD." The space allocated and usage figures are accurate
for that day. However, for all subsequent days, the value of this column is
PROJECTED, indicating that the space calculations are projected from the data
collected by the AWR facility—not collected directly from the segment.
Note the values in this column prior to March 9—they are all INTERPOLATED. In other
words, the value was not really collected or projected, but simply interpolated from
the usage pattern for whatever data is available. Most likely the data was not
available at that time and hence the values had to be interpolated.
Conclusion
With the availability of segment level manipulations you now have fine-grained
control over how space is used inside a segment, which can be exploited to reclaim
free space inside a table, reorganize the table rows to make it more compact online,
and much more. These facilities help DBAs free themselves from the routine and
mundane tasks like table reorganization. The online segment shrink feature is
especially helpful in eliminating internal fragmentation and lowering the high water
mark of the segment, which can significantly reduce the cost of a full table scan.
For more information about the SHRINK operation, see this section of the Oracle
Database SQL Reference. Learn more about the DBMS_SPACE package in Chapter 88
of the PL/SQL Packages and Types Reference. For a comprehensive review of all new
space management features in Oracle Database 10g, read the Technical Whitepaper
The Self-Managing Database: Proactive Space & Schema Object Management.
Finally, a demo of Oracle Database 10g space management is available online.
Page: 1 2
Unused indexes waste space and have overhead for DML and hence they should be
removed from the database. Tracking unused indexes is tricky and should be done
with caution. Oracle 10g provides an easy approach for tracking unused indexes but
for Oracle 9i and Oracle 8i, this is not an easy task. In this article I will discuss some
ways to determine unused indexes in oracle databases.
Tracking Oracle 8i unused indexes:
Tracking unused indexes in Oracle8i involves running complex scripts to interrogate

the Oracle 8i library cache and parse for index names.
Tracking Oracle 9i unused indexes:
One of the great features of Oracle9i is the ability to easily locate and remove
unused indexes. When an index is not used by SQL queries with the cost-based
optimizer, the unused indexes waste space and cause INSERT statements to run
slower.
<index_name> monitoring usage command:
When you issue the alter index <index_name> monitoring usage command, Oracle
places an entry in the v$object_usage view so you can see if the index is used. This
is just a bit-flag that is set to “1” when the index is accessed by any SQL statement.
Below is a simple SQL*Plus script to track all index usage in all Oracle schemas:
set pages 999;

set heading off;
spool run_monitor.sql
select 'alter index '||owner||'.'||index_name||' monitoring usage;' from

dba_indexes
where owner not in ('SYS','SYSTEM','PERFSTAT') ;
spool off;
@run_monitor
After a significant amount of SQL has executed on the database you can query the
new v$object_usage view:
select index_name mon, used from v$object_usage;
The v$object_usage has a single column called used which will be set to YES or NO.
This script will track the unused indexes but does not tell how many times the index
has been used
INDEX_NAME MON USED

--------------- --- ----
CUSTOMER_LAST_NAME_IDX YES NO
Querying sys.object_usage fixed table:

The v$object_usage view uses the username logged into database when the alter
index index_name monitoring usage; command is issued. The solution is to bypass
the v$object_usage view and query the underlying sys.object_usage fixed table.
select
io.name, t.name,
decode(bitand(i.flags, 65536), 0, 'NO', 'YES'),
decode(bitand(ou.flags, 1), 0, 'NO', 'YES'),
u.start_monitoring,
ou.end_monitoring
from
sys.obj$ io,
sys.obj$ t,
sys.ind$ i,
sys.object_usage ou
where io.owner# = userenv('SCHEMAID') and i.obj# = ou.obj# and
io.obj# = ou.obj# and t.obj# = i.bo#;
Below is another possible solution
select
u.name "owner",
io.name "index_name",
t.name "table_name",
decode(bitand(i.flags, 65536), 0, 'no', 'yes') "monitoring",
decode(bitand(nvl(ou.flags,0), 1), 0, 'no', 'yes') "used",
ou.start_monitoring "start_monitoring",
ou.end_monitoring "end_monitoring"
from sys.obj$ io, sys.obj$ t, sys.ind$ i, sys.object_usage ou,
sys.user$ = u
where t.obj# =3d i.bo# and io.owner# =3d u.user# and io.obj# =3d
i.obj# and u.name not in ('sys','system') and i.obj# =3d ou.obj#(+);
Tracking Oracle 10g unused indexes with AWR Query:
In Oracle10g enables one to easily see which indexes are used, when they are used
and the context where they are used. Below is a simple AWR query to plot index
usage
col c1 heading ‘Object|Name' format a30

col c2 heading ‘Operation' format a15
col c3 heading ‘Option' format a15
col c4 heading ‘Index|Usage|Count' format 999,999
break on c1 skip 2
break on c2 skip 2
select p.object_name c1, p.operation c2, p.options c3, count(1)

c4
from dba_hist_sql_plan p, dba_hist_sqlstat s
where p.object_owner <> 'SYS' and p.operation like ‘%INDEX%' and
p.sql_id = s.sql_id
group by p.object_name, p.operation, p.options order by 1,2,3;
Tracking Oracle 10g unused indexes and invocation count:
Below script tracks unused indexes, show the invocation count of all indexes and the
columns referenced for multi-column indexes:
col c1 heading 'Begin|Interval|time' format a20

col c2 heading 'Search Columns' format 999,999
col c2 heading 'Invocation|Count' format a20
break on c1 skip 2
select begin_interval_time c1, count(*) c3 from dba_hist_sqltext
natural join dba_hist_snapshot
where lower(sql_text) like lower('%cust_name_idx%')
Here is the output showing index usage
Invocation Counts for cust_index

Begin
Interval Invocation
time Search Columns Count
-------------------- -------------- -----------
04-10-21 15 1 3
04-10-10 16 0 1
04-10-10 19 1 1
04-10-11 02 0 2
04-10-11 04 2 1
04-10-11 06 3 1
04-10-11 11 0 1
Below script can detect Oracle 10g duplicate index
select /*+ rule */

a.table_owner,
a.table_name,
a.index_owner,
a.index_name,
column_name_list,
column_name_list_dup,
dup duplicate_indexes,
i.uniqueness,
i.partitioned,
i.leaf_blocks,
i.distinct_keys,
i.num_rows,
i.clustering_factor
from
(
select
table_owner,
table_name,
index_owner,
index_name,
dup,
max(dup) OVER
(partition by table_owner, table_name, index_name) dup_mx
from
(
select
table_owner,
table_name,
index_owner,
index_name,
substr(SYS_CONNECT_BY_PATH(column_name, ','),2)
dup
from
(
select
index_owner,
index_name,
table_owner,
table_name,
column_name,
count(1) OVER
(partition by
index_owner,
index_name) cnt,
ROW_NUMBER () OVER
(partition by
index_owner,
index_name
order by column_position) as seq,
count(1) OVER
(partition by
table_owner,
table_name,
column_name,
column_position) as dup
from
sys.dba_ind_columns
where
index_owner not in ('SYS', 'SYSTEM','DLOBAUGH')
)
where
dup!=1
start with seq=1
connect by prior seq+1=seq
and prior index_owner=index_owner
and prior index_name=index_name
)) a,
(
select
table_owner,
table_name,
index_owner,
index_name,
substr(SYS_CONNECT_BY_PATH(column_name, ','),2) column_name_list
from
(
select index_owner, index_name, table_owner, table_name, column_name,
count(1) OVER ( partition by index_owner, index_name) cnt,
ROW_NUMBER () OVER ( partition by index_owner, index_name order by
column_position) as seq
from sys.dba_ind_columns
where index_owner not in ('SYS', 'SYSTEM'))
where seq=cnt
start with seq=1
connect by prior seq+1=seq
and prior index_owner=index_owner
and prior index_name=index_name
) b, dba_indexes i
where
a.dup=a.dup_mx
and a.index_owner=b.index_owner
and a.index_name=b.index_name
and a.index_owner=i.owner
and a.index_name=i.index_name
order by
a.table_owner, a.table_name, column_name_list_dup;
Oracle Import Tuning:

