MANUAL

ON

TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES

PART I
SECOND EDITION

MINISTRY OF HIGHWAYS & ROAD DEVELOPMENT AND ROAD DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY

AUGUST 2007

Revised Edition (2nd Edition) of Manual on Traffic Control Devices

The revision of the Manual on Traffic Control Devices was carried out by the National Road Safety Secretariat at the request of the then Ministry of Transport and Highways with the participation of the Consultants. During the process of revision of the Manual, views were sought from: The Road Development Authority The Motor Traffic Department The Colombo Municipal Council The Police Department (Traffic Division) The Road Construction and Development Company Others

Based on such interactions, suitable amendments were incorporated.

Note: This manual is guide only and for the legal aspects it has to be read in conjunction with The Motor Traffic Act Regulation 2006 (Signs, Signals, Symbols and Road markings) which publication is awaiting for the Ministry of Transport approval. It shall be noted that the Traffic sign and Road marking numbering system developed for this manual is entirely different to the numbering system developed in the gazette The Motor Traffic Act, Regulation 2006. The reference number for Traffic signs and Road markings to be, in accordance with the gazette of the Motor Traffic Act, Regulation 2006.

Preface

Starting from about 1992, the Road Development Authority (RDA) had been focussing attention on the need for a manual of Traffic Signs and Markings, and some draft proposals had been made. Consequently the first Manual on Traffic Control Devices was published in 1997, which was in conformity with the stipulations given in the Vienna Convention. In 1999, however, the National Road Safety Secretariat (NRSS) was requested by the then Ministry of Transport & Highways to carry out a revision to the above Manual, in particular reference to the proposed Expressways. The original Manual had been prepared in two parts: Part 1, depicting Traffic Signs, Road Markings and Traffic Signals and Part II, depicting Traffic Control Devices for Road works. In the revision of the Manual, the same distinction was maintained in order that the importance of traffic control during road works is emphasised. Difference, however, is that, they are published as two separate books in the revised Manual. During the process of revision, whilst maintaining the original sequence of presentation, amendments and additions were made to the text and also to the diagrams as needed. As regards the Expressways, a series of new additions were made to the Traffic Signs that are specially applicable to them. Also, variations were made to key dimensions of the signs as applicable to expressways. In the revised version, conformity with the provisions of the revised Vienna Convention of 1995, was ensured. Enquiries regarding the revised Manual on Traffic Control Devices may be made direct to the RDA.

Planning Division Road Development Authority Ministry of Highways & Road Development 9th Floor Sethsiripaya Battaramulla.

Revised August 2007

Contents
PART I TRAFFIC SIGNS AND ROAD MARKINGS
1.0 GENERAL .......................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 BASIS FOR TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES ............................................................................................ 1 FUNCTIONS OF TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES ...................................................................................... 1 TYPES OF TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES .............................................................................................. 1 PROPER USE OF TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES ..................................................................................... 2 STANDARDISATION AND UNIFORMITY OF TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES ............................................. 2 LEGAL ASPECTS ................................................................................................................................ 3

2.0 TRAFFIC SIGNS ............................................................................................................................... 4 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 CLASSIFICATION ................................................................................................................................ 4 DANGER WARNING SIGNS ................................................................................................................. 5 REGULATORY SIGNS ........................................................................................................................ 15 INFORMATIVE SIGNS ........................................................................................................................ 27 ADDITIONAL PANELS FOR USE WITH SIGNS....................................................................................... 43 INSTALLATION OF TRAFFIC SIGNS ................................................................................................... 45

