EN 1991-1-4: Eurocode 1: Actions on Structures: Part 1-4: Wind Actions

Professor Haig Gulvanessian CBE Civil Engineering and Eurocodes Consultant, Visiting Professor, Imperial College London

Professor Haig Gulvanessian

Scope of Presentation
Background to the drafting of EN1991 -1-4 u Overview of EN1991 -1-4
u

Professor Haig Gulvanessian

Background to Wind Actions

u u

Wind is highly turbulent and random in nature The fundamental equations of fluid motion are not solvable given the present state of knowledge and computing power All solutions for wind effects are only approximations

Professor Haig Gulvanessian

Background to EN1991-1-4

Wind speed is measured and modelled differently throughout Europe Different wind climates in Europe?

Professor Haig Gulvanessian

Major areas of disagreement National Choice

Impossible to get consensus on all parts of EN1991-1-4 There are 47 clauses or Notes where a recommended procedure is given but where National Choice is allowed, plus six informative annexes It is expected that Member States will adopt the recommended procedures in most cases, except where issues of safety or economy arise

Professor Haig Gulvanessian

EN1991-1-4: - Contents List

Section 1 General Section 2 Design situations Section 3 Modelling of wind actions Section 4 Wind velocity and velocity pressure Section 5 Wind actions Section 6 Structural factor cscd Section 7 Pressure and force coefficients Section 8 Wind actions on bridges Annex A (informative) Terrain effects Annex B (informative) Procedure 1 for structural factor cscd Annex C (informative) Procedure 2 for structural factor cscd Annex D (informative) Graphs of cscd for common building forms Annex E (informative) Vortex shedding & aeroelastic instabilities Annex F (informative) Dynamic characteristics of structures National Annex (Normative)

Professor Haig Gulvanessian

Section 1 - General
SCOPE Includes u Building and civil engineering works with heights up to 200m u Bridges with spans of less than 200m (subject to dynamic response criteria) Excludes u Guyed masts and lattice towers (EN 1993-7-1) u Lighting columns (EN40) u Cable supported bridges u Torsional and higher modes of vibration
Professor Haig Gulvanessian

Section 2 - Design Situations

u

Wind actions are determined for each design situation according to EN1990

Other actions (such as snow, traffic or ice) which will

modify the wind effects should be taken into account

Changes in the structure during execution which may

modify the wind effects should be taken into account

If windows or doors which in the design are assumed to

be shut should be open during storm conditions this should be treated as an accidental design situation

Fatigue should be considered for susceptible structures

Professor Haig Gulvanessian

Section 3 - Modelling of wind actions

u

Description of wind actions (internal pressures, external pressures, forces and friction forces, dynamic response) Classification of wind action as variable fixed actions Definition of characteristic values

Professor Haig Gulvanessian

Section 4: Wind velocity and velocity pressure

Terrain Categories
Terrain category 0 Sea or coastal area exposed to the open sea I. Lakes or flat and horizontal area with negligible vegetation and without obstacles II. Areas with low vegetation such as grass and isolated obstacles, separated by at least 20 obstacle heights III. Areas with regular cover of vegetation or buildings or with isolated obstacles separated by < 20 obstacle heights IV. Areas in which at least 15% of the surface is covered with buildings whose average height exceeds 15m zo (m) 0.003 0.01 0.05 0.3 1.0 z min (m) 1 1 2 5 10

z0 is the roughness length zmin is the minimum height defined above for the particular terrain
Professor Haig Gulvanessian

Terrain categories
( Annexe A)

Category II Area with low vegetation such as grass and isolated obstacles (trees, buildings) with separations of at least 20 obstacle heights Category III Area with regular cover of vegetation or buildings or with isolated obstacles with separations of maximum 20 obstacle heights (such as villages, suburban terrain, permanent forest) Category IV Area where at least 15 % of the surface is covered with buildings and their average height exceeds 15 m

Category 0 Sea or coastal area exposed to the open sea

Category I Lakes or flat and horizontal area with negligible vegetation and without obstacles

Professor Haig Gulvanessian

Terrain categories (Category 0)