There is no direct tuning option available for imports and hence it has more tuning
limitations than other utilities. The DBA should consider the following when trying to
optimize import performance
• Set analyze=n and analyze with dbms_stats after the load has completed.
• Many large companies use partitioned tables, and keep the current partition
on SSD for fast imports.
• The recordlength needs to be a multiple of your I/O chunk size and
db_block_size (or dbnnk_block_size).
• commit=n should be set for tables that can afford not to commit until the end
of the load. However larger tables may not be suitable for this option due to
the required rollback/undo space.
• A single large rollback segment can be created that take all others offline
during the import.
• Index creation can be postponed until after import completes, by specifying
indexes=n . Setting indexes=n eliminates this maintenance overhead. You
can also Use the indexfile parm to rebuild all the indexes once, after the data
is loaded.
• By using a larger buffer setting, import can do more work before disk access
is performed.
• You can also use the hidden parameter _disable_logging = true to reduce
redo, but beware that the resulting import will be unrecoverable.
Oracle Exact Performance Gains:
Exact performance gain can be achieved depending upon the following factors
• DB_BLOCK_SIZE
• The types of columns in your table
• The I/O layout
Oracle SQL*Loader Tuning:
Oracle SQL*Loader is flexible and offers many options that should be considered to
maximize the speed of data loads. These include:
• The direct path loader ( direct=true ) loads directly into the Oracle data files
and creates blocks in Oracle database block format. To prepare the database
for direct path loads, the script $ORACLE_HOME/rdbms/admin/catldr.sql .sql
must be executed.
• Disabling of indexes and constraints for conventional data loads can greatly
enhance the performance of SQL*Loader.
• Larger bind arrays limit the number of calls to the database and increase
performance for conventional data loads only.
• rows specifies the number of rows per commit. If you issue fewer commits
for rows then it will enhance performance for conventional data loads.
• Parallel Loads option allows multiple SQL*Loader jobs to execute concurrently.
• Fixed width data format saves Oracle some processing when parsing the
data.
• Disabling Archiving During Load option may not be feasible in certain
environments; however disabling database archiving can increase
performance considerably.
• The unrecoverable load data option disables the writing of the data to the
redo logs. This option is available for direct path loads only.
Oracle INSERT performance Tuning:
When using standard SQL statements to load Oracle data tables, there are several
tuning approaches:
• Manage segment header contention for parallel inserts.

• Make sure to define multiple freelist (or freelist groups) to remove contention
for the table header.
• You can invoke parallel DML to have multiple inserts into the same table.
• By using the APPEND hint, you ensure that Oracle always grabs fresh data
blocks by raising the high-water-mark for the table. If you are doing parallel
insert DML, the Append mode is the default and you don't need to specify an
APPEND hint.
• By defining large (i.e. 32k) blocksizes for the target table, you reduce I/O
because more rows fit onto a block before a "block full" condition (as set by
PCTFREE) unlinks the block from the freelist.
• It's far faster to rebuild indexes after the data load, all at-once. Also indexes
will rebuild cleaner, and with less I/O if they reside in a tablespace with a
large block size.
• For databases that require high-speed loads, some shops define the insert
table partition on solid-state disk later moving it to platter disk. If the Oracle
level processing for insert and update activities could be optimized for SSD,
significant performance gains might be realized during these activities.
Oracle Parsing:
Parsing is the first step in the processing of any statement in an Oracle database. The statements
are broken down into its component parts and the type of statement whether DML, or DDL is
determined and various checks are performed on it. A statement must be evaluated and validated
before execution. Oracle evaluates the statements for syntax, validation of objects and the
privileges assigned to user.
Types of Oracle Parsing:
There are two types of parsing in oracle
Soft Parsing Hard Parsing

In soft parsing the statement is already
In hard parsing all parsing steps are to be carried out.
parsed and available in memory.
Hard parsing affects the system. Reducing hard parsing
Soft parse considerably improve the
improves the resource utilization and optimizes the SQL
system performance.
code.
Oracle Parsing Process:
Oracle parsing process follows below steps in order to execute the SQL statement and arrive at the
output.
Syntactical check:
In syntactical check the query is checked for its syntax.
Semantic check:
In semantic check the query is checked for the validity of the objects being referred in the
statement and the privileges available to the user firing the statement. This is a data dictionary
check.
Allocation:
This step includes the allocation of private SQL area in the memory for the statement.
Generating Parsed Representation and allocation Shared SQL area:
In this step a parsed representation of the statement is generated and shared SQL area is
allocated. This involves finding an optimal execution path for the statement. Oracle first checks if
the same statement is already parsed and exists in the memory. If yes then soft parse will be done
in which the parsed representation will be picked up and the statement will be executed
immediately. However if the statement is not found then hard parsing will be done where the
parsed representation is generated and stored in a shared SQL area and then the statement is
executed.
Deciding the type of parsing:
Oracle does the following in order to decide on a soft parse or hard parse.
Comparing new hash value with existing hash value:
When a new statement is fired, a hash value is generated for the text string. Oracle checks if this
new hash value matches with any existing hash value in the shared pool.
Comparing text string with hash value:
In this step the text string of the new statement is compared with the hash value matching
statements.
Comparing referred objects with matching statements objects:
If a match is found, the objects referred in the new statement are compared with the matching
statement objects. The bind variable types of the new statement should be of same type as the
identified matching statement.
Deciding the parse type:
If all of the above is satisfied, Oracle either uses the soft parse by re-using the existing parse.
However if a match is not found, Oracle follows hard parse and goes through the process of
parsing the statement and putting it in the shared pool.
Reducing hard parsing:
Below is a guideline that can be taken to reduce hard parsing.
• Use bind variables instead of hard-coding values.

• Avoid code repetition.
• Write generic routines that can be called from different places.
• Avoid separate parsing of similar statements. Change such statements to be look-alike or
put them in a common routine so that a single parse can take care of all calls to the
statement.
Identifying Unnecessary Parse Calls:
Check for statements with a lot of executions. Avoid PARSE_CALLS value close to the
EXECUTIONS value.
select parse_calls, executions,
substr(sql_text, 1, 300)
from v$sqlarea
where command_type in (2, 3, 6, 7);
In the below code the sessions involve lot of re-parsing. Query these sessions from V$SESSION
and then locate the program that is being executed, resulting in so much parsing.
select b.sid, a.name, b.value

from v$sesstat b, v$statname a
where a.name in ('parse count (hard)', 'execute count')
and b.statistic# = a.statistic#
order by sid;
select a.parse_calls, a.executions, substr(a.sql_text, 1, 300)

from v$sqlarea a, v$session b
where b.schema# = a.parsing_schema_id
and b.sid = <:sid>
order by 1 desc;
Provide enough private SQL area to accommodate all of the SQL statements for a session.
Depending on the requirement, the parameter OPEN_CURSORS may need to be reset to a higher
value. Set the SESSION_CACHED_CURSORS to a higher value to allow more cursors to be
cached at session level and to avoid re-parsing.
Identifying the opened cursors:
The below code will help in identifying the open cursors for a session and how near the count is to
the OPEN_CURSORS parameter value. If the margin is very small, consider increasing the
OPEN_CURSORS parameter.
select a.username, a.sid, b.value

from v$session a, v$sesstat b, v$statname c
where b.sid = a.sid
and c.statistic# = b.statistic#
and c.name = 'opened cursors current'
order by 3 desc;
Evaluating cached cursors for sessions:
The CACHE_CNT ('session cursor cache hits') of a session should be compared to the
PARSE_CNT ('parse count (total)'), if the difference is high, consider increasing the
SESSION_CACHED_CURSORS parameter.
select a.sid, a.value parse_cnt,

