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Ro-trucker Project
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ABS (Antilock Braking System) Computer, sensors and solenoid valves which together monitor wheel speed and modulate braking force if wheel lockup is sensed during braking. Helps the driver retain control of the vehicle during heavy braking on slippery roads. AFV (Alternative Fueled Vehicle) Vehicle powered by a fuel other than gasoline or diesel. Air Ride Suspension Suspension which supports the load on air-filled rubber bags rather than steel springs. Compressed air is supplied by the same engine-driven air compressor and reservoir tanks which provide air to the air brake system. ATC (Automatic Traction Control) Usually an optional feature based on ABS, it prevents spinning of the drive wheels under power on slippery surfaces by braking individual wheels and/or reducing engine throttle. Also called ASR, an acronym sometimes loosely translated from the German as anti-spin regulation. ATV (All Terrain Vehicle) Vehicle designed for any type of terrain. AVI (Automatic Vehicle Identification) System combining an on-board transponder with roadside receivers to automate identification of vehicles. Uses include electronic toll collection and stolen vehicle detection. (see IVHS) AVL (Automated Vehicle Location) Class of technologies designed to locate vehicles for fleet management purposes and for stolen vehicle recovery. Infrastructure can be land-based radio towers or satellites. (see IVHS) Axle Structural component to which wheels, brakes and suspension are attached. Drive axles are those with powered wheels. o o o o Front axle is usually called the steer axle. Pusher axles are unpowered and go ahead of drive axles. Rear axles may be drive, tag or pusher types. Tag axles are unpowered and go behind drive axles.

A-PILLAR OR A-POST: In the side view of the car, the foremost roof support of a vehicle, located in most instances between the outer edge of the windshield and the leading edge of the front door upper. ACCUMULATOR: The low side of an air-conditioning system. It removes moisture from (and stores) liquid refrigerant. ACTUAL CASH VALUE: The amount of money invested in the purchase and repairs of a used vehicle. Also known as ACV, this represents the amount of out of pocket expense a dealer or broker is "into" a car. AFTERMARKET (REPLACEMENT MARKET): all products and services used in the repair and maintenance of vehicles. AFTERMARKET PART: Goods not for use as original equipment in the production of light-duty vehicles or heavy-duty vehicles, i.e. products and services used in the repair and maintenance of these vehicles. Any new repair part not produced by the original vehicle manufacturer appearance allowance: An agreed compensation from the insurance company for repairs not performed, sometimes appropriate for superficial damage. 1

AGENT OR BROKER: An intermediary with legal authority to operate on behalf of the manufacturer. AIR BAG: The air bag, also known as a Supplemental Inflatable Restraint System, is a passive safety device, supplemental to safety belts, that inflates to provide a cushion to absorb impact forces during moderate to severe frontal collisions. This system can help to lessen the chance of contact with the steering wheel, instrument panel and windshield. The air bag is actuated automatically by sensors located in the front of the vehicle. To maximize effectiveness, seat and shoulder belts must always be used in conjunction with this system AIRFOIL: An aerodynamic device designed to improve traction by increasing the down force on the car. The use of airfoils (also called wings) increases the cornering capability and improves stability at speed, but often at the expense of additional aerodynamic drag. AIR/FUEL RATIO: The ratio of air to gasoline in the fuel mixture drawn into the engine. AIR INJECTION: One method of reducing harmful exhaust emissions by injecting air into each of the exhaust ports of an engine. The fresh air entering the hot exhaust manifold causes any remaining fuel to be burned before it can exit the tailpipe. A system that injects air into the exhaust ports of the engine for combustion of unburned hydrocarbons in the exhaust gases, thus producing "cleaner" exhaust emissions. AIR MANAGEMENT VALVES: One-way valves that prevent exhaust gases from entering the air pump. ALIGNMENT: Generally refers to wheel alignment, which is the proper adjustment of the car's front and rear suspension for camber, toe, caster and ride height. ALLOY WHEELS: A generic term used to describe any non-steel road wheel. The most common alloy wheels are cast aluminum. Technically, an alloy is a mixture of two or more metals. These wheels are known for their light weight and strength. ALL-WHEEL DRIVE: Often confused with Four-Wheel Drive (4WD), this drive system features four, full-time active drive wheels to reduce wheel slippage and provide greater driver control over the vehicle. All-Wheel Drive automatically splits engine torque between the front and rear wheels as needed, improving on-road traction in unfavorable road conditions. Unlike Four-Wheel Drive, All-Wheel Drive is an on-road system and is not designed for off-road use. AWD does not require the driver to actively engage the system. It is operational at all times, and requires no switches, lights or visor instructions for system operation. ALTERNATOR: A device used for converting mechanical energy into electrical energy. It produces alternating current (AC) for the car by spinning a magnet inside a stationary conductor. AMERICAN AUTOMOBILE LABELING ACT (AALA): Regulations requiring vehicle manufacturers to include content information on vehicle labels for cars and trucks for sale in the U.S. after October 1, 1994. AMPERE: The rate of flow of electrical current present when one volt of electrical pressure is applied against one ohm of electrical resistance. ANALOG COMPUTER: Any microprocessor that uses similar (analogous) electrical signals to make its calculations. ANTIFREEZE: A liquid mixed with water to keep the water from freezing in the cooling system. ANTILOCK BRAKES: A brake system that's controlled by computer to reduce wheel skid and prevent wheel lockup. It helps you to keep control of the car on a slippery surface and when braking hard in an emergency. Don't "pump" antilock brakes in a skid, as you would with standard brakes, or they'll be less effective. ANTI-LOCK BRAKE SYSTEM (ABS): System that automatically controls wheel slip or prevents sustained wheel-locking on braking. On a vehicle equipped with Anti-Lock Brakes, the wheels are equipped with speed sensors. When a sensor determines that a wheel is decelerating so rapidly that lockup may occur, the Electro-Hydraulic Control Unit (EHCU) is activated. The EHCU then modulates the brake pressure in the appropriate brake lines by means of the solenoid-operated valves. This is intended to prevent wheel lockup and help the vehicle maintain directional stability during potentially hazardous braking situations. (See also: Rear-Wheel Anti-Lock and Four-Wheel Anti-Lock.) ARMATURE: A laminated, soft iron core wrapped by a wire that converts electrical energy to mechanical energy as in a motor or relay. When rotated in a magnetic field, it changes mechanical energy into electrical energy as in a generator. 2

ASE (AUTOMOTIVE SERVICE EXCELLENCE): Helps improve the quality of vehicle repair and service through the testing and certification of automotive repair technicians. It is a valuable yardstick by which to measure the knowledge and skills of individual technicians as well as the commitment to quality of the repair facility employing ASE-certified professionals. ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE: the pressure on the earth's surface caused by the weight of the air in the atmosphere. At sea level, this pressure is 14.7 psi at 32 degrees F (101 kPa at 0 degrees C). ATOMIZATION: The breaking down of a liquid into a fine mist that can be suspended in air. AUTOMATED GUIDED VEHICLE SYSTEM (AGVS): Vehicles equipped with automatic guidance equipment which follow a prescribed path, stopping at each machining or assembly station for manual loading and unloading of parts. AUTOMATIC LOCKING FRONT HUBS: Found in some four-wheel drive vehicles, this allows the driver to engage, or "lock," the front axle hubs without leaving the vehicle. AXIAL PLAY: Movement parallel to a shaft or bearing bore. AXLE: A shaft that transfers power from the differential to the wheels. AXLE RATIO: The ratio between the rotational speed (RPM) of the drive shaft and that of the driven wheel. Gear reduction in final drive is determined by dividing the number of teeth on the ring gear by the number of teeth on the pinion gear. B

BBC Distance from a truck's front bumper to the back of its cab. Bill of Lading Itemized list of goods contained in a shipment. Blind Spot Areas around a commercial vehicle that are not visible to the driver either through the windshield, side windows or mirrors. Bobtail Tractor operating without a trailer. Also refers to straight truck. Bogie (also spelled bogey) Assembly of two or more axles, usually a pair in tandem. Brake Horsepower (bhp) Engine horsepower rating as determined by brake dynamometer testing. (see Horsepower) Bridge Formula A bridge protection formula used by federal and state governments to regulate the amount of weight that can be put on each of a vehicle's axles, and how far apart the axles (or groups of axles) must be to legally carry a given weight. Bunk See Sleeper.

B-PILLAR: The roof support between a vehicle's front door window and rear side window, if there is one. BACKFIRE: The sudden combustion of gases in the intake or exhaust system that results in a loud explosion. BACKLASH: The clearance or play between two parts, such as meshed gears. BACKPRESSURE: Restrictions in the exhaust system that slow the exit of exhaust gases from the combustion chamber. BALANCE SHAFT: A shaft designed so that, as it turns, it counter rotates the rotational direction of the engine crankshaft in a manner that reduces or cancels out some of the vibration produced by the engine. BALL BEARING: A bearing made up of hardened inner and outer races between which hardened steel balls roll. BALL JOINT: A flexible joint consisting of a ball within a socket. Ball joints act as pivots which allow turning of the front wheels and compensate for changes in the wheel and steering geometry's that occur while driving. BALLAST RESISTOR: A resister in the primary ignition circuit that lowers voltage after the engine is started to reduce wear on ignition components. BASE-COAT/CLEAR COAT: A paint system that adds a final clear-coat paint layer over primer and color coats to provide a deep, "wet-look" shine that resists fading. 3

BEARING: A friction reducing, supportive device usually located between a stationary part and moving part. BELTED RADIAL TIRES: A reinforcing bank, normally textile, fiberglass or steel, running around the circumference of a tire and strengthening the tread area. BETTERMENT: A reduction in claim compensation for a vehicle component which is worn; typically applied to items such as tires, batteries, and exhaust parts; much like pro-rating. BIAS-PLY TIRES: A type of tire in which the plies or layers of cord in the tire casing are laid diagonally, criss-crossing one another at an angle of 30 to 40 degrees. BIMETAL TEMPERATURE SENSOR: Any sensor or switch made of two dissimilar types of metal that bend when heated or cooled due to the different expansion rates of the alloys. These types of sensors usually function as an on/off switch. BLOWBY: Combustion gases, composed of water vapor and unburned fuel, that leak past the piston rings into the crankcase during normal engine operation. These gases are removed by the PVC system to prevent the buildup of harmful acids in the crankcase. BODY-ON-FRAME CONSTRUCTION: A type of automobile construction in which the body structure is attached to a separate frame. BORE: The diameter of an engine cylinder or bearing. BRAKE BOOSTER: A device that helps to reduce braking effect. BRAKE CALIPER: same as caliper BRAKE DRAG: Drag is created when brake shoes or brake pads continually rub against a brake drum or disc. It can lead to break failure. BRAKE DRUM: This large circular surface is what a brake shoe presses against to stop a vehicle. A type of braking system that utilizes a metal drum mounted on a wheel to form the outer shell of a brake. The brake shoes press against the drum to slow or stop drum and wheel rotation for braking. BRAKE FADE: A condition brought about by repeated brake applications, resulting in build-up of heat that cause a temporary reduction or fading of braking effectiveness. BRAKE HORSEPOWER (BHP): The actual horsepower of an engine, measured by a brake attached to the driving shaft and recorded by a dynamometer. BRAKE LININGS: The replaceable friction material which contacts the brake drum in a drum brake system to slow or stop the car. BRAKE MASTER CYLINDER: A cylinder containing a movable piston activated by pressure on the brake pedal. The piston produces hydraulic pressure that pushes fluid through the lines and wheel cylinders. This forces the brake lining or pad against the drum or disc to slow or stop the car. BRAKE PAD: The replaceable friction material used on disc brakes. In a disc system, they are the replaceable flat segments consisting of a rigid backing plate plus frictional lining that takes the place of the shoe and lining in a drum brake. Brake pads are sometimes referred to as brake pucks. BRAKE PULL: When a vehicle moves unexpectedly left or right as you press the brakes, that's pull. The brakes may be out of adjustment or the tires may need more air. BRAKE PULSATION: If you can feel the brake pedal, steering wheel, or the entire car vibrate as you step on the brakes, have the brakes serviced. BRAKE ROTOR: In a vehicle with disc brakes, the rotor is the shiny metal disc that the brake pads squeeze to stop the vehicle. BRAKE SHOE: The backing for the brake lining. The term is however, usually applied to the assembly of the brake backing and lining. It is the arcshaped carrier to which the brake linings are mounted in a drum brake. They also force the lining against the rotating drum during braking. BRAKES, DISC: A type of braking system in which brake shoes, in a vise-like caliper, grip a revolving disk mounted on a wheel to slow or stop disc and wheel rotation for braking. BUSHING: A liner, usually removable, for a bearing, an anti-friction liner used in place of a bearing. C 4

