Course Outline (UbiCompt Part)

1 Basics 5 Information
2 Devices 6 Interaction
3 Networks 7 Applications
Mobile and Ubiquitous Computing 4 Context

7
Applications
6 Devices 2
Prof. Dr. Stefan Fischer & Prof. Dr. Lars Wolf 3
IBR
Interaction Context 4 Networks
digital world
Technische Universität Braunschweig real world (pre-processed)
{fischer, wolf}@ibr.cs.tu-bs.de Information 5
www.ibr.cs.tu-bs.de
Mobile & Ubiquitous Computing 2

Networks for Ubicomp

Networks
Requirements
Application orientation
Information Appliances
▪ simplicity
Introduction ▪ versatility
Wireline Networks ▪ entertaining
Peripheral busses / multimedia -> usability, energy consumption, administration
In-house control busses
PowerLine Usability considerations
Wireless Networks make usable characteristics visable
IrDA use natural association for emphasis
Bluetooth
give feedback
Research areas
affordances!
Context / sensor networks
Body-area networks
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Networks for Ubicomp
Characteristics / comparison with WLAN, Ethernet etc.
Network types: often various due to varying application area
▪ multimedia / information, real time, context
Ad-Hoc: spontaneous join/ leave, no / single-time administration,
on all layers
communication model: application oriented (Peer-to-Peer),
service oriented (Master-Slave)
media: often mobile and wireless, within home and for multimedia
also wireline
throughput, delay, setup times:
multimedia: high throughput, longer setup; context: low
throughput, fast setup
energy and costs: often energy saving and cheap
routability: network routing or application layer bridges
Mobile & Ubiquitous Computing 5 Mobile & Ubiquitous Computing
Networks for Ubicomp
Characteristics
small cells, Personal Area Networks
gain from locality, using location information
cheap via cheap device technology
... and by redcued wiring effort
e.g., using existing infrastructure: phone lines, powerlines
... and by ‚best-effort wiring‘: coarse wireline combined with
wireless for short distance / last meters
application instead of technology orientated
6

Networks for Ubicomp Networks

Wide area networks
GSM, DECT, UMTS, ...
wireline networks
especially to support multimedia appliances Introduction
USB, Firewire Wireline Networks
Power Line (PLC) / Phone Line Peripheral busses / multimedia
In-house: EIB, CEBus, BACNet, LONWorks
In-house control busses
Wireless networks (Wireless Personal Area Networks WPAN) PowerLine
cable replacement for add-on devices: Bluetooth, IrDA Wireless Networks
Research IrDA
Sensor / context networks: SmartDust, SPOT Bluetooth
Body-Networks Research areas
Context / sensor networks
Body-area networks
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EIB
Characteristics Media
Optimized for sensors and actuators in buildings twisted pair - 9’600 kb
defines mainly layers 1,2 and application (some layer 3+4) Powerline - 1’200-2’400 kb
up to approx. 60k devices can be addressed radio - 19’200 kb
1000 meter extension without gateway/router
Internet-interface and gateways (Anubis)
no bus required: line, star, tree, ring, or combinations possible
device insertion: electrically ad-hoc, address / group assignment Usage
manually enhancement by, e.g., BACNet for interoperability solutions and
low bandwidth, but also only small packets for applications
Peer-to-Peer approach nearly without any maintenance, no EIB Tool Software ETS for installation and administration
cnetralzied control necessary
relatively expensive: approx. 90 Euro for switch
Network adaptation towards application
▪ Multicast addresses (group addresses)
▪ logical resp. physical grouping of devices like layout of
source:www.merten.de
building
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Further Control Networks Networks

BACnet: building automation and controls network
Events, alarms, control, data exchange
Network & Appl. Layer
Standard objects: in/output objects (binary, analog...), diary, Introduction
commands, files, programs, schedule, group event, device Wireline Networks
Object descriptions: name, type, value, state,... Peripheral busses / multimedia
LonWorks / ...Talk In-house control busses
LonTalk protocol implements layers 1-7 PowerLine
Shared variables / distributed OS Wireless Networks
CEBus (Consumer Electronic Bus) IrDA
mainly USA, similiar EIB Bluetooth
developed for powerline networks, layers 1&2 Research areas
Context / sensor networks
Body-area networks
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Powerline Communication Powerline Communication
Using existing infrastructure Transmission
deploying additional wires is very expensive Single Carrier Narrow Band: one carrier frequency
existing cables (as conductors), outlets als access points 3 ▪ simple but error prone
simplification through known plugs ▪ e.g., X-10: uses 120 kHz-range for control data transmission
(data rate ~100 bit/s !)
within house: integration of nearly all stationary devices
1 Spread Spectrum (see mobile communication)
three usage scenarios: 1=backbone provider 2
▪ more resistent against noise, but needs more bandwidth
2=last mile, 3=in house
▪ e.g., CEBus signals: USA spreaded over 100-400 kHz with 10
home automatization, remote control, data/voice services kb/s data rate; in Europe over 20-80 kHz with 2kb/s
Multiple Carrier Narrow Band:
Frequency modulation
▪ several narrowband carrier, change if interference
data modulate on top of 50/60 Hz AC
▪ e.g., Echelon: dual-carrier 132 and 115 kHz, ~5.4 kb/s
limited spectrum: Europe: 4 areas between 10-150 kHz, partially
reserved for power utility companies, may change in future
errors: electrical (household) devices, babyphones, etc. generate
high frequency noise in power line
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limited distance due to media characteristics