(select x.value
from v$sesstat x, v$statname y
where x.sid = a.sid
and y.statistic# = x.statistic#
and y.name = 'session cursor cache hits') cache_cnt
from v$sesstat a, v$statname b
where b.statistic# = a.statistic#
and b.name = 'parse count (total)'
and value > 0;
The following parse related information is available in V$SYSSTAT and V$SESSTAT views,
connect with V$STATNAME using STATISTIC# column.
SQL> select * from v$statname where name like '%parse%';
Utilizing Shared SQL area:
The shared SQL area can be further utilized for identical as well as some-what similar queries by
setting the initialization parameter CURSOR_SHARING to FORCE. The default value is EXACT.
Try out this parameter for your application in test mode before making changes in production.
Preventing Ageing out:
Set the parameter SHARED_POOL_RESERVED_SIZE to a larger value to prevent large packages

from being aged out because of new entries. A large overhead is involved in reloading a large
package that was aged out.
Pinning:
Pin frequent objects in memory using the DBMS_SHARED_POOL package. Use it to pin most
frequently used objects that should be in memory while the instance is up. Pin objects when the
instance starts to avoid memory fragmentation. Below code provides a list of frequently used and
re-loaded objects
select loads, executions, substr(owner, 1, 15) "Owner",

substr(namespace, 1, 20) "Type", substr(name, 1, 100) "Text"
from v$db_object_cache
order by executions desc;
In order to pin a package in memory and to view the list of pinned objects, use below syntax
SQL>exec dbms_shared_pool.keep('standard', 'p');
select substr(owner, 1, 15) "Owner",

substr(namespace, 1, 20) "Type",
substr(name, 1, 100) "Text"
from v$db_object_cache
where kept = 'YES';
Increasing the shared pool size:
The size of the shared pool can be increased by setting the parameter SHARED_POOL_SIZE in
the initialization file. Increasing the shared pool size is an immediate solution, but the above steps
need to be carried out to optimize the database in the long run.
CPU USED BY THE SESSION

SELECT substr(a.sid,1,5) "Sid",
substr(a.process,1,7) "Process",
substr(a.username,1,20) "User",
v.value "CPU used by this session"
FROM v$statname s, v$sesstat v, v$session a
WHERE s.name = 'CPU used by this session'
and v.statistic#=s.statistic#
AND v.sid = a.sid
and v.value > 1000
ORDER BY v.value DESC;
MEMORY USED BY THE SESSION
SELECT
e.SID,
e.username,
e.status,
a.UGA_MEMORY,
b.PGA_MEMORY
FROM
-- Current UGA size for the session.
(select y.SID, TO_CHAR(ROUND(y.value/1024),99999999) || ' KB' UGA_MEMORY
from v$sesstat y, v$statname z where y.STATISTIC# = z.STATISTIC# and NAME =
'session uga memory') a,
-- Current PGA size for the session.
(select y.SID, TO_CHAR(ROUND(y.value/1024),99999999) || ' KB' PGA_MEMORY
from v$sesstat y, v$statname z where y.STATISTIC# = z.STATISTIC# and NAME =
'session pga memory') b,
v$session e
WHERE e.sid=a.sid
AND e.sid=b.sid
ORDER BY
e.status,
a.UGA_MEMORY desc
Dialect of UNIX RAM display command
DEC-UNIX uerf -r 300 | grep -i mem
Solaris prtconf|grep -i mem
AIX lsdev -C|grep mem
Linux free
HP/UX swapinfo -tm
Pre-requisites
A valid full database backup of the target database
RMAN> list backup summary;
List of Backups
===============
Key TY LV S Device Type Completion Time #Pieces #Copies Tag
------- -- -- - ----------- --------------- ------- ------- ---
14 B A A DISK 03-NOV-04 1 1 TAG20041103T163334
15 B F A DISK 03-NOV-04 1 1 TAG20041103T163336
16 B A A DISK 03-NOV-04 1 1 TAG20041103T163651
17 B F A DISK 03-NOV-04 1 1
Target database must be mounted or open
SQL*Plus: Release 9.2.0.5.0 - Production on Wed Nov 3 16:42:34 2004
Copyright (c) 1982, 2002, Oracle Corporation. All rights reserved.
SQL> startup open


Database mounted.
Database opened.
SQL> exit
Steps Required
Create Password File for Auxiliary Database
$ orapwd file=/u01/app/oracle/product/9.2.0/dbs/orapwTESTDB
password=change_on_install
Create an Initialization Parameter for the Auxiliary Database
Copy the initialization parameter from the target database and make the
necessary changes for the duplicated database.
$ export ORACLE_SID=ORA920
SQL> create
pfile='/u01/app/oracle/product/9.2.0/dbs/initTESTDB.ora' from
spfile;
File created.
After creating the initialization parameter for the duplicate database, change
at least the following parameters:
db_file_name_convert = ('/u06/app/oradata/ORA920',
'/u06/app/oradata/TESTDB')
log_file_name_convert = ('/u03/app/oradata/ORA920',
'/u03/app/oradata/TESTDB',
'/u04/app/oradata/ORA920', '/u04/app/oradata/TESTDB',
'/u05/app/oradata/ORA920', '/u05/app/oradata/TESTDB')
control_files = '/u03/app/oradata/TESTDB/control01.ctl'
, '/u04/app/oradata/TESTDB/control02.ctl'
, '/u05/app/oradata/TESTDB/control03.ctl'
db_name = 'TESTDB'
instance_name = 'TESTDB'
audit_file_dest = '/u01/app/oracle/admin/TESTDB/adump'
background_dump_dest = '/u01/app/oracle/admin/TESTDB/bdump'
core_dump_dest = '/u01/app/oracle/admin/TESTDB/cdump'
user_dump_dest = '/u01/app/oracle/admin/TESTDB/udump'
service_names = 'TESTDB.IDEVELOPMENT.INFO'
dispatchers = '(PROTOCOL=TCP) (SERVICE=TESTDBXDB)'
log_archive_dest_1 = 'location=/u06/app/oradata/TESTDB/archive
mandatory'
Create / Start the Auxiliary Instance
Create all needed directories for the duplicate database:
$ mkdir /u01/app/oracle/admin/TESTDB
$ mkdir /u01/app/oracle/admin/TESTDB/adump
$ mkdir /u01/app/oracle/admin/TESTDB/bdump
$ mkdir /u01/app/oracle/admin/TESTDB/cdump
$ mkdir /u01/app/oracle/admin/TESTDB/create
$ mkdir /u01/app/oracle/admin/TESTDB/pfile
$ mkdir /u01/app/oracle/admin/TESTDB/scripts
$ mkdir /u01/app/oracle/admin/TESTDB/udump
$ mkdir /u03/app/oradata/TESTDB
$ mkdir /u06/app/oradata/TESTDB/archive
$ export ORACLE_SID=TESTDB