Cabover (Cab-Over-Engine, COE) Truck or tractor design in which the cab sits over the engine on the chassis. Cargo Weight Combined weight of all loads, gear and supplies on a vehicle. Cartage Company Company that provides local (within a town, city or municipality) pick-up and delivery. Cast Spoke Wheel Wheel with five or six spokes originating from a center hub. The spoked portion, usually made of cast steel, is bolted to a multiple-piece steel rim (see Demountable Rim; Disc Wheel). CB (Citizens Band Radio) Two-way radio for which no license is required by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). Long beyond its heyday in the '70s, CB is still used by truckers and motorists for everything from traffic condition reports to emergency calls to idle chatter. CDL (Commercial Driver's License) License which authorizes an individual to operate commercial motor vehicles and buses over 26,000 pounds gross vehicle weight. For operators of freight-hauling trucks, the maximum size which may be driven without a CDL is Class 6 (maximum 26,000 pounds gross vehicle weight). CE (CF, LP) Distance from back of a truck's cab to the end of its frame. CFC Chlorofluorocarbon. CG (Center of Gravity) Weight center or balance point of an object, such as a truck body. Calculated to help determine optimum placement of truck bodies on chassis. Chassis Weight (Curb Weight, Tare Weight) Weight of the empty truck, without occupants or load. CNG Compressed natural gas. COE See Cabover. COFC (Container On Flat Car) Method of moving shipping containers which involves transporting them on railroad flat cars. Common Carrier Freight transportation company which serves the general public. May be regular route service (over designated highways on a regular basis) or irregular route (between various points on an unscheduled basis). Compensated Intracorporate Hauling Freight transportation service provided by one company for a sister company. Container (Shipping Container) Standard-sized rectangular box used to transport freight by ship, rail and highway. International shipping containers are 20 or 40 feet long, conform to International Standards Organization (ISO) standards and are designed to fit in ships' holds. Containers are transported on public roads atop a container chassis towed by a tractor. Domestic containers, up to 53 feet long and of lighter construction, are designed for rail and highway use only. Container Chassis Single-purpose semitrailer designed to carry a shipping container. Contract Carrier Company that transports freight under contract with one or a limited number of shippers. Converter Dolly (Dolly) Auxiliary axle assembly equipped with a fifth wheel (coupling device), towed by a semitrailer and supporting the front of, and towing, another semitrailer. Cube (Cubic Capacity) Interior volume of a truck body, semitrailer or trailer, measured in cubic feet. Curb Weight See Chassis Weight.

C-PILLAR OR C-POST: The roof support between a vehicle's rearmost side window and its rear window. On a vehicle with four side pillars, the rearmost roof support may be called a D-pillar. CAF: The acronym for Corporate Average Fuel Economy. Regulation enacted in 1975 which requires a motor vehicle manufacturer to classify its U.S. vehicle fleet sales as either domestic or import for the purpose of fuel economy averaging This single mileage figure is determined by taking a sales weighted average of the fuel consumption for all models produced by a manufacturer. The minimum required figure is an established U. S. government standard. Manufacturers which do not meet the minimum standard are fined. CALIPER: In a disk brake, a housing for cylinder, pistons and brake shoes, connected to the hydraulic system. The caliper holds the brake shoes so they straddle the brake disc. A hydraulically activated device in a disc brake system, which is mounted straddling the brake rotor (disc). The caliper contains at least one piston and two brake pads. hydraulic pressure on the piston(s) forces the pads against the rotor. CAMBER: The inward or outward tilt of the wheel and tire assembly. 5

CAMBER ANGLE: The inward or outward angle which a front-wheel spindle makes with a vertical line, as viewed by either the front or the rear of the vehicle. Positive camber results when the top of the tire tilts out further than its bottom. The adjustment of this setting affects both tire wear and vehicle handling. CAMSHAFT: The shaft in the engine which is driven by gears, belts or chain from the crankshaft. The camshaft has a series of cams that opens and closes intake and exhaust valves as it turns. A shaft in the engine on which are the lobes (cams) which operates the valves. The camshaft is driven by the crankshaft, via a belt, chain or gears, at one half the crankshaft speed. CAPACITOR: A device that stores an electrical charge. CAPITALIZED COST: The price of the leased vehicle plus any other charges such as fees or taxes that become the cost basis for calculating the terms of a lease. CAPTIVE IMPORT: an imported motor vehicle or part manufactured by another automaker usually for sale under the brand name of the importer. CARBON MONOXIDE (CO): A colorless, odorless gas given off as a normal byproduct of combustion. It is poisonous and extremely dangerous in confined areas, building up slowly to toxic levels without warning if adequate ventilation is not available. CARBURETOR: A device, usually mounted on the intake manifold of an engine, which mixes the air and fuel in the proper proportion to allow even combustion. CASTER ANGLE: The forward or backward tilt of the steering axis as viewed from the side. If the point of load is ahead of the point of contact, the caster angle is positive. The caster angle tends to keep wheels in a straight line. Proper caster adjustment improves both tire wear and fuel economy. CASTING: A process technology that delivers a liquid molten metal into a purpose-built mold. After cooling, the solid metal surface has the shape of the mold cavity. CATALYTIC CONVERTER: Often simply called a "catalyst", this is a stainless steel canister that is part of a vehicle's exhaust system and contains a thin layer of catalytic material spread over a large area of inert supports. It induces chemical reactions that convert an engine's exhaust emissions into less harmful products prior to entering the environment. A device installed in the exhaust system, like a muffler, that converts harmful byproducts of combustion into carbon dioxide and water vapor by means of a heat-producing chemical reaction. CENSUS VALUE ADDED: residual representing the difference between the value of goods and industrial services produced and the direct material costs associated with the production of goods. CENTER OF GRAVITY: Point where the weight of a vehicle appears to be concentrated and if suspended at that point would balance front and rear. CENTRIFUGAL ADVANCE: A mechanical method of advancing the spark timing by using flyweights in the distributor that react to centrifugal force generated by the distributor shaft rotation. CHANGEOVER: The refitting of equipment to either neutralize the effects of the just completed production or to prepare equipment for production of the next scheduled item, or both. CHECK VALVE: Any one-way valve installed to permit the flow of air, fuel or vacuum in one direction only. CHOKE: A device, usually a moveable valve, placed in the intake path of a carburetor to restrict the flow of air. CIRCUIT: Any unbroken path through which an electrical current can flow. Also used to describe fuel flow in some instances. CIRCUIT BREAKER: A switch which protects an electrical circuit from overload by opening the circuit when the current flow exceeds a predetermined level. Some circuit breakers must be reset manually, while most reset automatically. CLAIMANT: An individual is a claimant when he or she presents a claim against another party's insurance carrier. CLEAR COAT: One or more coats of transparent (normally urethane-based) automotive paint which is an integral part of modern vehicle finishes. It is the clearcoat which gives current production vehicles their gloss. 6

CLOSED CRANKCASE VENTILATION (CCV): A system in which crankcase vapors are discharged into the engine intake system (usually via the intake manifold) where they are burned during the combustion process rather than being discharged into the atmosphere. CLOSED END LEASE: A lease in which the lessee is not responsible for the value of a vehicle when the lease is done. Under this arrangement the lessee may return the vehicle at the end of the term and have no further obligation for the car. Also known as a "walk-away" lease. CLUTCH: Driver-operated device that engages and disengages the engine from the transmission. Found only on cars with a manual transmission. CLUTCH DISC: When pressed against the flywheel, it transfers power from the engine to the transmission. CLUTCH PRESSURE PLATE: Holds the clutch disc against the flywheel. CLUTCH RELEASE FORK: Device that disengages the clutch disc from the flywheel by pushing on the pressure plate release springs. COIL (ignition): A transformer in the ignition circuit which steps up the voltage provided to the spark plugs. COLD CRANKING AMPS (CCA): A measure of battery power, more is better. A rating, measured in amperes. Used for comparing cranking strength of automotive batteries during extremely cold (0 F or lower) weather. COMBINATION MANIFOLD: An assembly which includes both the intake and exhaust manifolds in one casting. COMBINATION VALVE: A device used in some fuel systems that routes fuel vapors to a charcoal storage canister instead of venting them into the atmosphere. The valve relieves fuel tank pressure and allows fresh air into the tank as the fuel level drops to prevent a vapor lock situation. COMBUSTION CHAMBER: The volume of space at the top of the cylinder where burning of the air/fuel mixture begins. The top of the cylinder where the air/fuel mixture ignites. COMPONENT ASSEMBLY: a combination of two or more parts or sub-components to form an assembly. COMPOSITE HEADLAMPS: Usually manufactured with replaceable halogen bulbs and separate hard acrylic or glass lenses. This type of lamp provides superior illumination compared to the long-conventional sealed beam unit. COMPRESSION RATIO: The comparison of the total volume of the cylinder and combustion chamber with the piston at BDC and the piston at TDC. The volume of the combustion chamber and cylinder when the piston is at the bottom of its stroke, divided by the volume of the combustion chamber and cylinder when the piston is at the top of its stroke. Higher compression ratios tend to increase engine efficiency. COMPRESSOR (AIR CONDITIONING): The mechanism is an air conditioner that pumps vaporized refrigerant out of the evaporator, compresses it to a relatively high pressure, and then delivers it to the condenser. CONCEPT VEHICLE: a current production vehicle modified for installation of new design concepts for evaluation of environmental functional feasibility. CONDENSER: A device for storing electrical energy. 1. An electrical device which acts to store an electrical charge, preventing voltage surges. 2. A radiator-like device in the air conditioning system in which refrigerant gas condenses into a liquid, giving off heat. In A/C application, an air conditioning component used to remove heat from the inside of a vehicle. CONDUCTOR: Any material through which an electrical current can be transmitted easily. CONNECTING ROD: The metal rod that connects a piston to the crankshaft. CONSTANT VELOCITY JOINT: A coupling that allows the drive axle to rotate at a constant speed at various angles when the car turns. CONTACT PATCH: The area of a tire's tread that is in contact with the ground. CONTINUITY: Continuous or complete circuit. Can be checked with an ohmmeter. CONTROL ARM: A suspension element that has one joint at one end and two joints at the other end, typically on the chassis side. Also known as a wishbone or an A-arm.