EN 1991-1-4 representation

Actual state of the open sea on a windy day

Professor Haig Gulvanessian

Section 4: Wind velocity and velocity pressure

Basic wind velocity

vb = cdir cseason vb,0 cprob

where vb,0 = 10 minute mean velocity at 10m above ground (z0 = 0.05) (tc II) cdir = directional factor National choice cseason = seasonal factor cprob = probability factor

allowed

Mean wind velocity

vm(z) = cr(z) co(z) vb

where cr(z) = roughness factor = kr ln(z/zo) kr = terrain factor depending on zo c0(z) = orography (i.e. topography) factor
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Map of basic windspeed

Professor Haig Gulvanessian

Section 4: Wind velocity and velocity pressure

Peak velocity pressure qp (z) = [1 + 7Iv(z) ] vm2 (z)

for zmin z zmax

1 2 qp (z) = ce (z) vm (z) 2

where Iv = turbulence intensity = air density (1.25 kN/m3 in EN1991-1-4) ce(z) = exposure factor

Professor Haig Gulvanessian

Terrain categories and terrain parameters Terrain category 0 I II III IV zmax = 200 m
Professor Haig Gulvanessian

z0 (m) 0,003 0,01 0,05 0,3 1,0

zmin (m) 1 1 2 5 10

Terrain Category
IV
100

III

II

IV
90

III II I 0

80

70

z (m) Height above ground

60

50

40

30

20

10

1.25

1.5

1.75

2.25

2.5

2.75

3.25

3.5

3.75

4.25

4.5

Professor Haig Gulvanessian

ce(z) exposure coefficient (without orography effect)

Section 5: Wind actions

(using external pressure coefficients cpe)

Wind pressure

we = qp(ze) cpe Fw = cscd we Aref Fw = cscd cf qp(ze) Aref Fw = cscd cf qp(ze) Aref

Wind force

(using vectorial summation of external and internal pressures)

(directly, using force coefficients cf)

Wind force

(using vectorial summation over individual elements)

Wind force

qp(ze) is the peak velocity pressure at height ze

Professor Haig Gulvanessian

Section 6: Structural factor cscd

The value of cscd may be taken as 1.0 in the following cases u for buildings whose height is <15m u for cladding elements whose natural frequency is >5Hz u for framed buildings with structural walls whose height is <100m and not more than 4 times the in-wind depth u for circular cross-section chimneys whose height is <60m and not more than 6.5 times the diameter cs accounts for the non-simultaneous occurrence of peak pressure cd accounts for the vibrations of the structure due to turbulence
Professor Haig Gulvanessian

Section 6: Structural factor cscd

Detailed procedure, where cscd (size and dynamic factor) cannot be taken as 1.0 or where a more precise result is required: ze is the reference height kp is the peak factor lv is the turbulence
intensity B2 is the background factor allowing for lack of full correlation of the pressure on the structure surface R2 is the resonance factor allowing for turbulence in resonance with the vibration mode

1 + 7 I v ( ze ) B cs = 1 + 7 I v ( ze ) cd =

1 + 2 k p I v ( ze ) B 2 + R 2 1 + 7 I v ( ze ) B 2
Professor Haig Gulvanessian

Section 6: Structural factor cscd

Two different models given in Annexes B and C. B2 is the background factor; R2 is the resonance response factor.

B =
2

1 b+h 1 + 0 .9 L( z)
0 .63

ze = 0,6 h zmin

z e = h1 +

h z min 2

z e = h1 +

h z min 2

2 R2 = 2

S L ( z e , n1, x ) R h ( h ) Rb ( b )
Professor Haig Gulvanessian

Section 7: Pressure and force coefficients

List of pressure/force coefficients (no directional values)

Vertical walls Flat roofs Monopitch roofs Duopitch roofs Hipped roofs Multispan roofs Vaulted roofs and domes Canopy roofs Free-standing walls

Signboards Rectangular structural elements Polygonal structural elements Circular cylinders Spheres Lattice structures and scaffoldings Flags Multiskin facades and roofs Internal pressures