SQL> startup nomount
Ensure Oracle Net Connectivity to Auxiliary Database
Modify both the listener.ora and tnsnames.ora file to be able to connect to the
auxiliary database. After making changes to the networking files, test the
connection keeping in mind that you must be able to connect to the auxiliary
instance with SYSDBA privileges, so a valid password file must exist.
$ sqlplus "sys/change_on_install@TESTDB as sysdba"
SQL*Plus: Release 9.2.0.5.0 - Production on Wed Nov 3 17:43:22 2004
Copyright (c) 1982, 2002, Oracle Corporation. All rights reserved.
Connected to:
Oracle9i Enterprise Edition Release 9.2.0.5.0 - Production
With the Partitioning, OLAP and Oracle Data Mining options
SQL>
Mount or Open the Target Database
As mentioned in the pre-requisites section of this article, the target database

should be either opened or mounted.
$ export ORACLE_SID=ORA920
SQL> startup open
Ensure You Have the Necessary Backups and Archived Redo Log Files
As mentioned in the pre-requisites section of this article, ensure that you

have a current backup that you wish to use to create the duplicate database.
Login to query the RMAN catalog:
$ rman target sys/change_on_install@ORA920
RMAN> list backup summary;
List of Backups
===============
Key TY LV S Device Type Completion Time #Pieces #Copies Tag
------- -- -- - ----------- --------------- ------- ------- ---
14 B A A DISK 03-NOV-04 1 1
TAG20041103T163334
15 B F A DISK 03-NOV-04 1 1
TAG20041103T163336
16 B A A DISK 03-NOV-04 1 1
TAG20041103T163651
17 B F A DISK 03-NOV-04 1 1
Login to Target and Auxiliary Database using RMAN

8. $ rman target sys/change_on_install@ORA920 auxiliary
sys/change_on_install@TESTDB
9.
10. Recovery Manager: Release 9.2.0.5.0 - Production
11.
12. Copyright (c) 1995, 2002, Oracle Corporation. All rights reserved.
13.
14. connected to target database: ORA920 (DBID=2542332757)
15. connected to auxiliary database: TESTDB (not mounted)
16.
RMAN>
Run the RMAN DUPLICATE DATABASE Command
The following RUN block can be used to fully duplicate the target database
from the latest full backup.
Note that you can duplicate the database to a specific date/time using the
UNTIL TIME '<DATE>' clause. For example, to duplicate the new database to
yesterdays date/time, use the following:
duplicate target database to TESTDB until time 'SYSDATE-1';.

run {
# Allocate the channel for the duplicate work
allocate auxiliary channel ch1 type disk;
# Duplicate the database to TESTDB

duplicate target database to TESTDB;
}
using target database controlfile instead of recovery catalog

allocated channel: ch1
channel ch1: sid=13 devtype=DISK
Starting Duplicate Db at 03-NOV-04
printing stored script: Memory Script

{
set until scn 14757706;
set newname for datafile 1 to "/u06/app/oradata/TESTDB/system01.dbf";
set newname for datafile 2 to
"/u06/app/oradata/TESTDB/undotbs1_01.dbf";
set newname for datafile 3 to "/u06/app/oradata/TESTDB/cwmlite01.dbf";
set newname for datafile 4 to "/u06/app/oradata/TESTDB/drsys01.dbf";
set newname for datafile 5 to "/u06/app/oradata/TESTDB/indx01.dbf";
set newname for datafile 6 to "/u06/app/oradata/TESTDB/odm01.dbf";
set newname for datafile 7 to "/u06/app/oradata/TESTDB/tools01.dbf";
set newname for datafile 8 to "/u06/app/oradata/TESTDB/users01.dbf";
set newname for datafile 9 to "/u06/app/oradata/TESTDB/xdb01.dbf";
"/u06/app/oradata/TESTDB/example01.dbf";
"/u06/app/oradata/TESTDB/perfstat01.dbf";
set newname for datafile 12 to "/u06/app/oradata/TESTDB/users02.dbf";
restore
check readonly
clone database
;
}
executing script: Memory Script
executing command: SET until clause
executing command: SET NEWNAME
Starting restore at 03-NOV-04
channel ch1: starting datafile backupset restore

channel ch1: specifying datafile(s) to restore from backup set
restoring datafile 00001 to /u06/app/oradata/TESTDB/system01.dbf
restoring datafile 00002 to /u06/app/oradata/TESTDB/undotbs1_01.dbf
restoring datafile 00003 to /u06/app/oradata/TESTDB/cwmlite01.dbf
restoring datafile 00004 to /u06/app/oradata/TESTDB/drsys01.dbf
restoring datafile 00005 to /u06/app/oradata/TESTDB/indx01.dbf
restoring datafile 00006 to /u06/app/oradata/TESTDB/odm01.dbf
restoring datafile 00007 to /u06/app/oradata/TESTDB/tools01.dbf
restoring datafile 00008 to /u06/app/oradata/TESTDB/users01.dbf
restoring datafile 00009 to /u06/app/oradata/TESTDB/xdb01.dbf
restoring datafile 00010 to /u06/app/oradata/TESTDB/example01.dbf
restoring datafile 00011 to /u06/app/oradata/TESTDB/perfstat01.dbf
restoring datafile 00012 to /u06/app/oradata/TESTDB/users02.dbf
channel ch1: restored backup piece 1
piece
handle=/orabackup/ORA920/backup_DB_ORA920_S_16_P_16_T_541269216
tag=TAG20041103T163336 params=NULL
channel ch1: restore complete
Finished restore at 03-NOV-04
sql statement: CREATE CONTROLFILE REUSE SET DATABASE "TESTDB"
RESETLOGS ARCHIVELOG
MAXLOGFILES 32
MAXLOGMEMBERS 5
MAXDATAFILES 600
MAXINSTANCES 10
MAXLOGHISTORY 1134
LOGFILE
GROUP 1 ( '/u03/app/oradata/TESTDB/redo_g01a.log',
'/u04/app/oradata/TESTDB/redo_g01b.log',
'/u05/app/oradata/TESTDB/redo_g01c.log' ) SIZE 104857600
REUSE,
REUSE,
REUSE
DATAFILE
'/u06/app/oradata/TESTDB/system01.dbf'
CHARACTER SET WE8ISO8859P1

{
switch clone datafile all;
}
datafile 2 switched to datafile copy
input datafilecopy recid=1 stamp=541274660
filename=/u06/app/oradata/TESTDB/undotbs1_01.dbf
filename=/u06/app/oradata/TESTDB/cwmlite01.dbf
filename=/u06/app/oradata/TESTDB/drsys01.dbf
filename=/u06/app/oradata/TESTDB/indx01.dbf
filename=/u06/app/oradata/TESTDB/odm01.dbf
filename=/u06/app/oradata/TESTDB/tools01.dbf
filename=/u06/app/oradata/TESTDB/users01.dbf
filename=/u06/app/oradata/TESTDB/xdb01.dbf
filename=/u06/app/oradata/TESTDB/example01.dbf
filename=/u06/app/oradata/TESTDB/perfstat01.dbf