COOLANT: The mixture of water and anti-freeze that picks up heat from the engine and transfers it to the air passing through the radiator. This transfer of heat keeps the engine operating within its optimum temperature rant preventing premature engine wear. The mixture of antifreeze and water (usually 50-50) that circulates through the engine to cool it. COOLANT SENSOR: Measures the temperature of the engine coolant. COOLING SYSTEM: The system that removes heat from the engine by the forced circulation of coolant and thereby prevents engine overheating. In a liquid-cooled engine, it includes the water jackets, water pump, radiator, and thermostat. CORPORATE AVERAGE FUEL ECONOMY (CAF): Regulation enacted in 1975 which requires a motor vehicle manufacturer to classify its U.S. vehicle fleet sales as either domestic or import for the purpose of fuel economy averaging. This single mileage figure is determined by taking a sales weighted average of the fuel consumption for all models produced by a manufacturer. The minimum required figure is an established U. S. government standard. Manufacturers which do not meet the minimum standard are fined. COST OF OWNERSHIP: Several items enter into the calculation of how much it actually costs to own a vehicle. Understanding these items can help determine what is the best purchase for each person. Ownership costs are divided into fixed costs and running costs. Fixed costs are the same whether the car is used or just sits. These costs usually decrease each year. Running costs are variable and are incurred when the vehicle is used. Running costs could increase as the vehicle ages. COUNTERSHAFT: An intermediate shaft which is rotated by a mainshaft and transmits, in turn, that rotation to a working part. CRANKCASE: A shaft with one or more cranks, or "throws," that are coupled by connecting rods to the engine's pistons. The combustion process creates reciprocating motion in the rods and pistons which in turn is converted to a rotating motion by the crankshaft. In most engines, the oil pan and the lower portion of the cylinder block form the crankcase. The lower part of an engine in which the crankshaft and related parts operate. CRANK SENSOR/CAM SENSOR: Device that indicates the position of the crankshaft and/or the cam shaft. The ECU uses this information. CRANK SHAFT: The main driving shaft of an engine which receives reciprocating motion from the pistons and converts it to rotary motion. CROSSMEMBER: One of several horizontal members in a vehicle frame which join the side members and add to overall strength and stability. CUSTOMS DUTIES: Customs duties levied on imported goods under the Customs Tariff. CYLINDER: In an engine, the round hole in the engine block in which the piston(s) ride. CYLINDER BLOCK: The main structural member of an engine in which is found the cylinders, crankshaft and other principal parts. The basic part of the engine to which other engine parts are attached. It is usually a casting and includes engine cylinders and the upper part of the crankcase. CYLINDER HEAD: The detachable portion of the engine, usually fastened to the top of the cylinder block and containing all or most of the combustion chambers. On overhead valve engines, it contains the valves and their operating parts. On overhead cam engines, it contains the camshaft as well. The removable part of the engine that attaches to the cylinder block directly above the cylinders. The head is cast from aluminum or iron and houses the combustion chambers, the intake and exhaust ports, spark plugs and much or all of the valve train. It has oil and water passages for cooling and lubrication. CV JOINT: See constant velocity joint.

Dead-Heading Operating a truck without cargo. Demountable Rim Multi-piece steel wheel rim assembly which is bolted to a spoke hub. Demountable rims are still in use, though they have been replaced in many applications by the simpler disc wheel. (see Cast Spoke Wheel)

Disc Wheel Single-piece rim/wheel assembly of stamped and welded steel or forged aluminum, anchored by 8 or 10 nuts to a hub. A "Budd wheel" is a ten-hole, stud-piloted disc wheel; a design originated by the Budd Corporation. Displacement (Piston Displacement) Sum of the volumes swept by an engine's pistons as they travel up and down in their cylinders. Based upon bore (diameter of cylinder) and stroke (distance traveled by piston). Expressed in liters or cubic inches. Dolly See Converter Dolly. Doubles (Twins, Twin Trailers) Combination of a tractor and two semitrailers connected in tandem by a converter dolly. (see Converter Dolly; Pintle Hook) Driveline All the components which together transmit power from the transmission to the drive axle(s). These consist of at least one driveshaft (propeller shaft) with a universal joint at each end. Drivetrain (Powertrain) All the components, excluding engine, which transmit the engine's power to the rear wheels: clutch, transmission, driveline and drive axle(s). (See Powertrain) DRL (Daytime Running Lights) System that automatically turns on a vehicle's low beam headlights when the parking brake is released and the ignition is on

D-PILLAR OR D-POST: The vertical or sometimes diagonal roof supporting member located at the extreme rear of the roof or greenhouse structure on station wagons and some sedan models. DEAD CENTER: The extreme top or bottom of the piston stroke. DEDUCTIBLE: The amount of an insurance claim that is paid by the insured before insurance payment begins. DETONATION: An unwanted explosion of the air/fuel mixture in the combustion chamber caused by excess heat and compression, advanced timing, or an overly lean mixture. Also referred to as "ping". DIAPHRAGM: A thin, flexible wall separating two cavities, such as in a vacuum advance unit. DIE: Solid or hollow form used for shaping materials by stamping, pressing, extruding, drawing or threading. DIESEL ENGINE: A diesel engine uses heavier weight components than gas engines to handle higher compression ratios. Typically, diesel engines run with greater efficiency and higher torque than similar size gas engines. These attributes lead to better fuel economy and towing performance. Diesel engines do not have spark plugs or carburetors. Instead glow plugs are used to preheat air in the cylinders to ensure easy starts. Once the engine is started, compression heats the fuel in the cylinders for combustion. DIESELING: A condition in which hot spots in the combustion chamber cause the engine to run on after the key is turned off. A condition in which gasoline continues to fire after the ignition has been shut off. In late-model engines, dieseling, or run-on, is caused by heat and the unusually high manifold pressure that result from retarding the spark at idle. In fuel-injected cars when the engine is turned off, fuel is automatically shut off, eliminating dieseling. DIFFERENTIAL: The gear assembly connected to the drive shaft that permits the wheels to turn at different speeds when going around a corner, while transmitting power from the drive shaft to the wheel axles. A geared assembly which allows the transmission of motion between drive axles, giving one axle the ability to turn faster than the other. DIFFERENTIAL, LOCKING: The same attributes of a standard differential, except that when one wheel is slipping, the most torque is supplied to the wheel with best traction. A locking differential reduces the possibility of a vehicle becoming immobile when one driving wheel loses traction. DIRECTIONAL STABILITY: A vehicle's ability to maintain a true course of travel despite bumps, crosswinds, uneven road surfaces. DISPLACEMENT: In an engine, the total volume of air or air-fuel mixture an engine is theoretically capable of drawing into all cylinders during one operating cycle. Generally expressed in liters or cubic inches. Engine displacement is equal to (bore) x (bore) x (stroke) x (number of pistons) x (.785). DISTRIBUTOR: Synonymous with wholesalers; distributors perform many of the same functions as wholesalers, such as selling, physical distribution, credit, etc. Some industries use the term distributor instead of wholesaler. 9

DIODE: An electrical device that will allow current to flow in one direction only. DISC BRAKE: Properly called caliper disc brakes, a type of brake that consists of a rotor that rotates at wheel speed, straddled by a caliper that can squeeze the surfaces of the rotor with brake pads near its edge. Disc brakes provide a more linear response and operate more efficiently at high temperatures and during wet weather than drum brakes. A hydraulic braking assembly consisting of a brake disc, or rotor, mounted on a axle, and a caliper assembly containing, usually two brake pads which are activated by hydraulic pressure. The pads are forced against the sides of the disc, creating friction which slows the vehicle. DISTRIBUTOR: A mechanically driven device on an engine which is responsible for electrically firing the spark plug at a predetermined point of the piston stroke. A component of the ignition system, usually driven by the camshaft that directs high-voltage surges to the spark plugs in the proper sequence. DO-IT-YOURSELF MARKET (DIY): the vehicle maintenance and repairs conducted by the vehicle owner or friend/relative who purchase auto parts from a retail outlet. DOG TRACKING: What happens when rear brakes grab to quickly and pull the back of the car down as you stop. DOOR RATES: the hourly rates charged by dealers on standardized units of service work. Hourly rates may or may not correspond to an actual hour of work. DOT 3/4: U.S. Department of transportation rating system for the boiling point, blend and performance of brake fluid. DOUBLE WISHBONE SUSPENSION ("A" ARM SUSPENSION): A system of independent suspension in which each wheel is located on a "knuckle" that is connected by ball joints to an upper A arm and a lower A arm. Usually, the lower A arms are longer. This system provides minimal changes in track and camber when the suspension is under load, as when going over bumps or in hard cornering. DOWEL PIN: A pin, inserted in mating holes in two different parts allowing those parts to maintain a fixed relationship. DRAG COEFFICIENT: A measure of the aerodynamic sleekness of an object. Drag coefficient is signified by "dc.: The lower the number, the greater the aerodynamic efficiency. The higher the drag coefficient, the more a car's engine must work to keep a given road speed. Also known as "CD" for coefficient of drag." DRIVE AXLE: The shafts that connect the transaxle to the front wheels. DRIVESHAFT: In rear wheel-drive cars, it connects the transmission to the differential. The shaft that transmits power from the transmission to the differential in a rear-drive power train. DRIVETRAIN: The power-transmitting components in a car, including clutch, gearbox (or automatic transmission), driveshaft, universal joints, differential and axle shafts. DRUM, BRAKE: A braking system which consists of two brake shoes and one or two wheel cylinders, mounted on a fixed backing plate, and a brake drum, mounted on an axle, which revolves around the assembly. DUAL OVERHEAD CAMSHAFTS (DOHC): A DOHC engine has two camshafts in each cylinder head; one camshaft actuates intake valves and the other actuates exhaust valves. The camshafts act directly on the valves, eliminating pushrods and rocker arms. This reduced reciprocating mass of the valve train enables the engine to build RPM more quickly. DOHC designs are typically high-performance, four valve per cylinder engines. (A four valve per cylinder two intake and two exhaust design helps the engine "breathe" more freely for increased performance.) DUTY DRAWBACK: import duties or taxes repaid by a government in whole or in part, when the imported goods are re-exported or used in the manufacture of exported goods. DUTY PAID VALUE: in respect to imported goods, is the aggregate value for duty on imported goods. DWELL: The rate, measured in degrees of shaft rotation, at which an electrical circuit cycles on and off. 10

DYNAMOMETER: A device which absorbs and measures the power derived by an internal combustion engine.

EDI (Electronic Data Interchange) The business-to-business interconnection of computers for the rapid exchange of a wide variety of documents, from bills of lading to build tickets at auto plants. Escape Ramp See Runaway Truck Ramp. Exempt Carrier Company which transports commodities exempted from Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) economic regulation. EV (Electric Vehicle) Vehicle powered by electric motor(s) rather than by an internal combustion engine. Most common source of electricity is chemical storage batteries.

