Computer Architecture and Organization

SUBNETTING

SUBMITTED TO:
Engr. Abdul Baseer

SUBMITTED BY:
Muhammad Zafar Ullah Hafiz Muhammad Umair

ierarchy:
Mask

 Masking Subnet mask IP address

Subnets

Sub netting

Mask:
We perform math. Operation on a 32-bits IP add, at the bit level using another 32-bit number called mask

Masking:
A process that extracts the address of the physical network from IP address

Subnet Mask?
The subnet mask tells us which part of an IP address is the host portion vs. the network

portion An IP address without a subnet mask is meaningless

Example:
Suppose we required two networks and each network consists 62 hosts. So, how we solve this problem? Such that IP = 192.168.100.0

Sol:
IP 192.168.100.0 DSM 255.255.255.0 CSM 255.255.255.192 CSM 11111111. 11111111. 11111111. 11 000000

11 000000

Indicates, How much subnets ID, s (networks) are in 192.168.100.0 Indicates, How much hosts are in IP (192.168.100.0) SUBNET MASK 2^2 _ 2 = 2 HOST 2^6 _ 2 = 62

ADDRESS ALLOCATION:
Address allocation is the responsibility of a global authority called the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Addresses (ICANN). It usually assigns a large block of addresses to an ISP to be distributed to its Internet users.

IP Address?
An IP address consists of four so-called octets separated by dots. The octet is a binary number of eight digits, which equals the decimal numbers from 0 to 255. To make IP addresses easier to read and write, they are often expressed as four decimal numbers, each separated by a dot. This format is called "dotted-decimal notation".

Subnet?
A subnet is a segment of a network. Subnets are a subset of the entire network Networks can be divided into subnets Subnets can be divided into subnets Each subnet is treated as a separate network A subnet can be a WAN or LAN

What is Subnetting?

Sub netting is a technique that allows a network administrator to divide one physical network into smaller logical networks OR

In subnetting, a network is divided into smaller subnetworks with each subnet having its

own subnet address Dividing a network into several subnets can serve a number of purposes: to reduce network traffic by decreasing the number of broadcasts (if used in combination with a switch), to exceed the limitations in a local area network, for instance the maximum number of allowed hosts, or to enable employees to be able to dial in to the network from home, without opening the entire network up to unwanted visits from the Internet. Subnets are created by using a so-called subnet mask to divide a single Class A, B, or C network number into smaller pieces, thus allowing an organization to add subnets without having to obtain a new network number through an Internet service provider.

How does subnetting work?

An IP address consists of a network portion and a host portion. A subnet is created by borrowing bits from the part of the IP address which normally designates the host and using them to designate one or smaller, secondary networks (subnets) within the original network.

What is the advantage of sub-netting?

Subnets were originally invented to help solve the lack of IP addresses on the Internet. We subnet large vs. small networks A subnet breaks a network into smaller more manageable pieces Much like how the phone company breaks down the telephone numbers with area codes

Classes of IP addresses:
In order to provide the flexibility required to support differently sized networks, IP addresses come in three classes, A, B, and C. Every class fixes the boundary between the network portion and the host portion of the IP address at a different point. This makes them appropriate for different size networks.

Subnetting Configuration: Classes

Class A Class B Class C

Ranges
1 to 126 128 to 191 192 to 223

No Of Hosts
65,534 hosts 254 hosts

Masking

Default Subnet Mask 255.0.0.0 255.255.0.0 255.255.255.0

16,7,77,214 hosts DSM , CSM DSM , CSM DSM , CSM

How We Do Subnetting:
SUBNETTING OF CLASS A GIVEN IP DSM 10.0.0.0 255.0.0.0

For 2 Bit:
IP DSM CSM 10.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 255.128.0.0 SUBNET MASK 2^2 _ 2 = 2 HOST 2^22 _ 2 = 4194302 BASE NUMBER = 256_192 =64 1ST SID IST HOST 10.64.0.0 10.64.0.1 ............ ............ 10.127.255.254 10.127.255.255 10.128.0.0 10.128.0.1 ............ ............ 10.191.255.254 10.191.255.255

LAST HOST BID 2 SID 1ST HOST

LAST HOST BCID

For 3 Bit:
IP 10.0.0.0 DSM 255.0.0.0 CSM 255.224.0.0 SUBNET MASK 2^3 _ 2 = 6 HOST 2^21 _ 2 = 2097150 BASE NUMBER = 256_224 =32

1ST SID IST HOST

10.32.0.0 10.32.0.1 ............ ............ 10.63.255.254 10.63.255.255

LAST HOST BID 2 SID

1ST HOST

10.64.0.0 10.64.0.1 ............ ............ 10.95.255.254 10.95.255.255

LAST HOST BCID * * * 6th SID 1ST HOST

10.192.0.0 10.192.0.1 ............ ............ 10.223.255.254 10.223.255.255

LAST HOST BID

SUBNETTING OF CLASS B
GIVEN IP DSM 172.23.0.0 255.255.0.0

For 2 Bit:
IP 172.23.0.0 CSM 255.255.192.0 SUBNET MASK 2^2 _ 2 = 4 HOST 2^14 _ 2 = 16382 BASE NUMBER = 256_192 =64 1ST SID IST HOST 172.23.64.0 172.23.64.1 ............ ............ 172.23.127.254 172.23.127.255

LAST HOST BID

2ND SID 172.23.128.0 172.23.128.1 ............ ............ 172.23.191.254 172.23.191.255

For 3 Bit:
IP 172.23.0.0 CSM 255.255.224.0 SUBNET MASK 2^3 _ 2 = 6 HOST 2^13 _ 2 = 8190 BASE NUMBER = 256_224 =32 1ST SID IST HOST

172.23.32.0 172.23.32.1 ............ ............ 172.23.63.254 172.23.63.255 172.23.64.0 172.23.64.1 ............ ............ 172.23.95.254 172.23.95.255

LAST HOST BID 2 SID

. . . 6th SID 172.23.192.0 172.23.192.1 ............ ............ 172.23.223.254 172.23.223.255

SUBNETTING OF CLASS C

SUBNETTING OF CLASS C GIVEN IP 192.168.100.0 DSM 255.255.255.0

For 1 Bit:
IP 192.168.100.0 CSM 255.255.255.128 Subnet Mask 2^1 _ 2 = 0

Here subnet Mask is zero so subnetting doesnt exit.

For 2 Bit:
IP 192.168.100.0 DSM 255.255.255.0 CSM 255.255.255.192 SUBNET MASK 2^2 _ 2 = 2 HOST 2^6 _ 2 = 62 BASE NUMBER = 256_192 =64 1ST SID 1ST HOST LAST HOST BID

192.168.100.64 192.168.100.65 ............ ............ 192.168.100.126 192.168.100.127

2 SID 192.168.100.128 192.168.100.129 ............ ............ 192.168.100.190 192.168.100.191

Prepared by: Muhammad Zafar Ullah Hafiz Muhammad Umair

Reference: By getting excellent experience and clarity of concepts in CCNA (computer communication networking) course, we made this report itself not use any link of website except images. We study in CCNA (4th semester) in Karachi and we have brilliant skills on Subnets process. Teacher: Engr.Adnan siddique (Hamdard University Karachi)