3.0 ROAD MARKINGS .......................................................................................................................... 51 3.1 CLASSIFICATION OF ROAD MARKINGS AND DETAILED DESCRIPTION ............................................... 51 3.2 ROAD MARKING MATERIALS ........................................................................................................... 74 3.3 REFLECTORISATION OF MARKINGS .................................................................................................. 75 4.0 TRAFFIC LIGHT SIGNALS ........................................................................................................... 76 4.1 LIGHT SIGNALS FOR VEHICULAR TRAFFIC ....................................................................................... 76 4.2 LIGHT SIGNALS FOR PEDESTRIANS ................................................................................................... 78 5.0 MISCELLANEOUS TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES............................................................... 80 5.1 BARRICADE BOARD ......................................................................................................................... 80 5.2 DIRECTION BOARD FOR ROAD DEVIATION ....................................................................................... 80 5.3 CHEVRON MARKERS ........................................................................................................................ 81 5.4 SIDE OBSTACLE MARKERS ............................................................................................................... 82 5.5 TRAFFIC CONE.................................................................................................................................. 82 5.6 LIGHTING DEVICES ........................................................................................................................... 83 5.7 FLAGS .............................................................................................................................................. 83 5.8 ROADSIDE DELINEATORS ................................................................................................................. 84 5.9 STOP AND GO SIGN. .......................................................................................................................... 85 5.10 NO PARKING GUARD POSTS. .......................................................................................................... 86 6.0 MAINTENANCE OF TRAFFIC SIGNS & MARKINGS............................................................. 87 6.1 GENERAL.......................................................................................................................................... 87 6.2 ROUTINE MAINTENANCE ACTIVITIES .............................................................................................. 89 6.3 PERIODIC MAINTENANCE ACTIVITIES .............................................................................................. 91

1.0 GENERAL
1.1 Basis for Traffic Control Devices The regulations publish in the Government Gazette (Extraordinary) No. 444/19 dated 13.03.87 under Section 237 along with Section 164 of the Motor Traffic Act is the basis for providing Traffic Control Devices. These regulations were gazetted to amend the existing Traffic Signs and to incorporate International Traffic Signs agreed upon for adoption at the UN Conference on Road Traffic held in Vienna on the 8th November 1968. Sri Lanka is a Signatory to the convention for adoption of international Traffic Signs. The Traffic Control Devices that are being adopted in Sri Lanka are those that were agreed upon at the Convention for adoption in the Asian Region. 1.2 Functions of Traffic Control Devices The main function of Traffic Control Devices is to guide the road user and thereby improve safety and efficiency of the highways. Traffic Control Devices should always be used to enhance the orderly and safe movement of motorised, non-motorised and pedestrian traffic. They should not be allowed to be obscured by any other attachments such as that for advertisement. 1.3 Types of Traffic Control Devices Traffic Control Devices normally consist of Traffic Signs, Road Markings and Traffic Signals. For special circumstances Traffic Control Devices such as Barricade Boards, Traffic Cones and Lighting Devices are used. (a) Traffic Signs Traffic Signs are provided alongside the road, as follows: beside the shoulder /footwalk; or if the lateral clearance is limited, on the shoulder/footwalk; or on the centre median; or as overhead signs placed across the road. Traffic Signs are provided to warn, regulate and direct the motorists to their destinations and enhance safety of non-motorised traffic including pedestrians. Traffic Signs consist of Symbols, Words, and Numerals. Use of symbols in traffic signs is resorted to, as messages transmitted through them are easily understood by the road user. (b) Road Markings and Road Studs Road Markings essentially consist of continuous lines, broken lines, letters and symbols. These may be applied on the road surface in different arrangements to convey distinct messages to the road user. These markings may be either of road paint or of thermoplastic material. Reflective studs are also used along with road markings, to better effect, both during the day and during the night. High contrast is necessary for road markings to command maximum attention of the motorists. As the road surface is generally black in colour, white and yellow are chosen as the colours of the
1