{
set until scn 14757706;
recover
clone database
delete archivelog
;
}
executing command: SET until clause
Starting recover at 03-NOV-04
starting media recovery
channel ch1: starting archive log restore to default destination

channel ch1: restoring archive log
archive log thread=1 sequence=151
channel ch1: restored backup piece 1
piece
handle=/orabackup/ORA920/backup_DB_ORA920_S_17_P_17_T_541269412
tag=TAG20041103T163651 params=NULL
channel ch1: restore complete
archive log filename=/u06/app/oradata/TESTDB/archive/arch_t1_s151.dbf
thread=1 sequence=151
channel clone_default: deleting archive log(s)
archive log filename=/u06/app/oradata/TESTDB/archive/arch_t1_s151.dbf
recid=1 stamp=541274663
media recovery complete
Finished recover at 03-NOV-04
{
shutdown clone;
startup clone nomount ;
}
database dismounted
Oracle instance shut down
connected to auxiliary database (not started)

Oracle instance started

sql statement: CREATE CONTROLFILE REUSE SET DATABASE "TESTDB"
RESETLOGS ARCHIVELOG
MAXLOGFILES 32
MAXLOGMEMBERS 5
MAXDATAFILES 600
MAXINSTANCES 10
MAXLOGHISTORY 1134
LOGFILE
REUSE,
REUSE,
REUSE
DATAFILE
'/u06/app/oradata/TESTDB/system01.dbf'
CHARACTER SET WE8ISO8859P1

{
catalog clone datafilecopy "/u06/app/oradata/TESTDB/undotbs1_01.dbf";
catalog clone datafilecopy "/u06/app/oradata/TESTDB/cwmlite01.dbf";
catalog clone datafilecopy "/u06/app/oradata/TESTDB/drsys01.dbf";
catalog clone datafilecopy "/u06/app/oradata/TESTDB/indx01.dbf";
catalog clone datafilecopy "/u06/app/oradata/TESTDB/odm01.dbf";
catalog clone datafilecopy "/u06/app/oradata/TESTDB/tools01.dbf";
catalog clone datafilecopy "/u06/app/oradata/TESTDB/users01.dbf";
catalog clone datafilecopy "/u06/app/oradata/TESTDB/xdb01.dbf";
catalog clone datafilecopy "/u06/app/oradata/TESTDB/example01.dbf";
catalog clone datafilecopy "/u06/app/oradata/TESTDB/perfstat01.dbf";
catalog clone datafilecopy "/u06/app/oradata/TESTDB/users02.dbf";
switch clone datafile all;
}
cataloged datafile copy

datafile copy filename=/u06/app/oradata/TESTDB/undotbs1_01.dbf recid=1
stamp=541274721

datafile copy filename=/u06/app/oradata/TESTDB/cwmlite01.dbf recid=2
stamp=541274721

datafile copy filename=/u06/app/oradata/TESTDB/drsys01.dbf recid=3
stamp=541274721

datafile copy filename=/u06/app/oradata/TESTDB/indx01.dbf recid=4
stamp=541274721

datafile copy filename=/u06/app/oradata/TESTDB/odm01.dbf recid=5
stamp=541274721

datafile copy filename=/u06/app/oradata/TESTDB/tools01.dbf recid=6
stamp=541274721

datafile copy filename=/u06/app/oradata/TESTDB/users01.dbf recid=7
stamp=541274721

datafile copy filename=/u06/app/oradata/TESTDB/xdb01.dbf recid=8
stamp=541274721

datafile copy filename=/u06/app/oradata/TESTDB/example01.dbf recid=9
stamp=541274721

datafile copy filename=/u06/app/oradata/TESTDB/perfstat01.dbf recid=10
stamp=541274721

datafile copy filename=/u06/app/oradata/TESTDB/users02.dbf recid=11
stamp=541274721

filename=/u06/app/oradata/TESTDB/undotbs1_01.dbf
filename=/u06/app/oradata/TESTDB/cwmlite01.dbf
filename=/u06/app/oradata/TESTDB/drsys01.dbf
filename=/u06/app/oradata/TESTDB/indx01.dbf
filename=/u06/app/oradata/TESTDB/odm01.dbf
filename=/u06/app/oradata/TESTDB/tools01.dbf
filename=/u06/app/oradata/TESTDB/xdb01.dbf
filename=/u06/app/oradata/TESTDB/example01.dbf
filename=/u06/app/oradata/TESTDB/perfstat01.dbf

{
Alter clone database open resetlogs;
}
database opened
Finished Duplicate Db at 03-NOV-04
RMAN> exit
Create All tempfiles for Temporary Tablespace
In almost all cases, you will need to create the tempfiles for your temporary
tablespace:
$ export ORACLE_SID=TESTDB

SQL> alter tablespace temp add tempfile
'/u06/app/oradata/TESTDB/temp01.dbf'
2 size 524288000 reuse autoextend on next 524288000 maxsize
1500M;
Tablespace altered.
How to enable trace in Oracle
1. Enable trace at instance level
Put the following line in init.ora. It will enable trace for all sessions and the
background
processes
sql_trace = TRUE
to disable trace:
sql_trace = FALSE
- or -
to enable tracing without restarting database run the following command in sqlplus
SQLPLUS> ALTER SYSTEM SET trace_enabled = TRUE;
to stop trace run:
SQLPLUS> ALTER SYSTEM SET trace_enabled = FALSE;
2. Enable trace at session level
to start trace:
ALTER SESSION SET sql_trace = TRUE;
to stop trace:
ALTER SESSION SET sql_trace = FALSE;
- or -
EXECUTE dbms_session.set_sql_trace (TRUE);

EXECUTE dbms_session.set_sql_trace (FALSE);
- or -
EXECUTE dbms_support.start_trace;
EXECUTE dbms_support.stop_trace;
3. Enable trace in another session
Find out SID and SERIAL# from v$session. For example:
SELECT * FROM v$session WHERE osuser = OSUSER;
to start trace:
EXECUTE dbms_support.start_trace_in_session (SID, SERIAL#);
to stop trace:
EXECUTE dbms_support.stop_trace_in_session (SID, SERIAL#);
- or -
EXECUTE dbms_system.set_sql_trace_in_session (SID, SERIAL#, TRUE);

EXECUTE dbms_system.set_sql_trace_in_session (SID, SERIAL#, FALSE);
which will prevent corruption from getting to your disks (at the cost of a
database crash).
For tracing of a MAX_CURSORS exceeded error:
event="1000 trace name ERRORSTACK level 3"
To get an error stack related to a SQLNET ORA-03120 error:
event="3120 trace name error stack"
To work around a space leak problem:
event="10262 trace name context forever, level x"
where x is the size of space leak to ignore.
To trace memory shortages:
event="10235 trace name context forever, level 4"
event="600 trace name heapdump, level 4"

To take a shared pool heapdump to track Ora-04031 as the error occurs, set the
following event in your init.ora file:
event = "4031 trace name heapdump forever, level 2"
For ORA-04030 errors: Take a dump by setting this event in your INIT file and
analyze the trace file. This will clearly pinpoint the problem.
event="4030 trace name errorstack level 3"
The following undocumented SQL statements can be used to obtain information

about internal database structures:
* To dump the control file:
alter session set events 'immediate trace name CONTROLF level 10'
* To dump the file headers:
alter session set events 'immediate trace name FILE_HDRS level 10'
* To dump redo log headers:
alter session set events 'immediate trace name REDOHDR level 10'
* To dump the system state:
alter session set events 'immediate trace name SYSTEMSTATE level 10'
* To dump the optimizer statistics whenever a SQL statement is parsed:
alter session set events '10053 trace name context forever'
* To prevent db block corruptions:
event = "10210 trace name context forever, level 10"
* To enable the maximum level of SQL performance monitoring:
* To enable a memory-protect cursor:

