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2, APRIL 1998
I. INTRODUCTION
performance. Moreover, this method cannot be directly applied Fig. 3. Constitution methods of ac switches.
to the unidirectional SMR.
This paper presents a low-cost high-performance three-
phase unidirectional SMR system. The power circuit shown
in Fig. 2 is investigated. It consists of a bridge rectifier with
three delta-connected ac switches on the ac side of the bridge.
Since the ac switches are placed on the ac side, the deadtime
consideration to prevent two switches of the same bridge
leg from conducting simultaneously is not necessary. Since
the phase currents flow through only one ac switch at the
storage phase of the boost inductors, it has relatively lower
conduction losses than Fig. 1(b). The operation principle with Fig. 4. The operational cycle is divided into six 60 intervals according to
simulation verification is described in the following sections. the phase voltage polarity.
A simple control strategy combining space-vector modulation
and hysteresis current control is proposed. Excellent power illustrates some methods to constitute an ac switch. This paper
factor is observed in the experimental results. Moreover, adopts the first method since its driving is easier than the
the proposed control strategy has successfully reduced the second one and its conduction loss is less than the third one.
switching losses by 33%. The operational cycle is divided into six 60 intervals
according to the input phase voltage polarity. As shown in
II. PROPOSED SMR TOPOLOGY Fig. 4, no polarity change occurs in each interval. Each interval
Fig. 2 illustrates the unidirectional three-phase boost-type contains two positive and one negative phase voltages or
SMR discussed in this paper. In this approach, the convention- one positive and two negative phase voltages. The ac switch
ally used six switches are replaced by three delta-connected connecting the two phases of same voltage sign is set normally
ac switches located between the boost inductors and bridge open in every interval, since it will not effect the operation of
rectifier. Since the bridge rectifier is used, only unidirectional the SMR (which will be explained later).
power flow is allowed. The proposed approach has its inherent Take interval , where and are positive and is
limitation in the applications where bidirectional power flow negative, for example. Since the line currents are controlled
is important, such as high power motor drive. However, many to be in phase with the corresponding phase voltages, no
currently commercially available general-purpose inverters do current will flow through the diodes , , and .
not contain built-in SMR’s; instead they offer an optional is set normally open, resulting in the subtopology in Fig. 5(a).
choice to meet the corresponding power factor (PF) regula- According to the conducting states of and , there are
tions. Thus they can keep costs minimal in the markets where four modes of operation in the example interval as shown in
PF regulations are not imposed yet and can meet the related PF Fig. 5(b)–(e).
requirements by offering an optional PF choice. The proposed Mode 1— ON, ON: As shown in Fig 5(b), , ,
approach offers an attractive choice in these applications, since and are short-circuited through the boost inductors. Currents
it only adds three ac switches and boost inductors to the flow from phases A and B, through the ac switches and the
original circuit. The original circuit is not affected if the SMR boost inductors, into phase C. All of the six diodes are reverse
option is not ordered. biased. At the same time, the buck capacitor discharges and
Since only three ac switches are to be controlled, it needs supplies current to the load. By the basic circuit theory, we
only three driving circuits for the corresponding ac switches. have
Moreover, since the delta-connected ac switches are placed on
(1)
the ac side, the deadtime consideration to prevent two switches
of the same bridge leg from conducting simultaneously is Mode 2— ON, OFF: Fig. 5(c) illustrates the resul-
not necessary in this topology. It will simplify the control tant subcircuit of this mode. flows through the diodes
design greatly. An ac switch can be constituted by one or and , supplies the load current, and flows back to phase
two power transistors [7]. It can conduct bidirectional currents C. The output capacitor must encounter the instantaneous
when turned on and block ac voltages when turned off. Fig. 3 unbalance between the input power and the output power. It
258 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS, VOL. 45, NO. 2, APRIL 1998
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
(e)
Fig. 5. Modes of operation in interval I where V a and Vb are positive and Vc is negative.
charges if is greater than the load current; it discharges can safely set normally open without deteriorating the
otherwise. Diodes and are forward biased. Phases A performance of the proposed SMR. Input currents in phase
and C are shorted through the inductors and . By the with the corresponding input voltages can be acquired by
basic circuit theory, we have selecting proper operation modes in interval . That implies
unity power factor. Since one of the three ac switches is set
(2) normally open in each interval, the switching loss is reduced
by roughly 33%.