road markings to provide high contrast. To assure attention of the road markings, a minimum lateral dimension of 100 mm for any longitudinal line is specified. Transverse lines need to be wider due to perspective effect. Markings normally convey a simple clear-cut message to a driver so that he is able to understand it readily, and respond quickly. (c) Traffic Cones, Barricade Boards and Direction Boards Traffic Cones, Barricade Boards and Direction Boards are traffic control devices used to regulate and stream line the flow of traffic and to divert the flow of traffic on special occasions. These devices are used to regulate traffic during road works and during trenching of roads for providing services. Direction Boards may also be used as permanent devices for traffic control at, for example, sharp bends and road narrowing. (d) Traffic Signals including Pedestrian Signals & Flashing Red and Amber Lights Traffic Signals are traffic control devices used at road intersections for the control of traffic. Pedestrian Signals are used to assist pedestrians to cross the road with safety. Pedestrian Signals provide for a pedestrian phase, on demand or automatically, and the pedestrians have the right of way during the pedestrian phase. 1.4 Proper use of Traffic Control Devices Traffic Control Devices should be used only where warranted after careful study and field investigations. Every traffic control device provided should convey some useful warning or information to the road users. If traffic control devices are used in excess of what is actually needed, there is a tendency for them to loose their effectiveness and credibility. In general traffic control devices are required to conform to traffic regulations that have been gazetted. 1.5 Standardisation and Uniformity of Traffic Control Devices Traffic control devices shall be provided in a uniform manner and shall be displayed only for the specific purpose prescribed for it, in this manual. Uniformity of application of traffic control devices is very important and it is essential that similar conditions shall be provided with the same type of control devices. Although guidelines are given in this manual for the uniform application of traffic control devices, field investigation and Engineering judgement are essential in their application. All traffic signs are standardised according to shape, size and colour. All road markings are standardised according to shape, colour and size (length, width, gap length) of markings. All Traffic Cones and Barricade Boards are also standardised according to shape, size and colour.

1.6 Legal Aspects The legal responsibility for making regulations for the provision of Traffic Control Devices lies with the Minister of Transport in accordance with the Section 237 of the Motor Traffic Act (Chapter 203) as amended by the Act No. 21 of 1981. No regulation made by the Minister under this Act will have legal effect until it has been approved by the Parliament and notification of such approval is published in the Gazette. 1.6.1 Authority for Providing Traffic Control Device There are number of authorities having jurisdiction and are entrusted with the responsibility of providing Traffic Control Devices as given in Section 164 of the Motor Traffic Act (Chapter 203) and as amended by Act No. 21 of 1981. According to Section 164, the following persons and Authorities shall have the jurisdiction to provide Traffic Control Devices. (a) Police Officer not below the rank of the Assistant Superintendent of Police, for the purpose of any temporary regulation of traffic. (b) Local Authority of any area in the case of a road in charge of that Local Authority. (c) Road Development Authority in the case of roads coming within the purview of the Authority. (d) Sri Lanka Central Transport Board or a Regional Transport Board in concurrence with the Road Development Authority or the Local Authority and the Police for the purpose of indicating: (1) Place set apart for the parking of omnibuses belonging to such Boards. (2) Places of Bus Stops for omnibuses belonging to the Boards. In the case of a road falling within the purview of the Road Development Authority, the Executive Engineer in charge of the Division or Project Engineer in charge of a project is entrusted with the responsibility of providing Traffic Control Devices. Any Traffic Sign provided for the purpose of regulating the movement of traffic or indicating the route to be followed by traffic or for the purpose of prohibiting, restricting or regulating traffic over any road or section of road should bear the official designation of the Competent Authority on the reverse side of the sign. This shall be immediately preceded by the words "By Order of". Section 164 (4) of the Motor Traffic Act states that "In any prosecution for a contravention of subsection (3), every traffic sign or notice erected, exhibited or provided on or so as to be visible from, any highway shall, unless the contrary is proved be deemed to have been duly erected or exhibited under subsection (1).

1.6.2 Authority for Providing or Restricting Parking of Motor Vehicles

According to the Section 166 (1) of the Motor Traffic Act the authority for prohibiting, restricting or regulating parking of motor vehicles or indicating any place set apart for parking of vehicles on any highway or part of a highway in any urban area, lies with the local authority for that area. According to this provision if it becomes necessary to restrict or prohibit parking of vehicles in any urban area, the officers of the Road Development Authority should do so only with the approval of the Urban Development Authority; and, "By order of" that local authority has to be notified.

