properties of acids--sour, Aqueous solutions acids are electrolytes (conduct electricity), indicator change color, React metals = hydrogen

gas, React hydroxide ions = water & salt properties of bases--React with acids = water & salt, bitter, slippery, Change color of acid-base indicator, strong or weak electrolytes hydroxide ions (OH-)--water molecule loses a hydrogen ion in a collision with another water molecule (negative charge) When present in a solution in greater concentration than hydrogen ion, solution is basic (alkaline solution) hydronium ions (H3O+)--water molecule that gains a hydrogen ion in a collision with another water molecule (positive charge) When present in greater concentration than hydroxide ion solution is acidic self-ionization of water-- Reaction where 2 water molecules produce ions concentration of hydrogen and hydroxide ions at 25C--Each only 1.0 x 10-7 M hydrogen and hydroxide ion concentrations are equal, so solution is neutral pH represent--The negative logarithm of the hydrogen-ion concentration pH = - log [H+] Ranges from 0 to 14 Neutral =7 Highly acidic = 0 Highly basic =14 pOH represent-- negative logarithm of the hydroxide-ion concentration pOH = - log [OH-] pH + pOH = 14 Using acid base indicators to measure pH: Universal Indicator span the entire spectrum pH Meters--Used to make rapid, accurate pH measurements Combination electrode glass electrode (voltage changes with hydrogen ion concentration) & reference electrode ( constant voltage) is connected to a millivoltmeter Measures voltage between the two electrodes Arrhenius Acids and Bases Theory Acids are hydrogen-contain compounds that ionize to yield H ions in aqueous solutions - only H in very polar bonds are ionizable not all H containing compounds are acids Bases are compounds that ionize to yield hydroxide ion in aqueous solutions Bronsted-Lowry Acids and Bases Acid hydrogen-ion donor Base hydrogen-ion acceptor Ex. Ammonia gas is soluble in water and acts as a base Water is the H-ion donor conjugate acid--A particle formed when a base gains a hydrogen ion. Base pair consists of two substances related by the loss or gain of a single hydrogen ion.

conjugate base--The particle that remains when an acid has donated a hydrogen ion. Lewis Acids and Bases Acid substance that can accept a pair of electrons to form a covalent bond Base substance that can donate a pair of electrons to form a covalent bond H ion can accept a pair of electrons in forming a bond, so a hydrogen ion is a Lewis acid strong acid--Completely ionized in aqueous solution (hydrochloric acid & sulfuric acid) weak acid-- Ionizes only slightly in aqueous solution Ex: acetic acid acid dissociation constant (Ka)-ratio of the concentration of the dissociated (ionized) form of an acid to the concentration of undissociated (non-ionized) form. The stronger the acid the larger Ka. strong-Dissociates completely into metal ions & hydroxide ions aqueous solution weak-React with water to form hydroxide ion & conjugate acid of base (am) base dissociation constant (Kb)--hydroxide ion to the concentration of the conjugate base The smaller the value for Kb the weaker the base. difference between concentrated and strong acid and between dilute and weak acids--Strong or weak acids refer to extent of ionization in an aqueous solution. Concentrated and dilute refer to the # of moles of the acid or base in a given volume. Limestone/calcium carbonate beds have less effects from acid rain than granite beds-Limestone reacts with acids make calcium H Cate Calcium carbonate neutralizes acidic precipitation and produces bicarbonate+acts like buffer+ prevents added base from increasing pH The bicarbonate (HCO3-) produced serves as a buffer and can neutralize added acid/ base acid rain--Fog, sleet, snow, or rain with a pH lower than ~ 5.6 Natural precipitations average pH in the absence of air pollution is ~ 5.6 rainwater have a pH less than 7.0-- precipitation dissolves CO2 + forms carbonic acid. *carbonic acid is a weak acid acid rain become a problem--Sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides emitted from power plants, industries& fossil fuel burning & react with atmospheric water to form acids that lower rainwater pH to as low as 4.5 impacts of acid rain--Lowers the pH of lakes and streams enough to kill fish eggs and other aquatic life Damages plants by leaching needed minerals from soil Damages structures containing metal, limestone, concrete Salvation--process where solvent molecules surround & interact with solute ions/molecules Traitor