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K xoncrpynpopaiiio Koaonn GesGanounNx nepeKpwruit Mpexbasamotcs Te Ke TPeOOBaHHA, 4TO HK KOAOHHAM OHH HEX GanowHUX MepeKpETHH. 2BBeuzy mensuet xectkocru 6e3Gano4uniix mepeKpyiTHit no cpasieniio c GalouHHMH BCe KOOHHE Kak KpalluHe, Tak 1 cpeaiue, Bue saBicHMocTH OT Toro, paa6uTO aH epeKpHITHE Ha PaBHWe HTK HepaBHBIe MpomeTH, ROAM OBITS paccuuTaHEE Ha HOpMaJIbHYI0 CHY H Ha MOM€HT KaK CTOHKH paMHiX KOH- erpyxiui. B nocneauee Bpema nozwumaetca Bonpoc o mpumenennu MeTAMHNECKHX KOMOHH; MPH STOM MpeamaraeTea oTKasaTSCA or xamuteaeit (puc. 3).. Metananueckne Konownt sanuMaoT SHaquTeMbHO MeHIe MecTa, YeM 2xeMeso6eTOHHUe, MOsTOMy Up HX NPHMeHEHHH MOKHO YBeTHMHTS NOMesHy!O MOULAAd nomenennii. Tocaeauee ocoSenno Baxkuo mpu. HamHuMN TOA BecuBIxX NYTeit, TAK KaK MEXAY KOOHHAMH BAO» NOABECHBX nyTeii oOpasyerca HeHcnodbsyeMoe Tak HastIBAeMOe ,meprAoe mpocrpaucrBo*. 2. KANMTEAH Kak ykasaxo nume, onopama Aaa Gea6anounnx mnt cay- wat PaCuMMPeBHHe MaCTH KONOHH, NasKiBaeMbe KaNHTesmMH. Kanuteau uMeioT caeayiomee wasnayeHne. Onu cosgaior Goutee KEcTKOe CoMpaKeHUe KOTOHH C MaK~ roi u tem Camm nOBHMaIOT -KECTKOCTa BCero MepeKpsTAs 1 YMeMDMIAIOT PACHeTHLIe BEAHYHHB NPOMeTOR MATH, a caeAO- Tun? Tun tint D cular I) pacragraitey gy Doneggry ZB " : [ e oy [57 aa iat =a38t ed _ Puc. 4. Tams xammrenei tun 1, € naxvaniresnod mamoR:_ 6— rwa_ IT, © masowous #0 If ‘G03 maxeanreanaoR avis BATeAbHO, H BEAUNHH MaTHGAIOMUX MoMenToB. Kpome Toro, own oGecneyuBaIoT HeMeCoOSpasHoe pacnpexenenue MoMeHTOB. TO UMpHne naUTM H AOCTaTONHO GombUIyIO TaOMians onupanHA Mant Ha Kosounel, Cosnanmem Coabmed naomaan conpotaaae- HH MATH Ha MposaBaMBanHe OGecHedMBaeTcA ee NPOYHOCTD. Kpaiinue KoJOHHM MpH OtcyTeTBHH ObBa30qHBIX Caq0K AOWAUB HMETh MPHCTeHHBe MOAyKAMHTeAH; NPM HANUMAN rE oGnas0THEXx GanoK KpaitHe KONOHHB MOryT ONTR C npucTeH- BBIMH MloayKanHTensMH HIM Ge3 HEX. OGw4no KanuteaH OuBaIoT Tpex THNOB (pic. 4): [—c Han- Kamuveabuoit mauroit (puc. 4,a); H—c wsnomom (pue. 4,0). Jes waaKanurexsHo mantel (apaMax Kanes) (uc. 4,8). “ Tlepswe aa Tuna KanuTeneHt ynorpeGamores mpu cpeanux XH TwHKEMX HarpysKax, a tun [/—sHavuTeAbHO pexe — ToAKO- Mpa cpapnnTembio NeOomDMINX HarpysKax. 