ELECTRIC VEHICLE: Cars, buses, vans or trucks which use dedicated or hybrid electric systems as their power source. ELECTROLYTE: Any solution that conducts an electrical current, such as a mixture of sulfuric acid and distilled water found in automotive batteries. ELECTRONIC CONTROL UNIT (ECU): The computer "brain" of the fuel and emissions control system. It analyzes information and adjusts the operation of various components. It also turns on the "check engine" or "service engine soon" light. Sometimes called the electronic control module (ECM). ELECTRONIC FUEL INJECTION SYSTEM: A system that injects fuel into the engine and includes an electronic control unit to time and meter the fuel flow. ELECTRONIC IGNITION SYSTEM: A system in which the timing and firing of the spark plugs is controlled by an electronic control unit, usually called a module. These systems have no points or condenser. An ignition system that uses transistors and other semiconductor devices as an electronic switch to turn the primary current on and off. END-PLAY: The measured amount of axial movement in a shaft. ENGINE: A device that converts heat into mechanical energy. EPA FUEL ECONOMY RATING: Comparative mileage figures generated from laboratory fuel-economy tests administered by the Federal Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) using simulated weight and drag to approximate real driving conditions. EVAPORATOR CORE: The part of the air-conditioning system where refrigerant changes from a liquid to a gas and absorbs heat from the air. EXHAUST-GAS RECIRCULATION (EGR): An exhaust-emission control system in which a portion of the exhaust gas is picked up from the exhaust manifold and sent back to the intake manifold t be reburned in the engine. Mixing exhaust gases with the fresh air/fuel mixture lowers the combustion temperature and reduces the formation of oxides of nitrogen in the exhaust. The EGR valve is part of the emissions control system; it recirculates exhaust gas into the intake manifold, cooling the combustion chamber. EXHAUST MANIFOLD: The network of passages that gathers the exhaust gases from the various exhaust ports and routes them toward the catalyst, the muffler and the exhaust system. Metal tubes that lead exhaust gases from the engine to the exhaust system.

F
Fifth Wheel Coupling device attached to a tractor or dolly which supports the front of a semitrailer and locks it to the tractor or dolly. The fifth wheel's center is designed to accept a trailer's kingpin, around which the trailer and tractor or dolly pivot in turns.

11

Fixed Tandem Assembly of two axles and suspension that is attached to the chassis in one place, and cannot be moved fore and aft. (see Sliding Tandem) For-Hire Carrier Company in the business of transporting freight belonging to others (see Private Carrier).

FACTORY EQUIPMENT: In used vehicles: the combination of original standard equipment and production options that make up the equipment of a used vehicle. May also be referred to as "base" equipment. FEELER GAUGE: A blade, usually metal, of precisely predetermined thickness, used to measure the clearance between two parts, e.g., spark plus "gap". F-HEAD: An engine configuration in which the intake valves are in the cylinder head, while the camshaft and exhaust valves are located in the cylinder block. The camshaft operates the intake valves via lifters and pushrods, while it operates the exhaust valves directly. FIRE EXTINGUISHER: For maximum versatility, automotive models should be rated A-B-C: A for trash, wood, and paper fires; B for liquid, solvent, and grease fires; C for electrical fires. FIREWALL: The wall between the engine compartment and the passenger compartment. FIRING ORDER: The order in which spark plugs fire; the sequence determines when each piston is in the exact position to begin its power stroke. FLOODING: The presence of too much fuel in the intake manifold and combustion chamber which prevents the air/fuel mixture from firing, thereby causing a no-start situation. FLYWHEEL: A metal plate bolted to the crankshaft; it usually includes a gear that's engaged by the starter motor. Around the outer perimeter is affixed the ring gear. The starter drive engages the ring gear, turning the flywheel, which rotates the crankshaft, imparting the initial starting motion to the engine. FOOT POUND (ft. lbs. or sometimes, ft.lb.): The amount of energy or work needed to raise an item weighing one pound, a distance of one foot. FIFTH WHEEL: Load supporting plate mounted to the frame of a vehicle. Pivot mounted, it contains provision for accepting and holding the kingpin of a trailer, providing a flexible connection between the tractor and the trailer. Center of the fifth wheel should always be located ahead of the centerline of the rear axle. FINAL DRIVE RATIO: A fluid coupling consists of two fan-like impellers in a sealed, oil-filled housing. The input "fan" churns the oil, and the churning oil, in turn, twirls the output "fan." Such a coupling allows some speed difference between its input and output shafts. The automatic transmission's torque converter is based on the fluid coupling principle. FORGING: A process that transforms solid metal into shapes of varying cross-sectional material thickness, often involving heating. FOUR WHEEL ANTI-LOCK BRAKES: On a vehicle equipped with Four-Wheel Anti-Lock Brakes, all four wheels are equipped with speed sensors. When these sensors determine that the wheels are decelerating so rapidly that lockup may occur, the Electro-Hydraulic Control Unit (EHCU) is activated. The EHCU then modulates the brake pressure in the appropriate brake lines by means of the solenoid-operated valves. This is intended to prevent wheel lockup and help the vehicle maintain directional stability during potentially hazardous braking situations FOUR WHEEL DRIVE (4WD): In a Four Wheel Drive system, a secondary transmission assembly, called a transfer case, is driven from the main transmission. The transfer case distributes power to both axles to drive all four wheels. It is the heart of the Four-Wheel Drive system. Four-Wheel Drive can be full-time, in which power is delivered to both axles at all times or part-time, where the driver selects two or four wheel drive. Four wheel drive is often combined with independent suspension systems and off-road type tires to enhance driveability on rough, off-road terrain, or onroad driveability in unfavorable driving conditions. FOUR WHEEL INDEPENDENT SUSPENSION: A type of suspension in which all wheels are mounted to separate suspension members with no rigid axle connecting them. Therefore a disturbance affecting one wheel has no effect on the opposite wheel. Four wheel independent suspension reduces the un-sprung weight, improves ride and handling over rough surfaces and permits room for a larger trunk. FRANCHISE: Establishment that has the right to exercise the powers of a corporation. 12

FRONT-WHEEL DRIVE (FWD): A drive system where the engine and transaxle components apply the driving force to the front wheels rather than the rear wheels. Benefits of Front-Wheel drive include: Maximized passenger space. Enhanced cargo area. excellent drive traction; particularly on wet or slippery surfaces, since the drive is through the front wheels, which carry a heavier load. FUEL INJECTOR: Electrically controlled valve that delivers a precise amount of pressurized fuel into each combustion chamber. Most cars have them instead of a carburetor these days. FUEL INJECTION: A method of delivering fuel under pressure into an engine's combustion chamber. Fuel injection systems can be single-point, multi-point, etc.. Replaces carbureted system. FUEL INJECTION, ELECTRONIC: A computer-controlled method of delivering fuel under pressure. The computer monitors signals from coolant temperatures, manifold vacuum, exhaust oxygen sensor, and engine cranking sensor. It "tells" the injectors to release and adjust the fuel to yield an air/fuel mixture assuring engine operation well matched with emission requirements, optimum fuel economy and overall vehicle performance. FUEL PRESSURE REGULATOR: A device that maintains proper fuel pressure under all driving conditions and engine loads. FUEL PUMP: A mechanical or electrical pump that pressurizes the fuel system to move gas from tank to engine, delivering it to the carburetor or injectors. FUSE: A protective device in a circuit which prevents circuit overload by breaking the circuit when a specific amperage is present. The device is constructed around a strip or wire of a lower amperage rating than the circuit it is designed to protect. When an amperage higher than that stamped on the fuse is present in the circuit, the strip or wire melts, opening the circuit.

GAWR (Gross Axle Weight Rating) Maximum weight an axle is rated to carry by the manufacturer. Includes both the weight of the axle and the portion of a vehicle's weight carried by the axle. GCW (Gross Combination Weight) Total weight of a loaded combination vehicle, such as a tractor-semitrailer or truck and full trailer(s). Geared Speed Calculated vehicle speed at the engine's governed rpm in each transmission gear, or (commonly) in top gear. Gear Ratio Number, usually expressed as a decimal fraction, representing how many turns of the input shaft cause exactly one revolution of the output shaft. Applies to transmissions, power takeoffs, power dividers and rear axles. Example: If 2.5 revolutions of an input shaft cause one revolution of the output shaft, the gear ratio is 2.5:1. Grade Steepness of a grade, expressed as a percentage. Example: A vehicle climbing a 5% grade rises 5 feet for every 100 feet of forward travel. Gradeability Vehicle's ability to climb a grade at a given speed. Example: A truck with a gradeability of 5% at 60 mph can maintain 60 mph on a grade with a rise of 5%. GVW (Gross Vehicle Weight) Total weight of a vehicle and everything aboard, including its load. GVWR (Gross Vehicle Weight Rating) Total weight a vehicle is rated to carry by the manufacturer, including its own weight and the weight of its load.

GALVANIZED STEEL: A specially zinc-coated steel used on many major painted panels and in key unpainted areas of a vehicle to help prevent rust and corrosion. GAP: The predetermined and required measured clearance between two parts, e.g., a spark plug. GAP INSURANCE: Insurance that will cover the difference between the replacement cost paid by conventional insurance and what is owed on the lease in the case the car is totaled or stolen. GAS-CHARGED SHOCKS: Shock absorbers filled with a low-pressure gas to smooth a cars ride during continuous rapid up and down movement. GAS FILLED SHOCK ABSORBERS: A nitrogen gas chamber is used to pressurize the shock absorber in place of the traditional air/oil combination. Gas filled shock absorbers provide more stable damping in a variety of conditions and thus improves ride and road contact. 13

GEAR RATIO: The ratio between the number of teeth on meshing gears. The number of revolutions a driving (pinion) gear requires to turn a driven (ring) gear through one complete revolution. For a pair of gears, the ratio is found by dividing the number of teeth on the driven gear by the number of teeth on the driving pinion gear. GENERATOR: A device that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy. It can produce either AC or DC electricity. Seldom used in automotive applications, it has been replaced by the alternator. Device that produces direct current (DC) by spinning a conductor inside a stationary magnet. It's the cylinder-shaped device your fan belt goes around. GRAB: "touchy" brakes. Slight pressure on the pedal causes the brakes to lock up. Have brakes serviced. GRAY MARKET: the gray market describes the purchase by intermediaries of product which is not supplied to them by the "authorized" distribution channel of the supplier. Thus, a warehouse club in Canada that sells a stereo bought in the U.S. or elsewhere from other than the manufacturer is supplying gray market goods. While gray market products are frequently the same as would be available from conventional channels in Canada, the gray market assumes responsibility for service or repair where the manufacturer declines this support. GRAY MARKET VEHICLE: Cars that have been imported into the country but not through authorized retailers. They may not meet American safety and emission standards. These cars may have significantly lower values than cars imported through normal channels. GROSS VEHICLE WEIGHT (GVW): Maximum legal weight at which a vehicle can be operated.
Hazmat Hazardous materials, as classified by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Transport of hazardous materials is strictly regulated by the U.S. Department of Transportation. Headache Rack Heavy protective barrier mounted behind the tractor's cab. Designed to prevent "headaches" caused by load shifting forward from the trailer and crushing the cab. HCFC Hydrochlorofluorocarbon. Horsepower (hp) Measure of power (the amount of work that can be done over a given amount of time). One horsepower is defined as 33,000 foot-pounds of work in one minute. Example: Lifting 33,000 pounds one foot in one minute, or lifting 3300 pounds ten feet in one minute. Horsepower, Gross Laboratory Tested horsepower of a "bare" engine without fan, water pump, alternator, exhaust system or any other accessories. Horsepower, SAE Net Horsepower capability of an engine with full accessories and exhaust system. Test procedures per standards of Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE). Hours-Of-Service U.S. Department of Transportation safety regulations which govern the hours of service of commercial vehicle drivers engaged in interstate trucking operations.