2.0 TRAFFIC SIGNS

2.1 Classification

The Traffic Signs are classified as; (a) Danger Warning Signs (b) Regulatory Signs (c) Informative Signs The different types of Traffic Signs are described in detail in the following sections; 2.2 Danger Warning Signs Danger Warning Signs are used to warn traffic ahead of an existing or potential hazardous condition of a road. They shall be placed well ahead of the hazardous condition warned of, so that the motorists are alerted sufficiently in advance to enable them to be prepared to take appropriate action, in the face of the hazardous condition. Warning signs are of great assistance to the motorists and help improve safety of the road system. In exceptional situations Danger Warning Signs may be repeated to effectively alert the driver who could have missed the first warning sign. In certain situations, such as unprotected railway crossings and sharp curves on long straight sections of road, the distance between the sign and the hazard may be shown by attaching an additional panel to the traffic sign. Such a panel should also be used if the distance between the sign and the hazard does not conform to Chapter 2.6.1.1, Table 12. Details of these signs, which are standardised according to shape, size and colour, are given below.
2.2.1 Left Bend ahead This sign is used to warn motorists of a left bend where road geometry requires a reduction of speed as compared to the adjoining sections of the road.

2.2.2 Right Bend ahead

This sign is used to warn motorists of a right bend where road geometry requires a reduction of speed as compared to the adjoining sections of the road.

2.2.3 Double Bend Left ahead

This sign is used to warn motorists of a double bend or succession of bends, the first one to the left and where road geometry requires a reduction of speeds as compared to the adjoining sections of the road.

2.2.4 Double Bend Right ahead

This sign is used to warn motorists of a double bend or succession of bends, the first one to the right and where road geometry requires a reduction of speeds as compared to the adjoining sections of the road.

2.2.5 Hair pin Bend Left ahead

This sign is used to warn motorists of a sharp bend to the left whereby the direction of travel along the road is reversed.

2.2.6 Hair pin Bend Right ahead

This sign is used to warn motorists of a sharp bend to the right whereby the direction of travel along the road is reversed.

2.2.7 Dual carriageway starts ahead

This sign is used to warn motorists of the start of a dual carriageway separated by a centre median.

2.2.8 Dual carriageway ends ahead

This sign is used to warn motorists of road narrowing from a dual carriageway road to a single carriageway road.

2.2.9 Road Narrows on both sides ahead

This sign is used to warn motorists of a narrowing of the road. The sign should be used only if the width of the carriageway is decreased substantially or if the decrease means that vehicles cannot pass each other.

2.2.10 Road Narrows on the left side ahead

This sign is used to warn motorists of a narrowing of the left side of the road. The sign should be used only if the width of the carriageway is decreased substantially or if the decrease means that vehicles cannot pass each other.

2.2.11 Road Narrows on the right side ahead

This sign is used to warn motorists of a narrowing of the right side of the road. The sign should be used only if the width of the carriageway is decreased substantially or if the decrease means that vehicles cannot pass each other.

2.2.12 Cross roads ahead

This sign is used to warn motorists of an intersection of two cross roads. The relative importance of the intersecting roads may be shown by varying the widths. The sign may be modified according to layout of the crossing roads.

2.2.13 Staggered junction with first side road to left ahead

This sign is used to warn motorists on a major road of a staggered junction with two minor roads intersecting the major road, the first side road being towards the left and the second to the right.

2.2.14 Staggered junction with first side road to right ahead

This sign is used to warn motorists on a major road of a staggered junction with two minor roads intersecting the major road, the first side road being towards the right and the second to the left.

2.2.15 T-Junction ahead

This sign is used to warn motorists of an T-junction and is placed on the road that form the stem of the "T. The relative importance of the intersecting roads may be shown by different widths.

2.2.16 Y - Junction ahead

This sign is used to warn motorists of an Y - Junction and is placed on the road that forms the stem of "Y". The relative importance of the intersecting roads may be shown by different widths.