3 nepsux AByx ‘THHOB KanHTexeit NpeANOWTeHMe LOMHO GbTb OTAHO KaNHTeAK ¢ H3HOMOM Kak 110 COOGpaxenHsM craTHUeCKOH paGoTH mepe- XPHITHA, Tak H NO apxuTeKTypHbIM ycnonnaM. Baarosapa CBOHM MpewMyiectBam KanHTens ¢ H3I0MOM H MOsyYHTa B CCCP uanGoabmee pacnpocrpanenne. B 30-x roaax LIHMIIC npousnesenw ucnnraana es6anou- nox nepexputait c xanureasa tana Jw 1; pasyabtare HemI- TaHMi NOKa3a1H, YTO GesOanoyHLIe MepeKpHTHA Cc KaNHTeTbIO una /] npu Bcex npownx paBHLIX ycaoBAX nPOUHEe GesGaToNNAX iat ¢ Kanuveaimu tuna J mpuepHo wa 10°/,. Storo xocra- TOUHO, YTOGM PeKOMCHAOBATS K MpHMenenmo xanutens IJ H orkasdtbca oT mpaMenenna. Kanutean Tuna J. Hanayumee ornomenue pasmepos secorsi fy H hy KanuTe- aeli C H310MOM (cM. puc. 4,6) caeayeT CHHTaTE, MpUMepHoO, hy 2 bh 8 Tipu onpexenenu pasmepon xKanureaH Heo6xoauMo pa auuaTh PakTH4eckHe H pacueTHMe pasMepHi. Ba pacuetuylo mupuay kanurean C mpunumaror (puc. 4) 13 mepenubit Ha YpoBHe HHXHeH NOBEPXHOCTH MNT AKaMeTp ocHOBaHHA KOHYCa, HMeIOMIeTO UpsIMOM yrox NpH BepmHHe 1 KacaloMleroca HoHYTpH OvepTaHHA KanMTeAH. Pasmepui Kanureaeit LomKHE OHTH OGOCHORAHIN M KaxaBit pas mpowepenn PacueTOM MAHTHN Ha rxaBEBIe pacTArHBaioMHE Hanpsaxkemua mo NepuMeTpy B MecTax MepeaoMa KanuTesell. Tp cpeawnx peauniax narpy30x wauGoaee wWeaecoobpas- HMA H SKOHOMHUXLIMH ABASOTCA pasMepH KanuTeTeH, paBuble 0,35 npoxera npx. pacuetaot mupuue xanwremn C, papxolt mpumepio 0,224. Pacueruan mupuna Kanureaa C nowxHa Guth BO BCeX cay- uanx we Meubue 0,2/, a BepXHUe HapyxXHBIe pasMeppI KanMTe IM npw xanureasx tunos J 1 /[—ue menee 0,35 Beau cooT- Berersyiomero npoaera J 4 npu KanMTeax Tana //—we menee Ot. Apmuposanue xanureau B orpomuom GombumuuctBe cayuaes no pacuery ue TpeOyeTca, TAK KaK CeHeHHE €€ HACTOAbKO Be- JUKO, 4TO paCTATHBaoULHe "yCHIMA Y HApyRHNX Tpavei KamH- Teau’ We BOSHUKAWT, a CAHMaIOUIWe YCHTHA Bera MeHbULe nonyckaembix. [ostomy apmuponanue KanHTenell npoussoautcH TOABKO NO KOUCTPYKTHBULM CoobpaxeHuAM Jaa OGecHeTeHHA ayuuei cBasH ee ¢ KoAOHHOM HM nAMTOH. Tipamie kanureau (6e3 1370M0B) apMupytorca, oGH4HO Mpa MuMH crepaHaMn zuamerpom 8—10 44, OCraBAeHHBIME HO. yT- Is.aM H M0 C€pe€AHHE CTOPOH H CTAHYTHIMH NO BHICOTe J-—4 XO~ MyTaMM aHaMeTpom 6 46 (puC. 5,2). Kanwtenm c u310MOM apMHpyrorcs Tak 2Ke, Kak psMue KamH- rena (pic. 5,6), NOAYKANNTeAH MpHCTeHHBIX KOTOHK apMu- pyloresd Tak 2Ke, KAK H cpemine KanHTe nu. B kanuteaax ¢ WaAKANHTeabHOH MaHTOH KanHTeT apMH- pyeTcs, Kak MpaMast Kanuredb, a B HalKanuTembHOi NAHTe, B KOTOPOH BoSIHKaIOT 6) ‘6-0Mw ae TORbKO CKUMAIOMMe YCHIHA, a pacueTnod @ 3-10un - sepa O-Bcu Puc. 8. Apauponaune 4 —npaoR kanwreang 6— xamrrean ¢ uaaoMon; # — uanKanwreabto® oar apMatyput He TpeSyetcn, Ona apmupyerca ToabKo MO KoHCTpyK- THBHBIM COOGPaxKeHUAM CeTKOH H3 CTepaxnei aHaMeTpoM 8— 10 “a vepes 10-15 cu c KOHMaMH, OTOrHYTHMH BREpX MOA mpsMiM-yrsiom (pc. 5,4). Tipu “nani Metaauieckix KonoHH npeamarawor oTKa- gaTbed OT KANKTeTeH, pH STOM B MCCTAX MpHMEKaHHA TANTEI K KOAOHHAM PEKOMeHAYeTCH YKAALBBATH MeTamaAMHECKHe Ga- ku (cM. puc. 3), KoTOpHe 3amenaioT Kanuteny, yreaMunpan ONOpHYtO MAOMaA» KOAOHH, Gxaroaapa YeMy CKasnaroMHe yciua He mmpepsimaioT gonyckaemsx. Orcytcrsne Kanuteseti cosnaet Oombue mpeuMymectna IX pacnonoxenun Tpy6o- MPOBOLOB HK ApyrHX KOMMYMHKaNHONNEX aMAHH. Bwecre c TeM OTcyTcTBHe Kanwreneit SHaYHTeMbHO CHWKAeT XeCTKOCTS KOH- CTpyKiuH MepexpsiTaa, B cBasH c uM yoemHMUBaloTeA usrHOa- joule MoMenTEI. C TouKH spenna coxpanenna xecTKOCTH KoNCTpyKUNH Bomee PAaUHOuATbHLM MpercTanaseTcA Apyrof npemaraemHlii BapHaHT Ges6anounWX NepeKpHtMit C MeTaATHYeCKHMH KOJOHHaMH, HO © coxpanenuem xanutexei (pnc. 6), paspadoranunl Hikeneparn Ti. C. Cyxanopsm 1 H. ©. Cxnopionsin. 16 Bonpoc o npumenenun Metannuueckux KonoHH san Gea6a- OWHBIX MepeKPHTHH HAXOAHTCH eme B CTALHH UcKAHHil, HYA- qaetcn B pale HeMMTaHMi HW Gonee jeTanbnolt TeopeTH4e- I Koi paspaGorKe. 3. MTbI BuGop ToaumAb naAnTH Tlanta Ges6anounoro mepe- KPLITHH HMeeT OHHA@KOBYIO ToammMHy Ha BCeEM ee MpoTHKe- nui; TOmMnHa ManTH HasHa- waeten To pacueTaM, ocHopan- HMM Ha CTaTHKO-9kOHOMHNE- CKHX CoOGpaxeHUax HM TO nonyckaeMniM mporn6an. Tpwnsro mpu xKanurensx © H3I0MOM H IIpH KamHTeTax € nagkanaTersHeMn TonTaMi TOMMY MATH ToASUpaTs 10 HaHGombUeMy MOTOXKUTETHO- My MOMeHTY, a Mp KanuTesaX 6es nagKanHTenbHo# nants — 10 wav6oabmremy oTpularemb- HoMy MomeHTY. Tip wasnavenun ToamuAM Maat CnexyeT Y4HTHBATH 9KO- HOMMHOCTH MpHHUMaeMoro pe- MeHHA H HagHqyaTh OnTHMaTE- ublit Aaa aaHHoro cay4as mpo- nent apmuponanis. Coraacio zefictayiomum Hopmat 4 Texuyeckum ycnopnam NpoeKuposanna xe sesoGeTOHHBX KONCTPYKUMi TOAMNHa TAUTE Ges6arownoro NepeKpHTAA NIPHHMMAeTCH NPM HamHMUM HaKA- MHTCAbHOM WAMTEI HH MPH KaNHTesIH C H3OMOM HE MEHEE 3/55 GOnbuero Mporeta npH OGbIHHOM GeToHe, He MeHee ¥/59 Mp TerKOM ‘GeTOHe; Mp KATHTeAAX Ges HalKaNHTeTbHOH TAH Th TOMMMHA HIUTH LOMKHA Guth HE MEHEE 1/y GO.buIerO Mponeta mpu oOw4HoM GetoHe H Y/oy—npH aerKOM GeToHe, Ecan no kaxiM-a60 