* To perform data-block checks:
* To perform index-block checks:
* To perform memory-heap checks:
* To allow 300 bytes memory leak for each connection:
You should be noticing a pattern here for tracing events related to error codes: the
first argument in the EVENT is the error code followed by the action you want to take
upon receiving the code.
Events at the Session Level
Events are also used as the SESSION level using the ALTER SESSION command or
calls to the DBMS_SYSTEM.SET_EV() procedure. The general format for the ALTER
SESSION command is:
ALTER SESSION SET EVENTS 'ev_number ev_text level x';
where:
Ev_number is the event number.
Ev_text is any required text (usually "trace name context forever").
x is the required level setting corresponding to the desire action, file, or

other required data.
For example, to provide more detailed SQL trace information:
ALTER SESSION SET EVENTS '10046 trace name context forever level NN'
where NN:
1 is same as a regular trace.
4 means also dump bind variables
8 means also dump wait information

12 means dump both bind and wait information
Example Uses of the ALTER SESSION Command to Set EVENT Codes
To coalesce free space in a tablespace pre-version 7.3:
ALTER SESSION SET EVENTS 'immediate trace name coalesce level XX'
where:
XX is the value of ts# from ts$ table for the tablespace.
To coalesce free space in a tablespace defined as temporary:
ALTER SESSION SET EVENTS 'immediate trace name drop_segments level &x';
where:
x is the value for file# from ts$ plus 1.
To get the information out of the db block buffers regarding order of LRU chains:
ALTER SESSION SET EVENTS 'immediate trace name buffers level x';
where:
x is 1-3 for buffer header order or 4-6 for LRU chain order.
To correct transportable tablespace export hanging (reported on 8.1.6, 8.1.7 on

HPUX, a known bug):
ALTER SESSION SET EVENT '10297 trace name context forever, level 1';
To cause "QKA Disable GBY sort elimination". This affects how Oracle will process
sorts:
ALTER SESSION SET EVENTS'10119 trace name context forever';
* You can disable the Index FFS using the event 10156. In this case, CBO will lean
toward FTS or Index scan.
* You can set the event 10092 if you want to disable the hash joins completely.
It is very easy to see how SMON cleans up rollback entries by using the event 10015.
You can use event 10235 to check how the memory manager works internally.
CBO is definitely not a mystery. Use event 10053 to give the detail of the various
plans considered, depending on the statistics available; be careful using this for large
multi-table joins, as the report can be quite lengthy! The data density, sparse
characteristics, index availability, and index depth all lead the optimizer to make its
decisions. You can see the running commentary in trace files generated by the10053
event.
This is an excerpt from Mike Ault, bestselling author of "Oracle
Virtual Indexes are an undocumented feature used by Oracle. These are pseudo-
indexes that will not behave the same way that normal indexes behave, and are
meant for a very specific purpose.
Creating a Virtual Index:
A virtual index is created in a slightly different manner than the normal indexes. A
virtual index has no segment attached to it, i.e., the DBA_SEGMENTS view will not
show an entry for this. Oracle handles such indexes internally and few required
dictionary tables are updated so that the optimizer can be made aware of its
presence and generate an execution plan considering such indexes.
Virtual Index Wizard:
As per Oracle, this functionality is not intended for standalone usage. It is part of the
Oracle Enterprise Manger Tuning Pack (Virtual Index Wizard). The virtual index
wizard functionality allows the user to test a potential new index prior to actually
building the new index in the database. It allows the CBO to assess the potential new
index for a selected SQL statement by building an explain plan that is aware of the
potential new index. This allows the user to determine if the optimizer would use the
index, once implemented.
Therefore, the feature is here to be supported from Enterprise Manager and not for
standalone usage. I went a bit further and actually tested it using SQL*Plus,
basically, trying to use the same feature but without the enterprise manager.
Using Virtual Indexes:
I do not see much use of Virtual Indexes in a development area where we can create
and drop indexes while testing. However, this feature could prove handy if a query or
group of queries has to be tested in production (for want of simulation or urgency!),
to determine if a new index will improve the performance, without impacting existing
or new sessions.
Virtual Indexes are Permanent:
These are permanent and continue to exist unless we drop them.
Effect of Virtual Indexes:
Their creation will not have an effect on existing and new sessions. Only sessions
marked for Virtual Index usage will become aware of their existence.
Hidden Parameter:
Such indexes will be used only when the hidden parameter

"_use_nosegment_indexes" is set to true.
Recognition of Virtual Indexes:
The Rule based optimizer did not recognize Virtual Indexes when I tested, however,
CBO recognizes them. In all of my examples, I have used CBO. However, I did not
carry out rigorous testing in RBO and you may come across exceptions to this view.
Dictionary View:
Dictionary view DBA_SEGMENTS will not show an entry for Virtual Indexes. The table
DBA_INDEXES and DBA_OBJECTS will have an entry for them in Oracle 8i; in Oracle
9i onwards, DBA_INDEXES no longer show Virtual Indexes.
Alteration:
Virtual Indexes cannot be altered and throw a "fake index" error!
ANALYZE Command:
Virtual Indexes can be analyzed, using the ANALYZE command or DBMS_STATS

package, but the statistics cannot be viewed (in Oracle 8i, DBA_INDEXES will not
show this either). Oracle may be generating artificial statistics and storing it
somewhere for referring it later.
Creating Virtual Index:
Creating a Virtual Index can be achieved by using the NOSEGMENT clause with the
CREATE INDEX command.
QL> create unique index am304_u1 on am304(col2) nosegment; Index

created.
Using Virtual Index:
Setting the "_use_nosegment_indexes" parameter enables the optimizer to use

virtual indexes. This is a hidden/internal parameter and therefore undocumented.
Such parameters should not be altered for Oracle databases unless Oracle Support
either advises or recommends that you do so. In our case, we make an exception (!),
but only to be set at session level. Do not set it for the complete instance.
Virtual Index: Creation
QL> create index am301_n1 on am301(col1) nosegment; Index created.

Virtual Index: Checking Dictionary tables
QL> select segment_name, segment_type, bytes 2

from dba_segments 3
where segment_name = 'AM301_N1';
no rows selected
SQL> select object_name, object_type, status 2

from dba_objects 3
where object_name = 'AM301_N1';
OBJECT_NAME |OBJECT_TYPE |STATUS

------------------|-----------------|---------------
AM301_N1 |INDEX |VALID
SQL> select index_name, index_type, status 2 from dba_indexes 3 where
index_name = 'AM301_N1';
INDEX_NAME |INDEX_TYPE |STATUS
------------------------------|------------|---------------
AM301_N1 |NORMAL |VALID
Virtual Index: Use
QL> create table am301 2 (col1 number, col2 varchar2(20)); Table

created.
SQL> insert into am301 values(dbms_random.random,
dbms_random.string('A', 20)); 1 row created.
SQL> select * from am301;
COL1 COL2
---------- --------------------
512599724 aCR_PdFVdSGJLCOLCjJQ
-2.049E+09 qiVUlonc^p^R_X_W_^Xn
-189009085 prTNPqPUod^miAnLXrMA
2082093299 Bq_icbmcpNFNUKDRdMi]
--
Though inserting alpha-numeric, Oracle also inserted --special characters in col2.

