Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
In this chapter Production of a Magnetic Field Magnetic Circuits Magnetic Behaviour of Ferromagnetic Materials Energy Losses in a Ferromagnetic Core
i
Ni
N
Cross-sectional area
Faradays Law
Whenever a conductor is moved through a magnetic field, or whenever the magnetic field near a conductor is changed, currents flow in the conductor. This effect is called electromagnetic induction. Faraday's law gives the magnitude and direction of the emf produced in a conducting loop whenever the loop is moved, or whenever the magnetic field near the loop is changed:
e
where l=Nf
f B dA BA
dl dt
and
B is the flux density and A is the area f is the magnetic flux in webers (Wb) l is the flux linkage in weber-turns N is the number of turns
Magnetic Circuits Transformers: the magnetic circuits may be formed by ferromagnetic materials only.
Rotating Machines: the magnetic circuits may be formed by ferromagnetic materials in conjunction with an air medium.
Magnetic Circuits
The magnetomotive force (mmf) of an N-turn current carrying coil is given by
=Ni
The reluctance of a path for magnetic flux, such as the bar or iron shown in the following figure, is given by:
lc mA
where, lc = mean length of the path m = permeability of the material A = cross-sectional area
l f
Reluctance is analogous to resistance in an electrical circuit. When the bar is not straight, the length of the path is taken to be the length of the centerline. l is therefore considered as the mean length of the path. Magnetic flux, f, in a magnetic circuit is equivalent of current in an electrical circuit. Magnetic flux, reluctance and mmf are related by:
f
which is equivalent to Ohms Law (V=iR). The current carrying coil is the magnetic circuit equivalent to a voltage source in an electrical circuit. Therefore, mmf can be considered to be analogous to a source voltage.
Example 1
Using the magnetic circuit concepts, analyze the toroid coil shown in Fig. 1. The magnetic circuit is analogous to the electrical circuit shown in Fig. 2, with a resistance connected across a voltage source.
H
Core centreline
f
R
N turn coil i
Fig. 1
Fig. 1. Coil on a toroid iron core Fig. 2. The magnetic circuit for the toroid coil
Fig. 2
Solution to Example 1
The mean length of the magnetic path is: l=2pR The cross-section of the core is circular with a radius, r. Thus, the area of the cross section is: A=pr2. The expression for the reluctance (from Eq. 1-2):
l 2pR 2 R mA mpr 2 mr 2
H Core centreline
R N turn coil i
Example 2
Consider the magnetic core with an air gap as shown in Fig. 3. The core material has a relative permeability of 6000 and a rectangular cross-section of 2cm by 3cm. The coil has 500 turns. Determine the current required to establish a flux density of Bgap=0.25T in the air gap.
8 cm
Core thickness=3 cm
2 cm i N=500
f +
Rgap Rcore
8 cm
0.5 cm
Solution to Example 2
The mean length of the iron core and the cross-sectional area: lc=4*6-0.5=23.5cm, Ac=(2*10-2)*(3*10-2)=6*10-4 m2 The permeability of the core is: mcore=mrm0=6000*4p*10-7=7.54*10-3
Example 3
Consider the magnetic core with an air gap as shown in Fig. 5. The core material has a relative permeability of 6000 and a rectangular cross-section of 2cm by 3cm. The coil has 500 turns. Determine the current required to establish a flux density of Bgap=0.25T in the air gap considering fringing at the air gap.
8 cm Core thickness=3 cm 2 cm i N=500 f +
Rgap Rcore
8 cm
0.5 cm
Solution to Example 3
The mean length of the iron core and the cross-sectional area: lc=4*6-0.5=23.5cm, Ac=(2*10-2)*(3*10-2)=6*10-4 m2 The permeability of the core is: mcore=mrm0=6000*4p*10-7=7.54*10-3
Example 4:
The following figure shows a electromagnet with two parallel air gaps. Neglecting leakage, iron reluctance, and fringing at the air gaps, calculate the flux and flux density in each leg of the magnetic circuit. All dimensions are in inch.
I=0.251 A
1
6
The calculated flux by the magnetic circuit method is within 5% of the actual value. These inaccuracies are due to:
It is assumed that the flux is contained in the core. A small amount of the flux escapes the core into the surrounding low permeability air - this is referred to as leakage flux.
The calculations we have used for reluctance rely on a measurement of the mean path. We have assumed that the mean path lies in the center of the core. This assumption is not necessarily true, and in particular is a poor assumption at the corner; Where there are air gaps in the core fringing takes place. We have assumed that the effective area caused by fringing increases is related to the length of the gap, this is obviously an approximation; In ferromagnetic materials, the permeability varies according to the amount of flux already in the core. This non-linear effect (saturation) adds inaccuracies to the results as the reluctance calculations depend upon the permeability.
i
Ni
N
f=BA
B-H Characteristic (contd) Start with 0 DC current and slowly raise current to a possible maximum value. When flux produced in the core is plotted versus the mmf producing it, the resulting plot looks the one shown in Fig. 8.
f (Wb)
(AT)
Unsaturated region Saturated region
B-H Characteristic (contd) A B-H Characteristic is a representation (plot) of the magnetic flux density as a function of the applied magnetic field. A magnetization curve is typically nonlinear. Fig. 9 shows a plot of B versus H. H = /l = Ni/l F = BA or B = f/A H is directly proportional to f is directly proportional to B Therefore B-H characteristic has the same shape as the relationship between f - .
B (Tesla)
H (AT/m)
Hysteresis Loss
Apply a magnetic field intensity, H, to a sample iron. Magnetic fields of the atoms in small domains are aligned with the applied field. If the applied field is reduced to zero, the domains return to their original orientations. If H is increased in the reverse direction, the domains align in the reverse orientations.
H
+
e i
Questions
1. Explain the terms magnetomotive force, reluctance and flux and hence derive the expression that relates these quantities. 2. What is a ferromagnetic material? Why is the permeability of ferromagnetic materials so high? 3. What are the relationships between the followings: - flux density and magnetic field strength - flux and flux density - mmf and flux 4. What are hysteresis and eddy current losses? What can be done to minimize them? 5. An air gap has a length of 0.1cm. What length of iron has the same reluctance as the air gap? The relative permeability of the iron is 5000. The cross sectional areas of the air gap and the core are the same. [0.5m]