Professor Haig Gulvanessian

Wind Pressure and Pressure Coefficients

External wind pressure we

we = c pe q p(ze )
external pressure coefficient

Internal wind pressure wi

wi = c pi q p(zi )

internal pressure coefficient

cpe depends on the size of the considered element

Professor Haig Gulvanessian

Section 7: Pressure and force coefficients

Two sets of pressure coefficients: cpe,1 for small elements and fixings cpe,10 for large elements and overall forces
cpe cpe,1

cpe,10

0,1

10

A [m ]

This figure is based on the following: for A <= 1 m2 for 1 m2 < A < 10 m2 for A >= 10 m2

cpe = cpe,1 cpe = cpe,1 - (cpe,1 -cpe,10) log10 A cpe = cpe,10

Professor Haig Gulvanessian

Section 7: Pressure and force coefficients

Table 7.4a External pressure coefficients for duopitch roofs
Pitch Angle
cpe,10

Zone for wind direction = 0

F
cpe,1 -0,6 -1,1 -2,5 -2,3 -1,7 -2,0 -2,8 -2,5 -2,5 +0,0 -0,9 -2,0 +0,2 -0,5 -1,5 +0,7 -0,0 -0,5 +0,7 -0,0 +0,7 +0,7 +0,8 -0,8 +0,2 -1,5 -0,8 -1,3 -1,2 -1,2 +0,0 -1,5 cpe,10 -0,6 -1,5 -2,0 -2,0 -2,0 -0,9 -0,8 -0,6 +0,0 -0,3 +0,2 -0,2 +0,4 -0,0 +0,6 +0,7 +0,8 -0,4 +0,0 0,4 +0,0 -0,2 +0,0 -0,2 -0,2 -1,0 +0,0 -0,5 +0,0 -0,3 +0,0 -0,3 -0,3

G
cpe,1 cpe,10

H
cpe,1 -0,8 -0,8 -1,2 -1,2 cpe,10

I
cpe,1 -0,7 -0,6 -0,5 +0,2 cpe,10 -1,0 -0,8 -0,7

cpe,1
-1,5 -1,4 -1,2 +0,2 -0,6 +0,2

-45 -30 -15 -5

-0,6 -1,2 -0,6

-0,6 -1,5 +0,0

15

30

45
+0,7

60 75

+0,7 +0,8

External pressure coefficients

Professor Haig Gulvanessian

Section 7: Pressure and force coefficients

Internal pressure coefficients

area of openings where c is negative or - 0,0 = area of all openings

pe

Professor Haig Gulvanessian

Wind Forces and Force coefficients

External wind force

Fw,e = cs cd we Aref { surfaces

structural factor

Internal wind force

Fw,i =

surfaces

w A
i

ref

Overall wind force

Fw = cs cd c f q p(ze ) Aref
force coefficient

Force coefficient

c f = c f,0 r

Professor Haig Gulvanessian

ANNEX A (informative)
Description of terrain types u Fetch factors (upwind extent of each kind of ground roughness) u Orography u Effect of neighbouring structures u Displacement height (for buildings in terrain category IV, closely spaced buildings causes the wind to behave as if the ground level was raised to a displacement height)
u
Professor Haig Gulvanessian

ANNEXES B, C and D (informative)

Procedures for determining cscd factor u Annex B Procedure 1 u Annex C Procedure 2 u Annex D Charts of cscd for common building forms

Professor Haig Gulvanessian

ANNEX E (informative)
Vortex shedding (occurs when vortices are shed alternatively from opposite sides of the structure) Galloping (self induced vibration of a flexible structure in cross wind bending mode) Interference galloping for free standing cylinders (selfexcited oscillation which may occur if two or more cylinders are close together but not connected) Divergence and flutter (instabilities that occur for flexible plate-like structures e.g. signboards)