Powerline Communication Powerline Communication

1980: X-10 Standard HomePlug 1.0
for control data transmission within home area HomePlug.org: 3Com, AMD, Cisco, Intel, TI, Motorola....
simple control of devices (light, etc.) 14 Mbit/s, does not use spectrum used by X-10,
very simple frequency modulation: AC current: 120 kHz signal after CEBus, LonWorks but 4,3-21 MHz
passing 0-point for 1ms takes care of interference (incremental)
X-10 devices addressed via system ID (3bit) and device ID (4bit); ▪ Forward Error Correction
transmission of codes for simple functions (4bit): ON, OFF, DIM,... ▪ Adaption phase and selection of best frequency source:www.intellon.com

▪ transmit within whole area with DBPSK

Trends
Coding: Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM)
Internet access: various field tests (but mainly not that successful)
▪ data stream is splitted into 84 different small frequenzcies
several Mbit/s, but shared access and no guaranteed bandwidth ▪ Differential quadrature phase shift key (DQPSK) or Differential binary phase
data transmission within house significantly depending on environment shift key (DBPSK), symbol depends on previous symbol)
▪ phases MAC: CSMA/CA
▪ distribution / number of devices products in USA available
▪ cables
source:www.asokausa.com
▪ devices
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Networks IrDA Infrared Data Transmission

Infrared communication
directed
rooms / walls as given borders
Introduction e.g., ActiveBadge, ParcTab
Wireline Networks (but no IrDA)
Peripheral busses / multimedia but: shadowing
In-house control busses Approach: diffuse infrared,
using reflections no line-of-sight
PowerLine needed!
Drawback: low bandwidth
Wireless Networks
IrDA IrDA: Infrared Data Association range
Bluetooth 0-1.5 m
IrDA DATA: standard for
Research areas point-to-point infrared communication device 1
Context / sensor networks short distance (1,5m+), 30°(60) angle device 2
line-of-sight
Body-area networks for directed communication needed!
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IrDA
IrDA as example for typical
Ubicomp network
IrDA requirements
directed communication
specified range: (2* )30 degree
angle, 2m
reason: setup of „pico net"
should be possible
disturbing influences, esp.
reflection, must be avoided
IrDA
IrDA application
initial application: communication between host and peripheral
devices (printer, mouse, keyboard,...)
elimination of wires
today: standard within mobile computers / PDAs / Appliances
„Point-and-shoot“ applications
▪ e.g., digital camera to printer
▪ e.g., PDA to PDA: exchange of business cards
direction for selection 120 Mio
units
2000: 170 Mio. devices

1997 2000 2002

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IrDA IrDA Physical Layer: Slow IR (SIR)

IrDA protocol architecture Asynchronous (or synchronous) with 2.4-115.2 Kbps: SIR
Tiny-TP: Data based on UART (serial interface), cable replacement
IrTran-P IrObex IrLAN IrComm IrMC segmentation, RZI modulation („Return-to-Zero Inverted“):
flow control
LM-IAS Tiny Transport Protocol – Tiny TP UART frame
Start Stop
IrLMP: Multiplexing, Data Bits
Ir Link Management Protocol - MUX - IrLMP Bit Bit
several log. channels
via one connection 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1
Ir Link Access Protocol - IrLAP
IrLAP: Device Disco- IR frame
Stop
Async Serial Ir Sync Serial Ir Sync, 4 PPM very, reliable Start Data Bits
Bit Bit
9600-115.2 Kb/s 0.576 / 1.152 Mb/s 4 Mb/s 1:1-connections

PHY (Physical Signaling Layer):

various coding schemes transmissions Pulse width 3/16 less energy, larger pulse distance
from 9.6 kbps to 4 Mbps Start and Stop bits within UART frame for synchronization

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IrDA Physical Layer: Fast IR (FIR) IrDA Connection Setup

Synchronous transmission with 0.576 / 1.152 Mbps Device Discovery Ir Link Access Protocoll (IrLAP)
RZI-code, pulse width 1/4, i.e., 434ns resp.. 217ns Discovery services: Request, Indication, Confirm
Synchronous transmission with 4 Mbps Ad hoc setup, no admin., config. etc.
4PPM code: DBP 4PPM Code Sniff mode: energy saving, wake up all 2-3 sec. only and transmit answer for
Four Pulse Position Modulation potential discovery request
00 1000
Data bit pairs combined and in address overlap: if devices select same address, all are requested to choose
500ms period encoded 01 0100
new address
period is splitted in 4 chips, 10 0010
sniff open
coding by pulse position 11 0001
VFIR
data
HHH(1,13) using 3 chips for 2 bit discovery connect transmission disconnect

HDLC-like frame in link control layer (IrLAP+IrPhy standard!)