coo6paxkenuam Toma Nauti mpnnsra MeHbUIe, ¥eM yKasaHo B Hopmax u TexHHuecKHXx yciOBHAX, TO caesyeT mposepurs BeamunHy mpornGa nauré. Tak, Ha ocHoBe OMbITa NpoekTHpoBaKua Gessano4ynEIx NepeKpeITHA BTocysapcr- BeHHOM MpoekrHoM micratyTe Funpomsicomosnpom TpHHsTO CuHe TaTb, YTO pacueTax ReAMYHHA MporHOa He LOMKHA NpeBLMATe oT chaomHo# (onHOH) paBHoMepHo pacapeAeAcHHOH Harpy3KH: Puc. 6. 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Tpadax sta onpexeneuna: @—suuvem #; 6—snaveant £ m +- ae Fg—Monyae ynpyrocra Gerona; 1,— pacueruuii uposer; f= 1—d; 1—pacctoamue mexay ocamu onops d—iunpwwa ocnonania wrxneh nupaMmi Kanurenu; Jy; w y—pacuetawe npoaerm B uanpapaenun ocei x uy fy =h— 43 la = by — dy 1 @opmyam npexoxems npod. B. H. Mypamesum mpavenens 9 pas- paGariiaacwoli Tocyaapersenmnt mpoekmmim —uscraryrom THnpomacomoanpoM (wos. H. 51, Marapux) Huerpysumi mo mpoextuposanmo GesGaovssx nepe- pati 18 a 19tae l,'4 l,—pacctoanma Mexay OcaMH onop B HampaBleHHi oce x uy d, 4 dj—tupuna ocnonanan waKHeH nupaMualt B HanpaB- aenun ocelt x HY; 4) yo y 0 ag} as} a7| at a5 a4 agl a2} a] Lome 7] Mondnenue ww |e = leopeniieciony save wionpy Ba =1 sso E00 BOT TOOT BOE Tada 30 0 Puc. 7. Tpagu 21a onperexenns: 4 —suaveuni $; ¢—ananeni yy F,—cymapnaa maomaxe apmatyps 8 Hanpapaenun npomera ly; > F,—1o xe, B Hanpapxenun nposera Jy. fg—nosesnaa Bucota MANTH; ho—monesnaa BHcoTa OOulero ceyeHHa NANT H HanKa- . THTETbHOM NINTH WIM BepxHeH mupamusH. Snayenue'n momeT Gut» B3ATO HB rpaduKa puc, 7,a; aHa- uenHe E—H9 rpadbuKa puc. 7,6 B sapHcuMOCTH or nosmy¥enuoTO suayeHua a; sHauenue $—H3 rpacHxa |puc. 7,¢ BCsapucumoct a, ad k Ecau rpe6yercs npoweputh Ges6anoutoe nepexputHe Ha"pac- XpHITHe TPeIIHH, TO BeTMHHA PacKpHTHA TPeMUM MoxeT GuTE OU peserena no hopmy.e, npeaoxennott npod. B. H. Mypamenu Q) oTraHa, 3aech d)—auamerp crepxwed apmarypu; dg —MOKET OWT BIATO HI Tpauka puc. 7, 2B saRUcU- MOCTH OT BERUWHUN aH OT HaNpsKeHUA B apmatype may 1 & nepe- B OnopHoM ceveMUH ots (me ou Apmnpopanue GesGazounsix nant Jaa waraaquoro yscnenus padors 6e96axouKoro KpuTHA paccMoTpUM cieAYIOMLHH TpHMep. Tipeactasum ce6e, so B uMeloMeMca GanoqHoM nepeKpE- ta (pic. 8,2) BBCOTa Ganox yMeubUaeTca, a uupHua ux 9 3 4 | Puc, 8 )KenesoSeroumme nepexpirrHs — Sasormoe; 6 — Gaxowioe pu ybeanenton mxpine Oaz0K; ¢— Gea6ezo%noe ‘© Tpaduxn a pyc. 7 osaru x3 xuure mpod. B. M. Mypamesa i] | Puc. 9, Cnetema _apmuposauna nepexpert SEE —anvaayenas 0 senupexmnan +— » —~+ Ochosnwe cuctemi apmuponanua cxeayioume: 1) ayxnyT was, 2) versipexnytaaa 3) Kosbuebas. vs JisyxnytHaa cuctemMa apMHpoBaHua cOcTOHT B TOM, TO crepxin apMatyp pacnoaaraiotca To RyM BaMMHO mepneH- AMKYAAPHKM ,HANpABIENHAM TapadTeNbHO AMWHAM KOTONH (puc. 9,a). B vetupexnyrHoi cucreme apmuposanma, Kpome ZByx BIAHMHO TepHeHAUKYANPABX HaNpaBreHHH Mapanaenbuo «HAA SIM KOONH, CrepxKUM apMaTypH PacHosaraioTen TaIcKe MO AHa- ronasam, TaxuM 0Gpas0M, 3iech HMeIOTCH veTLIpe. HaNpaBaeHHa cTepxHeH apMaTYPHI: MPoAOAbHOe, HoMepewoe mH YBa BWHaTO- aanbunx (pic. 9,0). Koabnesan cictema apMupopanua coctonT v3 oTxerbHEIX KOHWCHTPHYeCKHX KOJCU, YKALMBAeMBIX B PaSHBIX 30HaX TAUTH, NPHIEM KaAKAAA ManeM pasteaneTca Ha WeHTpaabHy!O ‘A, Mexayonopuyio Bm onopuyio C 30mm (pic 9,6). Uernipexnyrian cucrema apmuposania coctont #3 4 noqoc, MOUOKEHHNX Oa Ha Apyrylo, WTO BeLeT K CombUIOH moTepe B nlonesHott Bucore nant (Min BepxHel noocE fy = h—1,5— —3,5D) u, caenowatembHo, K HenoaMoMy HcnOmB30RaNMO ‘Me Tanna; KombIeRAA CHCTeMa APMaTYDH OFeHb CTOKHA B HaTO- topnenmu, [ostomy yxasamime pe cHCTeMM apMAponania B Mocneauee BpeMA OuTH He ynorpeOamoTcA H nauGomMee pacipoctpaneaue nosyausa AByXMyTHAG cueTeMa apMHpoRaHH. B Conetckom Coiose mpienserea TombKo mByxmyTias cH crema apmupopanus, sapaniomaicn wanGoaee mpoctoii, puoaue OTBeYaOMeH MaNpaXEHHOMY COCTOsHHIO KOHCTpYKKKH Ges6a- atownoro nepexpsitus. Hinxe npHaoaitca noApooHoe pacemor- PeHHe ABYXNYTHOM CHCTeM apMUPOBAHHA H AeTATbHOe OnHCAHHe PasHLIX cllocoGoB apMHpoRaHHa MPH sTOM cucTeMe. Hayxnymnan cucmexa apauposanus 1. Ocnoom dayxnymuot cucmens apauposadus. JayxnytHad cucTeMa apMHpoBaniis, Kak yKasaHO BLIe, CocToHT 43 apMa- ‘ype, pactosoxenHoi To AByM BIaMMHO TMepneHAHKyTApHEM HANpaBAcHNAM NapanAeABVO THUNSM KOLONH. Ceuenne apmatypht Kax2oro M3 STHX HanpaBacHHit nonGu- paeTca NO COOTBETCTBYIOMUM pacueTHEIM MoMeHTaM, JeiicTBy- JOUHM B STHX HanpaBAeNAAX HM ONPexeTeHHKIM MO KaKOMY-HH- Synb H3 cyMecTBYIONHX MeTOAOB pacueTa Gesdaxo¥NWX mepe- Kpurnt P'Eenn OM MOMMTaAHcs pacnonOmUT» apMatypy TONHO B coor BETCTRHH C SMOPOH HarHGaIOMIX MOMeHTOB, TO MpHITOch OM au6o BCe CTepAHH TPHHHMATh pasHX AHAMeTPOB, aHGO ykaa- AbIBaTh HX APYE OT Lpyra Ha PasHBIX PaccTOAHHAX. Kak To, Tak H Apyroe pemledue Guito GM BeChMa CHOMHEIM B MpOHSHOACTBE H MOSsTOMY ABTAeTCA HeNpHeMseMLM. 23