HALOGEN HEADLAMP: A sealed-beam headlamp with a small inner bulb filled with halogen which surrounds a tungsten filament. Halogen headlamps may increase luminous intensity at the road surface by 50 to 80 percent, as compared to the long-conventional sealed-beam headlamp systems. Many halogen headlamp systems incorporate high-beam and low-beam in one element, enhancing their serviceability. HARD PEDAL: When extreme pressure must be placed on the brake pedal to stop the car. Have brakes serviced promptly. HAZARDOUS WASTE/HAZARDOUS MATERIAL CHARGE: A charge assessed by many collision repair facilities to dispose of wastes associated with repairing your vehicle in an environmentally appropriate way. Some insurance companies refuse to pay this charge. HEAD GASKET: Gasket between the cylinder head and the engine block that helps to contain pressure in the cylinders. HEADS UP DISPLAY: The digital projection of pertinent instrument data onto the lower portion of the windshield on the driver's side. The driver does not have to take his eyes off the road to read his instrument panel. HEAT RANGE: The measure of a spark plug's ability to dissipate heat from its firing end. The higher the heat range, the hotter the plug fires. 14

HEAVY-DUTY TRUCK: Vehicles weighing from 26,001 to 33,001 lbs. Also included off-highway trucks. HUB: The center part of a wheel or gear. HYDROCARBON (HC): Any chemical compound made up of hydrogen and carbon. A major pollutant formed by the engine as a byproduct of combustion. HYDROMETER: An instrument used to measure the specific gravity of a solution.

Independent Trucker See Owner Operator. ITS (Intelligent Transportation Systems) See IVHS. IVHS (Intelligent Vehicle Highway Systems) Blanket term for a wide array of technologies, including electronic sensors, computer hardware and software and radio communications. The purpose of IVHS is to increase efficiency of use of existing highways, reducing travel time, fuel consumption, air pollution and accidents. There are five functional areas: o o o o o Advanced Public Transportation Systems (APTS) Advance Traffic Management Systems (ATMS) Advance Traveler Information Systems (ATIS) Advanced Vehicle Control Systems (AVCS) Commercial Vehicle Operations (CVO)

A more recently coined term, Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS), encompasses both IVHS and modes of transportation other than highway, such as rail. (see AVI, AVL, WIM)

IAC: Acronym for Idle Air Control. Controlled by the ECU, this device regulates idle speed in fuel injected engines. IDLE AIR CONTROL (IAC): Controlled by the ECU, this device regulates idle speed in fuel injected engines. IGNITION SYSTEM: Electrical system devised to produce timed sparks from engine spark plugs. Consisting of a battery, induction coil, capacitor, distributor, spark plugs and relevant switches and wiring. INCH POUND (inch lbs.; sometimes in.lb. or in. lbs.): One twelfth of a foot pound. INDEPENDENT REPAIR SHOP: Small service outlet offering specialized repair services. They usually do not sell gasoline. INDEPENDENT SUSPENSION: A suspension design that allows each wheel to move up and down independently of the others. It can be found on just two wheels or on all four. A term used to refer to any type of suspension system that allows each of the two wheels of a given axle to move up and down independently of each other. INDUCTION: A means of transferring electrical energy in the form of a magnetic field. Principle used in the ignition coil to increase voltage. INJECTION PUMP: A device, usually mechanically operated, which meters and delivers fuel under pressure to the fuel injector. INJECTOR: A device which receives metered fuel under relatively low pressure and is activated to inject the fuel into the engine under relatively high pressure at a predetermined time. INPUT SHAFT: The shaft to which torque is applied, usually carrying the driving gear or gears. INSURED: An individual is an insured in relation to one's own insurance carrier. INTAKE MANIFOLD: Metal tubes that channel the air/fuel mixture from the carburetor into the cylinders. See Also Exhaust Manifold. INTAKE VALVE: When opened, it allows the fuel/air mixture to enter the combustion chamber. 15

INTERMEDIARY: Firm or organization that operates between the producer of the goods and the end purchaser. Thus, the members of the distribution channel noted above are intermediaries or "middlemen".

Jackknife To place the trailer at a very sharp angle to the tractor. Jake Brake See Retarder. JIT (Just-In-Time) Manufacturing system which depends on frequent, small deliveries of parts and supplies to keep on-site inventory to a minimum.

Kingpin (axle) Pin around which a steer axle's wheels pivot. Kingpin (trailer) Anchor pin at the center of a semitrailer's upper coupler which is captured by the locking jaws of a tractor's fifth wheel to attach the tractor to the semitrailer.

KNOCK SENSOR: A device that warns the ECU that the engine is pinging (knocking).

L
Landing Gear Retracting legs which support the front of a semitrailer when it is not coupled to a tractor. LCV (Long Combination Vehicle) In general, vehicles longer than a standard doubles rig (tractor and two 28-foot semitrailers). Examples of LCVs which are permitted in some U.S. western states and eastern toll roads: Twin 48-foot trailers; triple 28-foot trailers. Lessee Company or individual which leases vehicles. Lessor Company which leases vehicles. Lift Axle Extra, unpowered axle needed only when the vehicle is loaded, allowing it to meet federal and state vehicle weight standards. The lift axle is mounted to an air spring suspension that raises the axle when it is not required. LPG Liquid propane gas. Load Range (Tires) Letter code system for the weight carrying capacity of tires. Comparable ply ratings are shown below. LR PR LR PR A .... 2 E .... 10 B .... 4 F .... 12 C .... 6 G .... 14 D .... 8 H .... 16 (LR = Load Range PR = Ply Rating) Logbook Book carried by truck drivers in which they record their hours of service and duty status for each 24-hour period. Required in interstate commercial trucking by the U.S. Department of Transportation. Lowboy Open flat-bed trailer with a deck height very low to the ground, used to haul construction equipment or bulky or heavy loads. LTL (Less-Than-Truckload) A quantity of freight less than that required for the application of a truckload (TL) rate; usually less than 10,000 pounds. (see TL) LTL Carrier Trucking company which consolidates less-than-truckload cargo for multiple destinations on one vehicle. (see TL Carrier)

LEAN/RICH FUEL CONDITION: A lean fuel mixture has too much air, a rich mixture has too much fuel. LEASE: A contract granting the use of a vehicle for a specified period of time in return for a set fee. Leases may be classified as open ended or closed ended. LIGHT TRUCK: Vehicles weighing less than 14,000 lbs. LIGHT VEHICLES: Passenger cars and light trucks. 16

LIMITED SLIP DIFFERENTIAL: A differential in a rear-drive vehicle fitted with a mechanism that limits the speed and torque differences between its two outputs. Limited slip ensures that some torque is always distributed to both wheels, even when one is on a very slipper surface. LOAD LEVELER SPRINGS: Helical springs that maintain normal vehicle height. LOCK UP TORQUE CONVERTER: A torque converter that contains a special clutch that forms a solid connection between the engine output shaft and the transmission input shaft when a certain, pre-set speed is attained. This reduces transmission friction losses and increases efficiency. LOW PEDAL: When the brake pedal nearly touches the floor before the brakes begin to function. Bad news.

M
MACHINING: An operation which shapes metal parts by carving away excess material as chips produced in a sequential process of turning, milling and grinding operations. MACPHERSON STRUT: A suspension system that consists of a combination coil spring and shock absorber in one compact unit at each wheel. With this "independent" suspension design, road shocks at one wheel are not transferred to the opposite wheel. MacPherson struts use fewer parts, meaning a reduction on weight and fewer elements that could wear out. MANIFOLD: A casting of passages or set of pipes which connect the cylinders to an inlet or outlet source. MANIFOLD ABSOLUTE PRESSURE (MAP) SENSOR: A device that detects engine load by measuring air pressure or vacuum in the intake manifold. MANIFOLD VACUUM: Low pressure in an engine intake manifold formed just below the throttle plates. Manifold vacuum is highest at idle and drops under acceleration. MANUFACTURER'S SUGGESTED RETAIL PRICE (MSRP): Dealers typically sell at a discount to this price. MANUFACTURING: Process technology (i.e. metal forming, machining, injection molding, blow molding, die casting, forgings, electronics/electrical, assembly, coating/plating); capacity utilization (in percent); production volumes; strategic alliances (e.g. joint ventures, technology agreements). MAP SENSOR (MANIFOLD ABSOLUTE PRESSURE): A device that detects engine load by measuring air pressure or vacuum in the intake manifold. MASS AIR-FLOW SENSOR: A device that measures and straightens the flow of air entering the throttle housing. MASTER CYLINDER: A piston-type pump that produces pressure in the brake hydraulic system. The primary fluid pressurizing device in a hydraulic system. In automotive use, it is found in brake and hydraulic clutch systems and is pedal activated, either directly or, in a power brake system, through the power booster. MECHANIC INSTALLED MARKET (MIL): Vehicle maintenance and repair conducted by a mechanic/professional at a service outlet. MEDIUM-DUTY TRUCK: Vehicles weighing from 14,001 to 26,000 lbs. METAL FORMING: Solid metal and molten metal process such as casting, forging, stamping and machining. MODEL LINE: Group of motor vehicles having the same platform or model name. MODEL NAME: Word, group of words, letter, number or similar designation assigned to a motor vehicle by a marketing division of a motor vehicle assembler. MODULE: Electronic control unit, amplifier or igniter of solid state or integrated design which controls the current flow in the ignition primary circuit based on input from the pick-up coil. When the module opens the primary circuit, high secondary voltage is induced in the coil. 17

MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY ACT (MVSA): Act which regulates the manufacture and importation of motor vehicles and motor vehicle equipment to reduce risk of death, injury and damage to property and the environment. MOLD: Hollow form, matrix or cavity into which materials are placed to produce goods of desired shapes. MSRP: Acronym for "Manufacturer's Suggested Retail Price". MSRP's do not include applicable destination charges, state and local taxes, license fees, optional equipment or special items or services. MULTI-PORT FUEL INJECTION (MFI): Multi-Port Fuel Injection uses individual fuel injectors to spray fuel into each intake port, bypassing the intake manifold. MUFFLER: The exhaust system part that reduces noise made by the engine.

N
NEEDLE BEARING: A bearing which consists of a number (usually a large number) of long, thin rollers. NORTH AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM (NAICS): Industry Classification between the United States, Canada and Mexico to increase compatibility of data with these countries. The classification is based on establishment rather than commodity with the system implemented with reference to year 1997 and data available in 1999. NORS: Acronym for "New Old Replacement Stock". NOS: Acronym for "New Old Stock".

On-Board Computer See Trip Recorder. Overdrive Gearing in which less than one revolution of a transmission's input shaft causes one turn of the output shaft. The purpose of overdrive is to reduce engine rpm in high gear for better fuel economy. Example: A transmission with an overdrive top gear has a ratio of 0.70 to one. Turning the input shaft 0.7 revolutions causes 1.0 revolution of the output shaft. Owner-Operator Trucker who owns and operates his own truck(s).

