Name: Jihan Berro Course: Biomedical Optics Instructor: Dr.

Jamal Charara Assignment number:1 Date:12-10-2011

Stokes' Theorem Derivation: For a differential (k-1)-form with compact support on an oriented -dimensional manifold with boundary , (1) where is the exterior derivative of the differential form . When is a compact manifold without boundary, then the formula holds with the right hand side zero. Stokes' theorem connects to the "standard" gradient, curl, and divergence theorems by the following relations. If is a function on , (2) where (the dual space) is the duality isomorphism between a vector space and its dual, given by the Euclidean inner product on . If is a vector field on a , (3) where is the Hodge star operator. If is a vector field on , (4) With these three identities in mind, the above Stokes' theorem in the three instances is transformed into the gradient, curl, and divergence theorems respectively as follows. If is a function on and is a curve in , then (5) which is the gradient theorem. If manifold with boundary in , then is a vector field and an embedded compact 3-

(6) which is the divergence theorem. If is a vector field and 2-manifold with boundary in , then is an oriented, embedded, compact

(7) which is the curl theorem.

de Rham cohomology is defined using differential k-forms. When is a submanifold (without boundary), it represents a homology class. Two closed forms represent the same cohomology class if they differ by an exact form, . Hence, (8) Therefore, the evaluation of a cohomology class on a homology class is well-defined. Physicists generally refer to the curl theorem (9) as Stokes' theorem. Divergence Theorem Derivation: The divergence theorem, more commonly known especially in older literature as Gauss's theorem (e.g., Arfken 1985) and also known as the Gauss-Ostrogradsky theorem, is a theorem in vector calculus that can be stated as follows. Let be a region in space with boundary . Then the volume integral of the divergence of over and the surface integral of over the boundary of are related by (1) The divergence theorem is a mathematical statement of the physical fact that, in the absence of the creation or destruction of matter, the density within a region of space can change only by having it flow into or away from the region through its boundary. A special case of the divergence theorem follows by specializing to the plane. Letting be a region in the plane with boundary , equation (1) then collapses to (2) If the vector field satisfies certain constraints, simplified forms can be used. For example, if where is a constant vector , then (3) But (4)

so (5) (6) and (7) But , and must vary with so that cannot always equal zero. Therefore, (8) Similarly, if , where is a constant vector , then