This one is a bug and is --resolved in 9i+.
SQL> insert into am301 select * from am301; 4 rows created.
SQL> alter session set optimizer_mode=first_rows; Session altered.
SQL> create index am301_n1 on am301(col1) nosegment; Index created.
SQL> analyze table am301 compute statistics; Table analyzed.
SQL> analyze index am301_n1 compute statistics; Index analyzed.
--
It is recommended to use dbms_stats package to --generate statistics. Analyze is
used here as an --example only.
SQL> set autotrace on
SQL> select * from am301 where col1 = 2082093299;
COL1 COL2
---------- --------------------
..
32 rows selected.
Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
0 SELECT STATEMENT Optimizer=FIRST_ROWS (Cost=1 Card=32 Bytes=864)
1 0 TABLE ACCESS (FULL) OF 'AM301' (Cost=1 Card=32 Bytes=864)
SQL> alter session set "_use_nosegment_indexes" = true;
--
set only for the session testing it.
Session altered.
SQL> select * from am301 where col1 = 2082093299;
COL1 COL2
---------- --------------------
32 rows selected.
Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
0 SELECT STATEMENT Optimizer=FIRST_ROWS (Cost=207 Card=32 Bytes=864)

1 0 TABLE ACCESS (BY INDEX ROWID) OF 'AM301' (Cost=207 Card=32 Bytes=864)
2 1 INDEX (RANGE SCAN) OF 'AM301_N1' (NON-UNIQUE) (Cost=7 Card=32)
Virtual Index: Alteration
QL> alter index am301_n1 rebuild;

alter index am301_n1 rebuild * ERROR at line 1: ORA-08114: can not alter a
fake index
SQL> alter index am301_n1 storage(pctincrease 0);
alter index am301_n1 storage(pctincrease 0) * ERROR at line 1: ORA-
08114: can not alter a fake index
Virtual Index: Recreation
QL> create index am301_n1 on am301(col1);

create index am301_n1 on am301(col1)
* ERROR at line 1: ORA-00955: name is already used by an existing object
As the Virtual Index has an entry in some of the dictionary tables, it will prevent the
creation of an object with the same name. The alternative is to drop and recreate the
Virtual Index as a real index.
Virtual Index: Drop and Recreate
SQL> drop index am301_n1; Index dropped.
SQL> create index am301_n1 on am301(col1); Index created.
However, a Virtual Index will not put off the creation of an index with the same
column(s).
In the example below, a Virtual Index is created with name DUMMY, afterwards a
new index with a different name is created with the same column and structure. Both
of the indexes will show in the DBA_OBJECTS listing.
SQL> create index dummy on am310(col1, col2, col3) nosegment; Index
created.
SQL> create index am310_n1 on am310(col1, col2, col3); Index created.
Conclusion
As I mentioned earlier, this is undocumented, so use it at your own risk. The above
feature may not be a must-use option, but is a good-to-know fact. Drop the index
once you are done with it, without fail! Its presence can baffle some of the regular
scripts that are run to monitor the databases.
================================================================================
Trying to drop old undo tablespace that needs recovery

My notes below.
Also look/confirm here;
Doc ID: Note:1013221.6

Subject: RECOVERING FROM A LOST DATAFILE IN A ROLLBACK TABLESPACE

Subject: Rollback Segment Needs Recovery
Chris Marquez
Oracle DBA
====================================
Drop Rollback or UNDO Tablspace With Active / Corrupt / "NEEDS RECOVERY"
Segments
====================================
------------------------------------
The Issue:
------------------------------------
---SQL*PLUS
SQL> alter database mount;
Database altered.
SQL> alter database open;

*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-03113: end-of-file on communication channel
__OR__
---alert.log
Errors in file /o01/app/oracle/admin/report/bdump/report_smon_1295.trc:
ORA-01578: ORACLE data block corrupted (file # 2, block # 192423)
ORA-01110: data file 2: '/o01/oradata/report/undotbs01.dbf'
*OR*
Tue May 31 13:56:41 2005
Errors in file /o01/app/oracle/admin/report/bdump/report_smon_1646.trc:
ORA-01595: error freeing extent (16) of rollback segment (4))
ORA-00607: Internal error occurred while making a change to a data block
ORA-00600: internal error code, arguments: [4193], [1088], [992], [],
[], [], [], []
*OR EVEN*
Sun Jul 17 01:25:56 2005
Errors in file /oracle//bdump/orcl_j001_115070.trc:
ORA-00603: ORACLE server session terminated by fatal error
ORA-00600: internal error code, arguments: [kteuPropTime-2], [], [],
[], [], [], [], []
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
A. IF YOU CAN STILL OPEN THE DATABASE
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
------------------------------------
UNDO/RBS Seem OK!?
------------------------------------
col segment_name format a15
select segment_name, status from dba_rollback_segs;
SEGMENT_NAME STATUS
--------------- ------------------------------------------------
SYSTEM ONLINE
_SYSSMU1$ ONLINE
_SYSSMU2$ ONLINE
...
------------------------------------
Edit init.ora to Comment UNDO/RBS parameters
------------------------------------
---vi init.ora
#undo_management=AUTO
#undo_tablespace=UNDOTBS
#undo_retention = 18000
------------------------------------
UNDO/RBS Issue Obvious now!
------------------------------------
shutdown
startup
SEGMENT_NAME STATUS
--------------- ------------------------------------------------
SYSTEM ONLINE
_SYSSMU1$ PARTLY AVAILABLE
_SYSSMU2$ OFFLINE
...
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
B. IF YOU CAN *NOT* OPEN THE DATABASE
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
------------------------------------
Edit init.ora to Comment UNDO/RBS parameters & ADD "_smu_debug_mode", event
10015
------------------------------------
---vi init.ora
#undo_management=AUTO
#undo_tablespace=UNDOTBS
#undo_retention = 18000
# _smu_debug_mode simply collects diagnostic information for support

purposes
_smu_debug_mode=1
# Event 10015 is the undo segment recovery tracing event.
# Use this to identify corrupted rollback/undo segments when a database
cannot be started.
event="10015 trace name context forever, level 10"
------------------------------------
startup Again
------------------------------------
SQL> startup nomount pfile=/.../init.ora.UNOD_PARAM;
SQL> alter database mount;
Database altered.
SQL> alter database open;
alter database open
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-03113: end-of-file on communication channel
------------------------------------
View event="10015 trace file for corrupted rollback/undo segments
------------------------------------
udump/> more orcl_ora_815334.trc
....
Recovering rollback segment _SYSSMU2$
UNDO SEG (BEFORE RECOVERY): usn = 2 Extent Control Header
-----------------------------------------------------------------
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
NOW FIX CORRUPTED SEGMENTS
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
------------------------------------
Edit init.ora to "force" Rollback or UNDO offline
------------------------------------
SQL>select '"'||segment_name||'"'||',' from sys.dba_rollback_segs where
tablespace_name = 'UNDOTBS'
---vi init.ora
For example TRADITIONAL ROLLBACK SEGMENTS:
_OFFLINE_ROLLBACK_SEGMENTS=(rbs1,rbs2)
_CORRUPTED_ROLLBACK_SEGMENTS=(rbs1,rbs2)
For example AUM UNDO TABLESPACE (SEGMENTS):

_OFFLINE_ROLLBACK_SEGMENTS=("_SYSSMU8$", "_SYSSMU9$",
"_SYSSMU10$",
"_SYSSMU30$", "_SYSSMU31$", "_SYSSMU32$", "_SYSSMU34$","_SYSSMU35$")
_CORRUPTED_ROLLBACK_SEGMENTS=("_SYSSMU8$", "_SYSSMU9$",
"_SYSSMU10$",
"_SYSSMU30$", "_SYSSMU31$", "_SYSSMU32$", "_SYSSMU34$","_SYSSMU35$")
---UNDO/RBS Issue Is Real (bad)!