OCTANE: The component of gasoline that reduces knocking . Don't use a higher-octane gas than necessary. The Octane rating is a unit of measurement on a scale intended to indicate the tendency of a fuel to detonate or knock based on the percentage of isooctane in the fuel. The higher the rating, the higher the percentage of isooctane and therefore the greater the resistance to detonation offered by the fuel. OFF-HIGHWAY VEHICLE: Vehicle intended for operation on unmade surfaces or rough terrain (i.e. for construction or agriculture). OHM: The unit used to measure the resistance of conductor-to-electrical flow. One ohm is the amount of resistance that limits current flow to one ampere in a circuit with one volt of pressure. OHMMETER: An instrument used for measuring the resistance, in ohms, in an electrical circuit. OPEN END LEASE: A lease in which the lessor is not responsible for the value of a vehicle when the lease is done. Under this arrangement the lessee is responsible for the difference between the current actual market value at the end of the lease and the residual value. Also known as a "finance" lease. OUTPUT SHAFT: The shaft which transmits torque from a device, such as a transmission. OVERDRIVE: A gear assembly which produces more shaft revolutions than that transmitted to it. A transmission in which the highest gear ratio is less than a one-to-one ratio. This means the drive shaft turns faster than the engine crankshaft. The overdrive feature saves fuel and, because the engine runs slower, engine wear and noise are reduced. 18

OVERHEAD CAM or CAMSHAFT (OHC): An engine configuration in which the camshaft is mounted on top of the cylinder head and operates the valve either directly or by means of rocker arms. The type of valve train arrangement in which the engine's camshaft is mounted above the cylinder head(s). When the camshaft is placed close to the valves, the valve train components can be stiffer and lighter, allowing the valves to open and close more rapidly and the engine to run at a higher RPM. In a single overhead cam (SOHC) layout, one camshaft actuates all of the valves in a cylinder head. In a dual overhead camshaft (DOHC) layout, one camshaft actuates the intake valves, and one camshaft operates the exhaust valves OVERHEAD VALVE (OHV): An engine configuration in which all the valves are located in the cylinder head and the camshaft is located in the cylinder block. The camshaft operates the valves via lifters and pushrods. The OHV is an engine with both intake and exhaust valves placed directly over the piston. In this design, the camshaft is located in the block, and the valves are actuated by pushrods and rocker arms. An engine with both intake and exhaust valves placed directly over the piston. In this design, the camshaft is located in the block, and the valves are actuated by pushrods and rocker arms. OXIDES OF NITROGEN (NOx): Chemical compounds of nitrogen produced as a byproduct of combustion. They combine with hydrocarbons to produce smog. OXYGEN SENSOR: Used with the feedback system to sense the presence of oxygen in the exhaust gas and signal the computer which can reference the voltage signal to an air/fuel ratio. OXYGEN (O2) SENSOR: Part of the emissions control system, it measures the amount of oxygen in the exhaust.

P&D Pickup and delivery. Payload Weight of the cargo being hauled. Peddle Run Truck route with frequent delivery stops. Pigtail Cable used to transmit electrical power from the tractor to the trailer. So named because it is coiled like a pig's tail. Piggyback Semitrailer built with reinforcements to withstand transport by a railroad flatcar. (see TOFC) Pintle Hook Coupling device used in double trailer, triple trailer and truck-trailer combinations. It has a curved, fixed towing horn and an upper latch that opens to accept the drawbar eye of a trailer or dolly. Piston Displacement See Displacement. Ply Rating (PR) Relative measure of tire casing strength. (see Load Range) Powertrain See Drivetrain. Private Carrier Business which operates trucks primarily for the purpose of transporting its own products and raw materials. The principle business activity of a private carrier is not transportation. (see For-Hire Carrier) PSI (Pounds Per Square Inch) In trucking, unit of measurement for tire air pressure, air brake system pressure and turbocharger boost. PTO (Power Takeoff) Device used to transmit engine power to auxiliary equipment. A PTO often drives a hydraulic pump, which can power a dump body, concrete mixer or refuse packer. Some designs mount to a standard opening on the transmission, while others attach at the front or rear of the engine. Pull Trailer Short, full trailer (supported by axles front and rear) with an extended tongue. Pup Trailer Short semitrailer, usually between 26 and 32 feet long, with a single axle. Pusher Axle See Axle.

PAINT & MATERIALS: A charge for paint products, and other materials, such as sandpaper and polishing pads, expended to repair your vehicle. PAINT MATCHING, TINTING, BLENDING: These describe various methods of ensuring that there is no perceptible difference between the appearance of newly refinished panels and undamaged panels on your repaired vehicle. PASSENGER VEHICLE: Four wheeled motor vehicle that also includes mini-vans and sport utility vehicles. 19

PCV VALVE: PCV is an acronym for Positive Crankcase Ventilation. Emission device that routes oil pan (crankcase)vapors to the intake manifold to be burned during combustion. PEARL PAINT: A type of paint that is similar to metallic paint, but instead of minute metal particles it uses mica. Mica is a kind of semi transparent, crystalline mineral that absorbs and reflects light in prismatic fashion. This gives a dramatic, multi-dimensional effect to the paint. Sometimes called "pearl coat". PETCOCK: A small valve, either metal or plastic, at the bottom of the radiator for draining coolant. PING: An engine noise caused by faulty fuel ignition. PINION: The smaller of two meshing gears. A gear with a small number of teeth designed to mesh with a larger geared wheel or a rack. Used in rack and pinion steering and the differential ring and pinion. PISTON: A partly hollow cylindrical part closed at one end, fitted to each of the engine's cylinders and attached to the crankshaft by a connecting rod. Each piston moves up and down in its cylinder, transmitting power created by the exploding fuel to the crankshaft via a connecting rod. PISTON RING: An open-ended ring which fits into a groove on the outer diameter of the piston. Its chief function is to form a seal between the piston and cylinder wall. Most automotive pistons have three rings: two for compression sealing; one for oil sealing. PITCH: The up and down movement along an imaginary axis between the front and rear of a vehicle. Often during hard braking, the vehicle's nose will "dive" or pitch down in front. During acceleration the back end will "squat" or pitch down in the rear. PLANETARY GEARS: A gear set, generally found in automatic transmissions, in which all of the gears are in one plane, grouped around each other like planets around the sun. The central gear is called the "sun gear." PLASTIC MOLDING: A process that converts organic-based materials, by means of a general-purpose press and purpose-built tooling under controlled heat and pressure, and injects the hot material into a die cavity shaped in the final form of the intended part. PLATFORM: Primary load-bearing structural assembly of a motor vehicle determining the basic size of the motor vehicle, and is the structural base that supports the driveline and links the suspension components of the motor vehicle. PLIES: The layers of cord, fiberglass, steel or structural fabric that make up the tire carcass and reinforcing belts. PLY RATING: A measure of the strength of tires based upon the strength of a single ply of designated construction. An eight-ply rating does not necessarily mean the tire has eight plies, but rather that the tires has the strength of eight standard plies. PNEUMATIC TIRE: Flexible, hollow rubber forming the outer part of the vehicle wheel and inflated by air pressure. POSITIVE CRANKCASE VENTILATION (Acronym PCV): Emission device that routes oil pan (crankcase) vapors to the intake manifold to be burned during combustion. POUND-FEET (LB.-FT.): Pound-feet measure twisting force or torque. Generated by the engine, torque is the "push" that sets a vehicle into motion and accelerates it. Specifications charts usually include the maximum torque the engine can develop, and the RPM at which it is generated (such as 345 lb.-ft. @ 3200 RPM). POUNDS PER SQUARE INCH (PSI): A measure of pressure. POWER BAND: A subjectively defined RPM range over which an engine delivers a substantial portion of its peak power. The power band usually extends from slightly below the engine's torque peak to slightly above its horsepower peak. POWERTRAIN: A name applied to the group of components used to transmit engine power to the driving wheels. It can consist of engine, clutch, transmission, universal joints, drive shaft, differential gear, and axle shafts. Powertrain components are matched according to driver needs such as high torque, fuel economy, or convenience. PREDETONATION: The undesirable "knock" or "ping" that occurs when the ignition of the air-fuel mixture occurs before the ignition spark. Also known as "pre-ignition". 20

PRELOAD: A predetermined load placed on a bearing during assembly or by adjustment. PRIMARY CIRCUIT: The low voltage side of the ignition system which consists of the ignition switch, ballast resistor or resistance wire, bypass, coil, electronic control unit and pick-up coil as well as the connecting wires and harnesses. PRESS FIT: The mating of two parts under pressure, due to the inner diameter of one being smaller than the outer diameter of the other, or vice versa; an interference fit. PRODUCT DESIGN: The process of planning the product's specifications. PRODUCT PLANNING: A function whereby an enterprise is responsible for the efficient, planning, scheduling and coordination of production activities. PRODUCT TESTING: Rigorous methods whereby a product's quality and durability are measured. PRODUCTION ENGINEERING: Planning and control of the mechanical means of changing the shape, condition of materials toward greater effectiveness and value. PROGRAM CARS: Automobiles sold by manufacturers for fleet use. Usually applies to very large fleets, such as those of car rental companies. PROGRAM OBJECTIVES: A consensus of what has been determined to be the most marketable product for a given model year. PSI: Acronym for Pounds per square inch, a measure of pressure. PURCHASING: Total materials purchased for manufacturing/assembly into auto parts (i.e. steel, plastics, rubber, textiles, etc.). PUSHROD: A general term for any rod that transfers force in compression. In a conventional overhead valve layout, pushrods are used to transfer reciprocating motion from the cam followers to a more distant part of a valve train, typically the rocker arms. Pushrods are eliminated in overhead camshaft designs. Q QDC: Acronym for Quick Die Change. QUALITY RECYCLED PART: A used part from a salvage yard QUALITY REPLACEMENT PART: A new part sold by someone other than the original vehicle manufacturer. QUARTER PANEL: A sheet metal panel that covers the area from the rear-door opening to the taillight area, and from the bottom of the surface to the base of the roof, or from the headlamp area to the front-door opening, and from the bottom of the surface to the base of the hood. QUARTZ HALOGEN HEADLAMPS: A headlamp bulb having a quartz envelope holding the tungsten filament and filled with an inert gas containing iodine or another of the five halogen gases. The gas serves to remove the tungsten deposits from the bulb wall and redeposit them on the filament, preventing blackening of the bulb surface and reduction of light output. This kind of cycle requires very high filament operation temperatures which necessitates the use of quartz instead of glass. These lamps produce more lighting power per watt of electrical power than standard sealed beam headlamps.

Relay (Relay Driving) Common practice in the less-than-truckload industry, in which one driver takes a truck for 8 to 10 hours, then turns the truck over to another driver, pony express style. Reefer Refrigerated trailer with insulated walls and a self-powered refrigeration unit. Most commonly used for transporting food.

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Retarder Device used to assist brakes in slowing the vehicle. The most common type of retarder on over-the-road trucks manipulates the engine's valves to create engine drag. (This type is commonly referred to as "Jake Brake" because the predominant manufacturer is Jacobs Vehicle Equipment Co.) Other types of retarders include exhaust retarders, transmission-mounted hydraulic retarders and axle-mounted electromagnetic retarders. RFG (Reformulated Gasoline) Gasoline blended with pollution reducing additives. RoadRailer Semitrailer specially designed to travel both on highway and on rails. Manufactured by Wabash Corp. Rolling Radius Tire dimension from center of the axle to the ground; measured with tire loaded to rated capacity. Used in calculating geared speed. RPM (Revolutions Per Minute) Measure of the speed at which a shaft spins. Most often used to describe engine crankshaft speed. Indicated by a tachometer. Runaway Truck Ramp Emergency area adjacent to a steep downgrade that a heavy truck can steer into after losing braking power. Usually two or three lanes wide and several hundred feet long, the ramp is a soft, gravel-filled pathway which absorbs the truck's forward momentum, bringing it to a safe stop. Depending on the surrounding terrain, the ramp may be level or run up or down hill.