2.2.17 Traffic from Left merges ahead

This sign is used to warn motorists on a major road, of a side road on the left, which merges or meets with the major road. The shape of the symbol may be altered to depict the layout of the intersection.

2.2.18 Traffic from Right merges ahead

This sign is used to warn motorists on a major road of a side road on the right, which merges or meets with the major road. The shape of the symbol may be altered to depict the layout of the intersection.

2.2.19 Narrow Bridge ahead

This sign is used to warn motorists of a narrow bridge or culvert, and that there is a narrowing of road width towards the bridge or the culvert.

2.2.20 Two-way Traffic ahead

This sign is used to warn motorists of a section of road, temporarily or permanently, carrying two-way traffic on the same carriageway. The sign should be used only when the previous section was a one-way road or if the road design may give the motorists the impression of being a one-way carriageway. The sign should be placed at the beginning of the section and repeated along the section as frequently as may be necessary.

2.2.21 Stop ahead

This sign is used on the approach to an intersection controlled by a STOP sign where the STOP sign is not visible from sufficient distance to enable the motorists to bring the vehicles to a stop at the STOP sign.

2.2.22 Give way ahead

This sign is used on the approach to a 'GIVE WAY' sign where the 'GIVE WAY' sign is not visible from a sufficient distance to enable the motorists to bring their vehicles to a stop at the 'GIVE WAY' sign.

2.2.23 Roundabout

This sign is used on the approach to a roundabout where the 9

ahead

'COMPULSORY ROUNDABOUT' mandatory sign is not visible from a sufficient distance for the motorists to stop at the 'GIVE WAY' markings. The sign should always be used ahead of roundabouts located outside built up areas.

2.2.24 Light Signals ahead

This sign is used on the approach to a light signal where it is not visible from a sufficient distance.

2.2.25 Dangerous Descent ahead

This sign is used in advance of a sharp downhill gradient where the length and intensity of the grade require motorists to take special precautions. The sign should be used when the gradient is as follows:
5 % for a descent more than 1,000 m in length 6 % for a descent more than 600 m in length 7 % for a descent more than 300 m in length 8 % for a descent more than 250 m in length 9 % for a descent more than 150 m in length

Also less severe grades may require a warning sign if the roadside is especially dangerous due to steep side slopes, absence of guard-rails, etc. (see also sign 2.2.43 Dangerous slopes) If the warning applies to a descent of some considerable length, the distance should be indicated on an additional panel. 2.2.26 Dangerous Ascent ahead This sign is used in advance of a steep gradient to warn motorists to be prepared to make the climb. The sign should be used when the gradient is as follows:
5 % for an ascent more than 1,000 m in length 6 % for an ascent more than 600 m in length 7 % for an ascent more than 300 m in length 8 % for an ascent more than 250 m in length 9 % for an ascent more than 150 m in length

Also less severe grades may require a warning sign if the roadside is especially dangerous due to steep side slopes, absence of guard-rails, etc. (see also sign 2.2.43 Dangerous slopes) If the warning applies to an ascent of some considerable length, the distance should be indicated on an additional panel.

2.2.27 Slippery Road

This sign is used to warn motorists of a road section, which becomes 10

ahead

slippery and hazardous when wet. The sign may also be used at roadwork areas if it is suspected that the road is slippery, such as in places of newly laid asphalt concrete surfaces.

2.2.28 Loose Gravel ahead

This sign is used to warn motorists of a road section with loose aggregate/gravel on the carriageway. The sign may be used in conjunction with surface treatments where there is loose chips remaining on the road. The sign may also be used on other places of occurrence of loose aggregate/gravel.

2.2.29 Falling Rocks ahead

This sign is used to warn motorists of a road section, which is subjected to rock falls onto the roadway.

2.2.30 Pedestrian Crossing ahead

This sign is used to warn motorists of a pedestrian crossing where the existence of the pedestrian crossing is not apparent or where the travel speeds are higher than the normal.