shutdown
startup
SEGMENT_NAME STATUS
--------------- ------------------------------------------------
SYSTEM ONLINE
_SYSSMU1$ NEEDS RECOVERY
_SYSSMU2$ OFFLINE
...
------------------------------------
Drop Rollback or UNDO Segments:
------------------------------------
SQL>select 'drop rollback segment '||'"'||segment_name||'"'||';' from
sys.dba_rollback_segs where tablespace_name = 'UNDOTBS1'
DROP ROLLBACK SEGMENT rbs1;

DROP ROLLBACK SEGMENT _SYSSMU1$;
DROP ROLLBACK SEGMENT _SYSSMU2$;
...
---UNDO/RBS All Gone...Easy and Simple to Drop UNDO/RBS Tablespace.
shutdown
startup
SEGMENT_NAME STATUS
--------------- ------------------------------------------------
SYSTEM ONLINE
1 rows selected.
------------------------------------
Drop The Rollback or UNDO Tablespace
------------------------------------
col FILE_NAME for a60
col BYTES for 999,999,999,999,999
select FILE_ID, BYTES, FILE_NAME from dba_data_files where TABLESPACE_NAME
='UNDOTBS';
FILE_ID BYTES FILE_NAME
---------- --------------------
------------------------------------------------------------
2 6,291,456,000 /o01/oradata/report/undotbs01.dbf
SQL>DROP TABLESPACE RBS INCLUDING CONTENTS;
SQL> DROP TABLESPACE UNDOTBS INCLUDING CONTENTS and datafiles;

Tablespace dropped.
[oracle@util1 orcl920]$ ls -ltr /o01/oradata/report/undotbs01.dbf

ls: /o01/oradata/orcl920/undotbs01.dbf: No such file or directory
------------------------------------
RE-Create The Rollback or UNDO Tablespace
------------------------------------
SQL> CREATE UNDO TABLESPACE "UNDOTBS" DATAFILE
'/o01/oradata/orcl920/undotbs01.dbf' SIZE 500M REUSE AUTOEXTEND OFF;
Tablespace created.
[oracle@util1 orcl920]$ ls -ltr /o01/oradata/report/undotbs01.dbf

-rw-r----- 1 oracle dba 1048584192 May 16 17:50
/o01/oradata/report/undotbs01.dbf
------------------------------------
Edit init.ora to Comment _OFFLINE_ROLLBACK_SEGMENTS= and UNcomment
"undo_",
"rbs" parameters.
------------------------------------
---vi init.ora
#_OFFLINE_ROLLBACK_SEGMENTS
undo_management=AUTO
undo_tablespace=UNDOTBS
undo_retention = 18000
---UNDO/RBS Issue GONE!

shutdown
startup
SEGMENT_NAME STATUS
--------------- ------------------------------------------------
SYSTEM ONLINE
_SYSSMU11$ ONLINE
_SYSSMU12$ ONLINE
...
11 rows selected.
---alert.log
Mon May 16 17:50:02 2005
Database Characterset is WE8ISO8859P1
replication_dependency_tracking turned off (no async multimaster replication
found)
Completed: ALTER DATABASE OPEN
-----------------------------------
DOCS
-----------------------------------
Subject: RECOVERING FROM A LOST DATAFILE IN A ROLLBACK TABLESPACE

Subject: Rollback Segment Needs Recovery
Don Burleson
n rare cases (usually DBA error) the Oracle UNDO tablespace can become corrupted.
This manifests with this error: ORA-00376: file xx cannot be read at this time
In cases of UNDO log corruption, you must:
• Change the undo_management parameter from “AUTO” to “MANUAL”

• Create a new UNDO tablespace
• Drop the old UNDO tablespace
Dropping the corrupt UNDO tablespace can be tricky and you may get the message:
ORA-00376: file string cannot be read at this time
To drop a corrupt UNDO tablespace:
1 – Identify the bad segment:
select
segment_name,
status
from
dba_rollback_segs
where
tablespace_name='undotbs_corrupt'
and
status = ‘NEEDS RECOVERY’;
SEGMENT_NAME STATUS
------------------------------ ----------------
_SYSSMU22$ NEEDS RECOVERY
2. Bounce the instance with the hidden parameter “_offline_rollback_segments”,

specifying the bad segment name:
_OFFLINE_ROLLBACK_SEGMENTS=_SYSSMU22$
3. Bounce database, nuke the corrupt segment and tablespace:
SQL> drop rollback segment "_SYSSMU22$";

Rollback segment dropped.
SQL > drop tablespace undotbs including contents and datafiles;

Tablespace dropped.

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TRANSPORT TABLESPACES

Data movement has never been a pleasant experience especially

Step 1:- Check for self-contained tablespace(s).

Checklist before taking a decision for Answer Decision

Is transportable tablespace is self- Yes Can transport

Is transportable tablespace contains No Can transport

Is source and target database have

Step 1:- Check for self-contained tablespace(s).

For checking of self-contained tablespaces we will use package

As you see this package mainly consist of two input parameters

1. 1. Transportable tablespace name

For the sake of simplicity let us consider a scenario where we need to

Connect with sys and execute the package as follows :-

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

If the tablespace is not self-contained then the above package will

SQL> select * from transport_set_violations;

If it returns "no rows selected" means tablespaces are ready for

SQL> alter tablespace SourceTablespace1 read only;

SQL> alter tablespace SourceTablespace2 read only;

SQL> desc dba_data_files;

SQL> select tablespace_name,file_name from dba_Data_files

Step 4:- Export the tablespaces with options

C:\>exp 'sys/change_on_install as SYSDBA'

Export: Release 8.1.6.3.0 - Production on Thu May 3 11:20:50 2001

Connected to: Oracle8i Enterprise Edition Release 8.1.6.3.0 - Production

c:\>copy F:\OR8I\ORADATA\SourceTablespace11ORSV.DBF ...... <target

c:\>copy F:\OR8I\ORADATA\INDX01ORSV.DBF .......... <target system>

c:\> copy expdat.dmp ........... <target system>

C:\>imp sys/mantra file=c:\temp\expdat.dmp transport_tablespace=Y

Import: Release 8.1.6.3.0 - Production on Thu May 3 12:23:03 2001

(c) Copyright 1999 Oracle Corporation. All rights reserved.

Connected to: Oracle8i Enterprise Edition Release 8.1.6.0.0 - Production

Export file created by EXPORT:V08.01.06 via conventional path

Sql> alter tablespace SourceTablespace1 read write;

the sript is very userful for oracle dba

FIND BLOCK CORRUPTION

V$database_block_corruption is use to find out block corruption

select * from table (dbms_space.asa_recommendations());

Some factors that can cause a plan to change are:

For a quick cheap audit of connections, connect as a suitably privileged account

audit create session;

noaudit create session;

The older syntax for the same level of audit is:

Name Null? Type

how to relocate temporary tablespace

3.copy (os level) excisting location to new location in temp file

4.alter database rename file ‘excisting location ‘ to ‘new location’

5.alter database openb

• Create Dictionary File

Create Dictionary File

-- Specify time range

SQL> select privilege from dba_sys_privs where grantee='CONNECT';

SQL> select privilege from dba_sys_privs where grantee='CONNECT';

Step 1: create the one table with out partition

SQL> CREATE TABLE my_table (

INSERT INTO my_table (id, description) VALUES (1, 'One');

Step 2: create another one table with partition options

SQL> CREATE TABLE my_table_2 (

Step 3 : use this command

SQL> ALTER TABLE my_table_2

SQL> select * from my_table;

SQL> select * from my_table_2 partition(my_table_part);

However it is worth to tune the following important parameters