Professor Haig Gulvanessian

ANNEX F (informative)
u Dynamic

characteristics of structures u Natural frequency u Damping u Mode shapes

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Table F.2 Approximate values of logarithmic decrement of structural damping in the fundamental mode, s Structural type reinforced concrete buildings steel buildings mixed structures concrete + steel reinforced concrete towers and chimneys unlined welded steel stacks without external thermal insulation unlined welded steel stack with external thermal insulation h/b < 18 steel stack with one liner with external thermal insulation a 20h/b<24 h/b 26 h/b <18 steel stack with two or more liners with external thermal insulation a steel stack with internal brick liner steel stack with internal gunite coupled stacks without liner guyed steel stack without liner welded steel bridges + lattice steel towers composite bridges concrete bridges Timber bridges Bridges, aluminium alloys Bridges, glass or fibre reinforced plastic cables parallel cables spiral cables prestressed without cracks with cracks high resistance bolts ordinary bolts 20h/b<24 h/b 26 structural damping, s 0,10 0,05 0,08 0,03 0,012 0,020 0,020 0,040 0,014 0,020 0,040 0,025 0,070 0,030 0,015 0,04 0,02 0,03 0,05 0,04 0,04 0,10 0,06 - 0,12 0,02 0,04 - 0,08 0,006 0,020

Example of Table (damping ratios) given in Annex F

NOTE 1 The values for timber and plastic composites are indicative only; in cases where aerodynamic effects are found to be significant in the design, more refinded figures are needed through specialist advice (agreed if appropriate with the competent Authority. NOTE 2
a

For cable supported bridges the values given in Table F.2 need to be factored by 0,75

For intermediate values of h/b, linear interpolation may be used

Professor Haig Gulvanessian

Calibration of EN1991-1-4
EN1991-1-4 Buildings (static response) Buildings (dynamic response) Bridges Chimneys (Steel) Chimneys (concrete) Scaffolding Lattice structures (not towers) Structural elements Spheres, domes, barrel vaults UK Practice BS6399-2 ?, BS6399-2, ESDU BD49, BD37 BS4076, CICIND CICIND BS5975, BS5973 ?, (CP3-V-2) ?, (CP3-V-2) ?, ref books, papers

Professor Haig Gulvanessian

Roof cladding pressure comparisons

2000 BS6399 Urban terrain EN1991-1-4 Urban terrain BS6399 Rural terrain EN1991-1-4 Rural terrain 1800

1600

Maximum roof cladding pressure

1400

1200

1000

800

600

400

200

0 London Swansea Birmingham Glasgow Belfast Inverness

Location

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New procedures in the UK National Annex

u u u u u u u

New map, altitude, direction and seasonal factors Fetch factor Turbulence factor Peak velocity pressure cs and cd factors Bridges Pressure coefficients

Professor Haig Gulvanessian

New procedures in the UK National Annex

u New

map, altitude, direction and seasonal factors

l l l

0.90 Size reduction factor, cs 0.85 0.80 0.75 0.70 0.65 0.60

Effective height (m) Effective height (m)

Fetch factor Turbulence factor Peak velocity pressure Bridges Pressure coefficients

1.00 0.95

100 100 0.1 90 1.6 90 80 1.55 80 0.12 1.5 70 0.13 1.45 70 0.11 0.14 1.4 60 60 0.15 50 50 1.35 0.16 40 40 1.3 0.17 30 30 1.25 20 20
1.2 0.18 1.15 1.1 0.19

Cat 0/I Cat II Cat III Cat IV

qp = [1 + 7Iv(z) + (kp Iv(z))2 ] vm2(z)

l cs and cd factors l l

0.55 0.50 1

National Annex rules to be determined by determine Work ongoing toHighways Agency & pressure appropriate Network Rail
1

10 10 9 9 8 8 7 7 6 6 5 5 4
3

1.05

0.2

0.95

0.9 0.21

10

100

1000

b + h (m)

0.85

coefficients
2 0.1

0.22 0.8 0.23 0.75

1 1

10 10

0.7 100 100

Distance to sea (km) Distance to sea (km)

Professor Haig Gulvanessian

Concluding remarks
u u

The scope of EN1991-1-4 is much wider than BS6399-2. There are a number of significant differences between the EN and UK practice, especially in the calculation of the wind speed profile and the local external pressure coefficients Wherever possible the UK will use the recommended procedures in the Eurocode, although some alternative procedures will be included in the UK National Annex (where allowed) to maintain current levels of safety and economy The UK National Annex is published

Professor Haig Gulvanessian

EN1991-1-4: EUROCODE 1 WIND ACTIONS

THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION

Professor Haig Gulvanessian