R&I (REMOVE AND INSTALL): Sometimes parts need to be removed to gain access to repair or replace damaged ones, or to facilitate repair of the part itself. The part which is removed is reinstalled on your vehicle. R-12: Environmentally hazardous refrigerant once used in most automobile air-conditioning (A/C) systems. R-134a: An environmentally safe refrigerant now used in air-conditioning (A/C) Systems. RACE: The surface on the inner or outer ring of a bearing on which the balls, needles or rollers move. RACK AND PINION STEERING: A steering gear in which a pinion on the end of the steering shaft merges with a rack of gear teeth on the major cross member of the steering linkage. When the steering wheel is turned, the pinion gear turns, moving the rack to the left or right, thus steering the wheels. RADIATOR: A large copper or aluminum chamber in front of the engine. Hot engine coolant that circulates through the radiator is cooled and then recirculated to the engine. REBUILD: To repair or replace any worn or defective part(s) of an automotive component, such as an engine. RECEIVER DRYER: The high side of an air-conditioning system. It removes moisture from the air and stores refrigerant. see also Accumulator REFRIGERANT: Chemical compounds that absorb, carry, and release heat from an air-conditioning (A/C) system. REGISTRATION: Motor vehicle ownership that is filed with the province/state. REGULATOR: A device which maintains the amperage and/or voltage levels of a circuit at predetermined values. RELAY: A switch which automatically opens and/or closes a circuit. REMANUFACTURE: To replace all wearing parts,gaskets, and seals and make sure all other components are within manufacturer's specifications. RESIDUAL: A conservative projection of the market value of a vehicle at the end of a lease. Residual values are provided by major auto manufacturers or independent companies that specialize in auto valuation. A higher residual value will lower the monthly payment. However, the vehicle must be resalable at the residual amount or the lessor will lose money. Conversely, adjusting the residual too low will increase the monthly payment and may make the lease payment unattractive. Adjustments to residual may be made for excess mileage or wear and tear. RESISTANCE: The opposition to the flow of current through a circuit or electrical device, and is measures in ohms. Resistance is equal to the voltage divided by the amperage. RESISTOR: A device, usually made of wire, which offers a preset amount of resistance in an electrical circuit. RESONATOR: A small auxiliary muffler that assists the main muffler in reducing exhaust noise. REVOLUTIONS PER MINUTE (RPM): A measure of how fast an object (especially a shaft) is turning. 22

RING GEAR: The name given to a ring-shaped gear attached to a differential case, or affixed to a flywheel or as part of a planetary gear set. RING-AND-PINION GEAR: Any gear set consisting of a small gear (the pinion gear) which turns a large-diameter annular gear (the ring gear). Used in rear-drive differentials (rear ends) to transfer power from the driveshaft to the axle and wheels. ROAD CROWN: A slight arch build into most roads that prevents water from collecting on the road surface. ROLLER BEARING: A bearing made up of hardened inner and outer races between which hardened steel rollers move. ROLLING RADIUS: Tire-rolling radius is the distance from the center of the wheel to the road. Static radium applies when the vehicle is standing still. Dynamic rolling-radius described wheels in motion. The latter is used to measure tire revolutions per mile and is usually slightly higher than static radius. ROLLING RESISTANCE: This is motion resisting force that is present from the instant the wheels begin to turn. On normal road surfaces, rolling resistance decreases with increased tire pressure and increases with vehicle weight. Rolling resistance can also be affected by tire construction and tread design. ROTOR: In a vehicle with disc brakes, the rotor is the shiny metal disc that the brake pads squeeze to stop the vehicle. 1. The disc-shaped part of a disc brake assembly, upon which the brake pads bear; also called, brake disc. 2. The device mounted atop the distributor shaft, which passes current to the distributor cap tower contacts. see brake rotor RPM: Acronym for Revolutions Per Minute. It is a measure of how fast an object (especially a shaft) is turning.

Semitrailer Truck trailer supported at the rear by its own wheels and at the front by a fifth wheel mounted to a tractor or dolly. Setback Axle Front steering axle moved rearward from the generally accepted standard position. Advantages: Shorter turning radius and more of a vehicle's weight shifted to front axle. Shipping Weight "Dry" weight of a truck including all standard equipment, but excluding fuel and coolant. Single-Source Leasing Service in which companies can lease drivers and trucks from the same source, rather than having to procure them from different companies. Sleeper Sleeping compartment mounted behind a truck cab, sometimes attached to the cab or even designed to be an integral part of it. Sleeper Team See Team. Sliding Fifth Wheel Fifth wheel mounted to a mechanism that allows it to be moved back and forth for the purpose of adjusting the distribution of weight on the tractor's axles. Also provides the capability to vary vehicle combination lengths. Sliding Tandem (Slider) Mechanism that allows a tandem axle suspension to be moved back and forth at the rear of a semitrailer, for the purpose of adjusting the distribution of weight between the axles and fifth wheel. Speedability Top speed a vehicle can attain as determined by engine power, engine governed speed, gross weight, driveline efficiency, air resistance, grade and load. Spoke Wheel See Cast Spoke Wheel. Spread Axle (Spread Tandem) Tandem axle assembly spaced further apart than the standard spacing of 54 inches. The U.S. federal bridge formula favors trailer axles with an eight or nine foot spread by allowing higher weight than on tandems with standard spacing. Straight Truck See Truck. SUV Sport/utility vehicle. Synchronized Transmission Transmission with built-in mechanisms to automatically "equalize" the speed of its gears to allow smooth shifting without the need to double-clutch.

SALVAGE VALUE: The amount a salvage yard will pay for your damaged vehicle. This amount is used to determine whether your vehicle is 'totaled' or not. (See total loss, below.) 23

SEALED BEAM HEADLAMP: A one piece, hermetically sealed headlamp in which the filament is an integral part of the unit and the lens itself is the bulb. Sealed beams are relatively inexpensive and when one burns out or the lens cracks, the whole unit is replaced. SECONDARY CIRCUIT: The high voltage side of the ignition system, usually above 20,000 volts. The secondary includes the ignition coil, coil wire, distributor cap and rotor, spark plug wires and spark plugs. SECTIONING: A repair method in which only a portion of a damaged panel is replaced. It is sometimes a preferred method of repair. SENDING UNIT: A mechanical, electrical, hydraulic or electromagnetic device which transmits information to a gauge. SENSOR: Any device designed to measure engine operating conditions or ambient pressures and temperatures. Usually electronic in nature and designed to send a voltage signal to an on-board computer, some sensors may operate as a simple on/off switch or they may provide a variable voltage signal (like a potentiometer) as conditions or measured parameters change. SEVERE USAGE: Any use that puts unusual stress or wear on a car, such as short trips, extreme temperatures, and stop-and-go traffic. SHIM: Spacers of precise, predetermined thickness used between parts to establish a proper working relationship. SHOCK ABSORBER: The part of a suspension that uses air pressure or hydraulic pressure to dampen the up-and-down motion of a vehicle. Typically found near each wheel. SINGLE OVERHEAD CAM (SOHC): A layout where one camshaft actuates all of the valves in a cylinder head as opposed to a a dual overhead camshaft (DOHC) layout, one camshaft actuates the intake valves, and one camshaft operates the exhaust valves. SLAVE CYLINDER: In automotive use, a device in the hydraulic clutch system which is activated by hydraulic force, disengaging the clutch. SOCIETY OF AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEERS (SAE): "SAE" is an acronym for the Society of Automotive Engineers, an automotive trade group. A professional organization that sets standards for measuring horsepower and torque and for many automotive products such as fasteners, lenses, and lubricants. SOLENOID: A coil used to produce a magnetic field, the effect of which is to produce work. SPARK PLUG: A device screwed into the combustion chamber of a spark ignition engine. The basic construction is a conductive core inside of a ceramic insulator, mounted in an outer conductive base. An electrical charge from the spark plug wire travels along the conductive core and jumps a preset air gap to a grounding point or points at the end of the conductive base. The resultant spark ignites the fuel/air mixture in the combustion chamber. SPECIAL SERVICES: A category that describes plants which add value to automotive parts manufactured by others by using process such as painting, plating, heat treatment, etc. SPECIALTY REPAIR SHOP: Retail outlet which offers specialized vehicle products and service. SPLINES: Ridges machined or cast onto the outer diameter of a shaft or inner diameter of a bore to enable parts to mate without rotation. SPOILER: An aerodynamic device, normally on the rear of the vehicle, that changes the direction of airflow in order to reduce lift aerodynamic drag. A spoiler either reduces drag or create a downward force on the car. It is called a spoiler because it "spoils" the normal air flow over the car. SPRINGS, TORSION BAR: A long straight bar that is fastened to the frame at one end and to a control arm at the other. Spring action is produced by a twisting of the bar. STAMPING: A process technology which manufactures automotive parts by shaping rolled sheet metal or by bending or stretching it in a sequence of purpose-built tools fitted to a general purpose press. STEERING RATIO: A predetermined ratio of the steering gears. Usually, the lower the steering ratio, the quicker the response. STROKE: The distance the piston travels from bottom dead center to top dead center within the cylinder. STRUT: The main support member in a MacPherson suspension system. The strut also serves as the shock absorber. STRUT CARTRIDGE: Replaceable shock absorber unit of MacPherson strut. 24

SUBROGATION: It is sometimes most expedient to have your insurance company initially pay to repair your vehicle and let them fight with the offending party's insurance over issues of fault. When one insurance company pursues another for payment, it is termed subrogation. SUPERCHARGER: Supercharging is the compression of an engine's intake charge above atmospheric pressure by means of an air pump driven by a crankshaft. This is not to be confused with a turbocharger which is an air pump that is exhaust driven. A supercharger can provide boost faster than a turbo and over a much broader engine rpm range. The disadvantages of supercharging are higher power demands, more mechanical noise and more complex control requirements. SUPPLEMENT: An additional amount paid to settle a claim. More often than not, it's impossible to identify all damage to your vehicle until it's disassembled. A supplement is a detailing of the repair charges for additional damage found after repairs are begun. SUSPENSION SYSTEM: Includes springs, shock absorbers/struts, and linkage used to suspend a vehicle's frame, body, engine and drivetrain above the wheels. SUV: Acronym for Sports Utility Vehicle. SWAY BAR: A spring-steel rod that resists body roll during sharp turns. Part of the suspension system.

Tag Axle See Axle. Tare Weight See Chassis Weight. Tandem Axle (Tandems) Pair of axles and associated suspension usually located close together. (see Spread Axle) Team (Driver Team) Team of two drivers who alternative driving and resting. TEU (Twenty-Foot Equivalent Unit) Standardized unit for measuring container capacity on ships, railcars, etc. TL (Truckload) The quantity of freight required to fill a trailer; usually more than 10,000 pounds. (see LTL) TL Carrier Trucking company which dedicates trailers to a single shipper's cargo, as opposed to an LTL (Less Than Truckload) carrier which transports the consolidated cargo of several shippers and makes multiple deliveries. (see LTL Carrier) TOFC (Trailer On Flatcar) Method of moving cargo which involves transporting semitrailers on railroad flat cars. (see Piggyback) Tractor Truck designed primarily to pull a semitrailer by means of a fifth wheel mounted over the rear axle(s). Sometimes called a truck tractor or highway tractor to differentiate from it from a farm tractor. Tractor Trailer Tractor and semitrailer combination. Tri-Axle Truck, tractor or trailer with three axles grouped together at the rear. (see Tridem) Tridem Group of three axles on a truck, tractor or trailer. Tridems are most common on European semitrailers. Trip Leasing Leasing a company's vehicle to another transportation provider for a single trip. Trip Recorder (On-Board Computer) Cab-mounted device which electronically or mechanically records data such as truck speed, engine rpm, idle time and other information useful to trucking management. Truck Vehicle which carries cargo in a body mounted to its chassis, rather than on a trailer towed by the vehicle. Twins (Twin Trailers) See Doubles.