(3)
Mode 3— OFF, ON: Fig. 5(d) illustrates the resul- III. SPACE-VECTOR MODULATION
tant subcircuit of this mode. Mode 3 is similar to Mode 2, In this section, selection of appropriate operation modes
except that phases A and B are exchanged. Diodes and by the space-vector concept is described. With the concept
are forward biased. It is clear that of the space vector, it is convenient to represent three-phase
quantities (voltages and currents) as a space vector
(4)
(8)
(5)
where
Mode 4— OFF, OFF: As shown in Fig. 5(e), both
phases A and B are connected to positive terminals of the
output capacitor. and flow through the diodes, charge
the output capacitor, and supply the load current. By the basic Consequently, voltages before the rectifier bridge , ,
circuit theory, we have and can be represented as a voltage vector
(6) (9)
(7) Applying (9) into the four operation modes, four space
voltage vectors are acquired in the interval as illustrated in
There are another four operation modes in the interval if Table I, where signifies normally open. Consequently, there
turns on. Neglecting the conduction voltage drops of are 24 voltage vectors in the whole operational cycle according
semiconductor devices, three of them are identical to Mode to the conducting states of the switches. Some of them are
1 and the fourth is identical to Mode 4. Therefore, we identical. Fig. 5 shows the total resultant seven voltage vectors,
TU AND CHEN: UNIDIRECTIONAL THREE-PHASE SWITCH-MODE RECTIFIER 259
TABLE I
VOLTAGE VECTORS ACCORDING TO THE OPERATION MODES IN THE INTERVAL I
where
for
Fig. 6. Voltage vectors corresponding to the voltages before bridge rectifier
for (10) Va0 , Vb0 , and Vc0 .
(13)
where
(a) (b)
(c)
Fig. 8. The simulation results.
(a) (b)
(c)
Fig. 10. The experimental results.
5) The proposed approach offers an attractive choice as an [6] J. W. Dixon, A. B. Kulkarni, M. Nishimoto, and B. T. Ooi, “Charac-
external optional SMR. It only adds three ac switches teristics of a controlled current PWM rectifier link,” in IEEE IAS Conf.
Proc., 1986, pp. 685–691.
and boost inductors to the original circuit. The original [7] J. S. Lin, C. L. Chen, and C. Y. Lai, “A high-bandwidth PWM servo
circuit is not affected if the option is not ordered. amplifier the direct-drive-valve actuation system,” in IEEE APEC’93
Conf. Proc., 1993, pp. 328–332.
Nevertheless, the proposed approach has some potential
disadvantages. The first is that the diodes used in the rectifier
bridge must be fast-recovery type. The second is that only
unidirectional power flow is allowed. The proposed approach
is not suitable in the applications where bidirectional power Rong-Jie Tu was born in Miao-Li, Taiwan, R.O.C.,
in 1968. He received the B.S. degree in electrical
flow is important, such as motor drives. engineering from the National Sun Yat-Sen Uni-
However, owing to its remarkable simplicity, excellent versity in 1991. Presently, he is working toward
performance, and lower cost, the proposed approach offers the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering at the
National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.
an attractive choice of SMR for medium and large power His current research interests are in the areas of
applications such as power supplies (UPS’s). switch-mode rectifiers and induction motor drives.
REFERENCES
[1] P. N. Enjeti and R. Martinez, “A high performance single phase ac to dc
rectifier with input power factor correction,” in IEEE APEC’93 Conf.
Proc., 1993, pp. 190–195.
[2] S. Manias, “Novel full bridge semicontrolled switch mode rectifier,”
Proc. Inst. Elect. Eng., vol. 138, pt. B, no. 5, pp. 252–256, 1991. Chern-Lin Chen (S’86–M’90) was born in Taipei,
[3] J. W. Kolar, H. Ertl, and F. C. Zach, “Realization considerations for Taiwan, R.O.C., in 1962. He received the B.S. and
unidirectional three-phase PWM rectifier system with low effects on the Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering from the
mains,” presented at the Int. Conf. on Power Electronics and Motion National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.,
Control, 1990. in 1984 and 1987, respectively.
[4] R. Wu, S. B. Dewan, and G. R. Slemon, “A PWM ac-to-dc converter He has been with the Department of Electrical
with fixed switching frequency,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Applicat., vol. 26, Engineering at the National Taiwan University since
pp. 880–885, Mar./Apr. 1990. 1987, where he is currently a Professor. His current
[5] B. T. Ooi, J. C. Salmon, J. W. Dixon, and A. B. Kulkarni, “A 3-phase research interests are in the analysis, design, and
controlled current converter with leading power factor,” IEEE Trans. application of power electronics converters, and in
Ind. Applicat., vol. 23, pp. 78–84, Jan./Feb. 1987. motor drives.