2.2.31 Children ahead

This sign is used to warn motorists of places frequented by children, such as exits from schools or playgrounds. The warning may be combined with a low speed limit in order to increase the safety for the children. When used at schools, an additional panel with the text School should be affixed to the sign.

11

2.2.32 Road works ahead

This sign is used to warn motorists of a road section subject to road works. The sign shall always be used when road works are carried out on the road. The sign should normally be erected at both approaches to the road section, subject to road works, and on both sides of the road. If the length of the road works is more than 1,000 m, then the length should be indicated on an additional panel. Since road works always increase the accident risk to the public, the placement and the condition of the signs are very important. The signs should always be placed in the best position for good visibility, even at night. They should never be obstructed by other items such as houses, trees, other signs etc. Road signs and other traffic control devices used at road works are often exposed to dust and dirt. As such extra care shall be taken to assure that the signs are kept clean and in good condition. If the retroreflective sheeting is damaged, the sign shall be replaced.

2.2.33 Level Crossing with gates ahead

This sign should always be used to warn motorists of railway level crossings provided with gates.

2.2.34 Unprotected Level crossing ahead

This sign should always be used to warn motorists of unprotected level crossings.

2.2.35 Bus Lane ahead

This sign is used to warn motorists of a road section where there is a separate lane exclusively for the use of buses.

12

2.2.36 Cycle Lane ahead

This sign is used to warn motorists of a road section where there is a separate lane exclusively for the use of bicycles.

2.2.37 Cyclist crossing ahead

This sign is used to warn motorists of a road section where cyclists cross the road at cyclist crossings or where a cycle lane ends and the cyclists are entering the carriageway.

2.2.38 Cattle or other animals may cross the road ahead

This sign is used to warn motorists of a road section where cattle or any other animals are frequently on the road.

2.2.39 Road ahead on a quay

This sign is used to warn motorists of a road section, which ends abruptly in a quay or a ferry.

2.2.40 Road Humps ahead

This sign is used to warn motorists of a road section where humps have been deliberately formed to reduce vehicle speed.

13

2.2.41 Blind people crossing ahead

This sign is used to warn motorists of places where blind people frequently cross the road, at a pedestrian crossing. Two signs shall normally be erected, one close to the crossing and in conjunction with the "Pedestrian Crossing ahead" sign. The other shall be erected at double the distance and provided with a supplementary plate displaying the distance.

2.2.42 Uneven Road ahead

This sign is used to warn motorists of a road section where the carriageway is dangerously uneven.

2.2.43 Dangerous side slopes

This sign is used to warn motorists of a narrow road section where the side slopes are dangerously steep and without guardrails, or any other protection.

2.2.44 Level crossing

This sign is used to indicate a level crossing. The sign shall be placed in the immediate vicinity of a level crossing to indicate the location of the railway tracks. Normally the sign shall be placed horizontally as shown in the figure, but if sufficient space is not available, the sign may be placed vertically. If the railway line comprises more than one track the sign 2.2.45 shall be used. Normally the sign shall be placed horizontally as shown in the figure, but if sufficient space is not available, the sign may be placed vertically.

2.2.45 Level crossing comprising two or more tracks

The shape, size and colour of the danger warning signs are as given in Table 1.

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Table 1 Details of Danger Warning Signs

No. of Sign Shape of Sign Small (S) Narrow streets and low speed built up areas 2.2.1 to 2.2.43 Square with excluding 2.2.24 one diagonal vertical 2.2.24 Square with one diagonal vertical 400 Key dimension of Sign (mm) Length of a side Normal (N) Within and outside built up areas 600 Large (L) Expressways and similar highways Width of Border Colour of Components of Signs Symbol Background Border

900

S = 10 N = 10 L = 15 Black Top circle red. Mid circle amber. Bottom circle green. The balance portion black Yellow Black

400

600

900

S = 10 N = 10 L = 15

Yellow

Black

2.2.44

Symmetrical cross with pointed arms Symmetrical cross with pointed arms and one vshaped arm beneath the cross

1200

50

White

Red

2.2.45

1200

50

White

Red

2.3 Regulatory Signs Regulatory signs are signs informing the road users of compulsory restrictions that apply to a given place of a road, or on a given section of road, or for a given road; disregard of which is punishable as violation of traffic laws. Regulatory signs are subdivided into 4 types. (a) Prohibitory signs (b) Restrictive signs (c) Mandatory signs (d) Priority signs All Regulatory signs are standardised according to shape, size and colour.