TACHOMETER: An instrument for measuring the rotary speed of the engine crankshaft, a gear, shaft, etc. in revolutions per minute (RPM). TECHNICAL SERVICE BULLETIN (TSB): Information sent from the vehicle manufacturer to a dealer's service department that describes change s in a maintenance or repair procedure. THERMAL VACUUM VALVE: An emissions control part that opens or closes depending on engine temperature. THERMOSTAT: A simple but critically important device that regulates temperature. In a cold engine, it closes to block the flow of coolant going to the radiator (thus providing faster warm-ups), then opens when the coolant reaches a specific temperature. A valve, located in the cooling system of 25

an engine, which is closed when cold and opens gradually in response to engine heating, controlling the temperature of the coolant and rate of coolant flow. THROTTLE POSITION SENSOR (TSP): An emissions system device that monitors the position of the throttle plate. TOE-IN: The amount by which the front of a front wheel points inward or outward. A slight amount of toe in is usually specified to keep the front wheels running parallel on the road by offsetting other forces that tend to spread the wheels apart. When the leading edges of a pair of wheels are closer together than the trailing edges. See also Toe-Out. TOE-OUT: When the leading edges of a pair of wheels are farther apart than the trailing edges. TOP DEAD CENTER(TDC): The point at which the piston reaches the top of its travel on the compression stroke. TORQUE: The twisting force applied to an object. A force that produces a twisting or rotating motion. TORQUE CONVERTER: A coupling between the engine and an automatic transmission that acts like the clutch on a manual transmission. It can double the engine's torque, but can cause all sorts of pesky problems if faulty. A turbine used to transmit power from a driving member to a driven member via hydraulic action, providing changes in drive ratio and torque. In automotive use, it links the driveplate at the rear of the engine to the automatic transmission. A coupling between the engine and an automatic transmission that acts like the clutch on a manual transmission. It can double the engine's torque, but can cause all sorts of pesky problems if faulty. TORQUE CONVERTER CLUTCH: An electronically controlled lockup clutch that is automatically engaged at certain speeds to eliminate the slip between the torque converter's input and output, thereby improving fuel efficiency and performance. TORQUE, ENGINE: Engine torque is the amount of twisting effort exerted at the crankshaft by an engine expressed in foot-pounds of force. A footpound represents the force of one pound acting at the right angle to the rotating crankshaft at distance of one foot in length. TORQUE RATING: A measure of the engine's power capability, whereby the amount of twisting or rotating effort being exerted on the crankshaft is expressed in lb.-ft. of force. Torque is the force that gets the weight of the vehicle moving, making it an important consideration in trailering. TORX: A six pointed screwdriver or socket that comes in assorted sizes from T8 (smallest) to T60 (largest). THROTTLE-BODY: Throttle-Body Fuel Injection is a type of Electronic Fuel Injection which positions the injector(s) centrally in a throttle-body housing. This housing contains a valve to regulate the airflow through the intake manifold. TIMING: Timing refers to the crankshaft angles at which the valves open and close and at which time the ignition system fires the spark plugs. TIRE RATINGS: Tires are rated by load capacity, size and speed capacity. For example, a P225/50VR16 printed on the side of the tire means: P = P-Metric (Passenger Type Tire) 255=Section Width (255mm) 50 = Aspect Ratio (tire height/section width) V = Speed Rating R = Type of Ply (Radial) 16 = Wheel Diameter (16 inches) Tire and wheel dimensions are the first point of information in any discussion of size and capacities. Among the other terms used to describe tires are: tread, shoulder, carcass, sidewall, bead seal, bead seat, tire diameter, aspect ratio, speed rating and section width. TOOL: Device for use in, or attachment to, production machinery that is for the assembling of materials or the working of materials by turning, milling, grinding, polishing, drilling, punching, boring, shaping, shearing, pressing or planing. TOOLING: Set of required standard or special tools needed to produce a particular part; includes jigs, fixtures, gages and cutting tools, but excluding machined tools. 26

TORSION BAR: A long straight bar fastened to the frame at one end and to a suspension part at the other. In effect, a torsion bar is merely an uncoiled spring, and spring action is produced by twisting the bar. The main advantage of the torsion bar over the coil spring in the front suspension is the ease of adjusting the front suspension height. TOTAL LOSS: It's imprudent to repair a vehicle if the total cost of repair exceeds the value of the repaired vehicle. Factored into the decision to total a vehicle are the anticipated cost of repairs, rental charges, if applicable, and salvage value. If you vehicle is 'totaled,' the insurance company is, in effect, buying your vehicle from you. Negotiation over the purchase price is completely appropriate. TPS (THROTTLE POSITION SENSOR): An emissions system device that monitors the position of the throttle plate. TRACTION CONTROL: Traction control helps provide smoother, more controlled acceleration by reducing the amount of wheel spin during reduced traction conditions. Traction control utilizes the vehicle's anti-lock braking system and is usually activated only at low vehicle speeds. TRAILING ARM: A rear suspension element consisting of a lengthwise member that pivots from the body at its forward end and has a wheel hub rigidly attached to its trailing end. TRANSAXLE: A transmission (manual or automatic) and differential combined in one integrated assembly, eliminating the need for a separate connecting drive shaft. This configuration is typical in front-wheel-drive vehicles and is located next to the engine. In front-wheel drive cars, an assembly consisting of a transmission (manual or automatic) and a differential. Located next to the engine. TRANSDUCER: A device used to change a force into an electrical signal. TRANSISTOR: A semi-conductor component which can be actuated by a small voltage to perform an electrical switching function. TRANSMISSION: Transmits the engine's power to the differential. TSB: Acronym for Technical Service Bulletin. Information sent from the vehicle manufacturer to a dealer's service department that describes change s in a maintenance or repair procedure. TUNE-UP: A regular maintenance function, usually associated with the replacement and adjustment of parts and components in the electrical and fuel systems of a vehicle for the purpose of attaining optimum performance. TUNED INTAKE AND EXHAUST SYSTEMS: Intake and exhaust systems that increase the flow of intake charge into and out of the combustion chambers by varying the length, shape, or diameter of the component. TUNED-PORT FUEL INJECTION: Tuned-Port Fuel Injection is almost identical to Multi-Port Fuel Injection, except that tuned runners are used to channel air to the cylinder heads. This results in increased airflow to the cylinders. TURBOCHARGER: An exhaust driven pump which compresses intake air and forces it into the combustion chambers at higher than atmospheric pressures. The increased air pressure allows more fuel to be burned and results in increased horsepower being produced. Rotary compressor or pump that pressurizes engine intake air. It is driven by the flow of exhaust gases. The increased pressure forces more air into the cylinder than it could normally draw, allowing the engine to burn more fuel and in turn produce more power.

ULEV Ultra-low emissions vehicle. Upper Coupler Load bearing surface on the underside of the front of a semitrailer. It rests on the fifth wheel of a tractor or dolly and has a downward-protruding kingpin which is captured by the locking jaws of the fifth wheel.

U-JOINT (UNIVERSAL JOINT): A joint that transmits rotary motion between two shafts that aren't in a straight line. UNIBODY CONSTRUCTION: A type of body construction that doesn't require a separate frame to provide structural strength or support for the vehicle's mechanical components. Also called "unitized." UNITIZED CONSTRUCTION: A type of body construction that doesn't require a separate frame to provide structural strength or support for the vehicle's mechanical components. Also called "unibody." 27

UNIVERSAL JOINT: A joint that transmits rotary motion between two shafts that aren't in a straight line.

VIN (Vehicle Identification Number) Assigned by the manufacturer, this number is unique to each vehicle and appears on the vehicle's registration and title. VMRS (Vehicle Maintenance Reporting Standards) Set of codes developed to facilitate computerized tracking of parts and labor used in equipment repair. Established and maintained by the American Trucking Associations.

VA: Acronym for "Value Analysis". VACUUM ADVANCE: A device which advances the ignition timing in response to increased engine vacuum. VACUUM GAUGE: An instrument used to measure the presence of vacuum in a chamber. VACUUM PORT: The part of a device that a vacuum hose connects to. VALVE: A device which controls the pressure, direction of flow, or rate of flow of a liquid or gas. A device that can be opened or closed to allow or prevent the flow of a liquid or gas from one place to another. Most internal combustion engines use intake and exhaust valves to allow fuel/air mixture into the cylinders and to exhaust burnt gases. Some engines have four valves per cylinder, which increases total valve area for increased efficiency and performance. VALVE CLEARANCE: The measured gap between the end of the valve stem and the rocker arm, cam lobe or follower that activates the valve. VALVE LIFTER: The cylindrical component that presses against the lobe of a camshaft and moves up and down as the cam lobe rotates, opening and closing an intake or exhaust valve. Virtually all modern valve lifters are of an hydraulic design that uses a cushion foil to promote quiet operation. VALVE TRAIN: The collection of parts that make the valves operate, allowing fuel intake, compression and exhaust. Includes the camshaft(s) and all related drive components, and the various parts that convert the camshaft's rotary motion into reciprocating motion at the valves. VE: Acronym for "Value Engineering". VEHICLE IDENTIFICATION NUMBER (VIN): unique number assigned to a vehicle by the manufacturer primarily for registration and identification purposes (consisting of numerals and letters). VISCOSITY: A measure of a liquid's resistance to flow. Water has low viscosity; honey has high viscosity. Typically used to describe oil's "thickness." VOLTMETER: An instrument used for measuring electrical force in units called volts. Voltmeters are always connected parallel with the circuit being tested.

Walking Beam Suspension Type of truck and tractor rear suspension consisting of two beams, one at each side of the chassis, which pivot in the center and connect at the front to one axle of a tandem and at the rear to the other axle. WIM (Weigh-In-Motion) Technology for determining a vehicle's weight without requiring it to come to a complete stop.

WATER PUMP: Part of the cooling system that circulates coolant through the engine, radiator, and heater core. WEATHERSTRIPPING: The soft rubber that seals the doors, windows, and trunk from the weather. WEIGHT DISTRIBUTION: That portion of the total weight of a vehicle, including equipment and payload, that will be supported by each axle and tire. Proper distribution of total vehicle weight is critical to the service life of components such as the frame, axles, springs, bearings, and tires and therefore one of the most important requirements in selecting the right truck for your customer's particular job. 28

WHEELBASE: Distance, center to center, from front axle to rear axle. Wheelbase is important because it indicates available body length and weight distribution between front and rear axles. WHEEL CHOCK: A block of wood placed behind a tire to keep the vehicle from moving as it's being jacked up. WHEEL CYLINDER: A piston that pushes a brake shoe against a brake drum. Found in the automotive drum brake assembly, it is a device actuated by hydraulic pressure which, through internal pistons, pushes the brake shoes outward against the drums. WHOLESALE VALUE: The price, based on auction results or retailer trade reports, that a retailer expects to pay for a vehicle. Y
Yard Jockey Person who operates a yard tractor. Yard Tractor (Yard Mule) Special tractor used to move trailers around a terminal, warehouse, distribution center, etc.

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