▪ 01111110 start/stop-fields, bit stuffing in data
address
conflict reset
resolution

STA STA ADDR DATA FCS STO

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IrDA Connection Setup III Networks
Resulting problems
▪ line of sight needed (since reflection is not used)
▪ some peers can not see others
approach in IrDA Introduction
▪ Master Slave Wireline Networks
Problem: Hidden Terminal Peripheral busses / multimedia
▪ with 4 participants: sub net negotiation In-house control busses
IrDA nearly always point-to-point connection PowerLine
Wireless Networks
IrDA
Bluetooth
Research areas
Context / sensor networks
Body-area networks
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Wireless Communication Wireless Communication

Infrared Radio Infrastructure-based vs. ad hoc network
☺cheap (transceiver for US$ 1) ☺experience from mobil (tele-)
☺no licenses required communication Infrastructure network
☺simple to hide ☺coverage of large areas (incl. AP: Access Points
AP
☺directed, point & shoot buildings) Infrared, e.g. : ParcTab
☺IrDA wide spread in computers wired Radio, e.g.: 802.11
☺not directed: Multicast AP AP
and Appliances
Ad hoc network
small frequency bands: today often direct communication with
needs free line of sight 2,4 GHz ISM band
easily shadowed limited range
difficult to hide no base stations
interferences with electrical devices Infrared, e.g.: IrDA (pt2pt)
Radio: Bluetooth

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Bluetooth Networks
Bluetooth Technology
Radio technology for ad hoc networking
short range (10m)
universal: voice and data
for portable, personal devices (primarily)
Introduction
low cost: price goal 5 US$ Wireline Networks
small size Bluetooth-Modul Peripheral busses / multimedia
Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG) In-house control busses
February 1998: Ericsson, IBM, Intel, Nokia, Toshiba PowerLine
now more than 1800 members (“Bluetooth adopter companies”) Wireless Networks
Developing Bluetooth specification as de facto standard IrDA
▪ first version July 1999 Bluetooth
▪ over 1500 pages HW & SW protocol specification
Research areas
▪ interoperability with other standards, esp. IEEE 802.15 (Personal
Area Networks) Context / sensor networks
separate lecture in second half of course Body-area networks
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Routing in Ubicomp Routing in Ubicomp II

Routing in ad-hoc networks Cost
general problem energy consumption, available / remaining energy in potential
▪ two stations cannot exchange data directly routers, interferences (or absence) on link / connection, stability
solution (wrt time)
▪ use an intermediate system as relay used routing methods
approach variants of approaches used within wired networks (also
▪ determine best route for messages Flooding!)
best with respect to certain metric Ad-hoc setup of routes, e.g., Dynamic Source Routing
▪ costs, most bandwidth, route with lowest load (currently), ....
Cluster-based algorithms, assumption group / cluster is relatively
Problems and characteristics in Ubicomp stable
problem: no base station permanent join/leave, large number of nodes,
also multi-path routing
instability, topology unknown / changing
characteristics: many, „small“ packets (<255 byte), local meaning / Solution approaches
semantics of packets using of domain specific knowledge
location, environment structure, application area, ...
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Networks Networks

Introduction Introduction
Wireline Networks Wireline Networks
Peripheral busses / multimedia Peripheral busses / multimedia
In-house control busses In-house control busses
PowerLine PowerLine
Wireless Networks Wireless Networks
IrDA IrDA
Bluetooth Bluetooth
Research areas Research areas
Context / sensor networks separate lecture Context / sensor networks
Body-area networks Body-area networks
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Intra-Body Communication Intra-Body Communication

Zimmerman‘s Personal Area Network Advantage
Tom Zimmerman, MIT MediaLab 1996 (now Watson/IBM) touch controlled connection
data transmission via human body energy efficient
▪ „shake hands for business card exchange“ linking real/virtual worlds
low currents, high voltage (~15V) Applications
wave flows on body Data gathering via touching
Contact between human and tool during mobile
work
Interaction history
▪ e.g., automatic and complete log of
experiments:
(automatic) reproducibility
Device personalization when grabbing source: Portalano-Projekt
University of Washington
▪ e.g., shared appliances within work groups
U.Washington: 56kbit
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 Networked Surfaces Networked Surfaces
Surfaces as transmission medium
Project at Cambridge University Handshaking
e.g., desktop area for networking of devices
▪ reduction of cables PC + peripheral devices

BUS
BUSSES
▪ synchronization of portable devices Tile
Object Object
Surface
▪ power supply

CONTROL
Manager Controller
Controller e.g.
Palm Pilot
Physical connection (keeps track

FUNCTION
Computer
of objects, Keyboard
Surface made of tiles allocates
resources, Tile
Mobile phone
etc
circular contact area as universal controls tiles)

TILE
Controller
interface at device
choice of geometry ensures needed
number of „pins“ To other
Data Traffic
networks

source: F. Hoffmann, J. Scott

http://www-lce.eng.cam.ac.uk/ LCE Group, U of Cambridge

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Networked Surfaces

Surface Pads

Power for Tile

Controllers
Tile Controller

Function
Busses
Object Pads
Tile Control
Bus

Object
PCI Interface Controller
to PC acting
as Surface
Manager

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