15

2.3.1 Prohibitory Signs Prohibitory Signs are those Regulatory Signs that give definite orders which prohibit motorists from making particular manoeuvres, such as 'No Entry', 'No Left Turn', 'No Right Turn'. The Prohibitory Signs shall be placed at the point where prohibition applies. Details of these signs are given below.
2.3.1.1 No Entry This sign is used to convey to the motorists a prohibition that exists for vehicular traffic to enter a particular road.

2.3.1.2 No Left Turn

This sign is used at an intersection, to convey to the motorists a prohibition that exists for vehicles to turn left at the intersection.

2.3.1.3 No Right Turn

This sign is used at an intersection, to convey to the motorists a prohibition that exists for vehicles to turn right at the intersection.

2.3.1.4 No U-turn

This sign is used at an intersection or on a road section between intersections, to convey to the motorists of a prohibition that exists for making U-turns.

2.3.1.5 No Overtaking

This sign is used at a road section, to convey to the motorists of a prohibition that exists for overtaking of power-driven vehicles other than two-wheeled mopeds and two-wheeled motor cycles without sidecar.

2.3.1.6 End of No

This sign is used to convey to the motorists of the end of a prohibition 16

Overtaking

of overtaking.

2.3.1.7 No Overtaking by Goods Vehicles

This sign is used at a road section to convey to the motorists of a prohibition for goods vehicles having a permissible maximum mass exceeding 3.5 tons that exists for overtaking of power-driven vehicles other than two-wheeled mopeds and two-wheeled motor cycles without side car.

2.3.1.8 End of No Overtaking by Goods Vehicles

This sign is used to convey to the motorists of the end of a prohibition of overtaking for goods vehicles.

2.3.1.9 No Horning

This sign is used to convey to the motorists of a prohibition that exists for sounding the horn at a particular location or in a particular section of the road.

2.3.1.10 Road closed for all vehicles

This sign is used to convey to the road users of a prohibition that exists for all types of vehicles to enter a particular road.

2.3.1.11 Road closed for

This sign is used to convey to the motorists of a prohibition that exists 17

Buses

for buses to enter a particular road.

2.3.1.12 Road closed for Lorries

This sign is used to convey to the motorists of a prohibition that exists for all lorries to enter a particular road.

2.3.1.13 Road closed for any Power-driven Vehicle Drawing a Trailer

This sign is used to convey to the motorists of a prohibition that exists for all power-driven vehicles drawing a trailer to enter a particular road.

2.3.1.14 Road closed for motor vehicles

This sign is used to convey to the motorists of a prohibition that exists for all motor vehicles to enter a particular road.

2.3.1.15 Road closed for power driven agricultural vehicles

This sign is used to convey to the motorists of a prohibition that exists for power driven agricultural vehicles to enter a particular road. The prohibition applies to all types of power driven agricultural vehicles

2.3.1.16 Road closed for

This sign is used to convey to the road users of a prohibition that exists 18

pedestrians

for pedestrians to enter a particular road.

2.3.1.17 Road closed for cyclists

This sign is used to convey to the road users of a prohibition that exists for cyclists to enter a particular road.

2.3.1.18 Road closed for mopeds

This sign is used to convey to the motorists of a prohibition that exists for moped drivers to enter a particular road.

2.3.1.19 Road closed for Motor Cycles

This sign is used to convey to the motorists of a prohibition that exists for motor cycle drivers to enter a particular road.

2.3.1.20 Road closed for three-wheelers

This sign is used to convey to the motorists of a prohibition that exists for three-wheelers to enter a particular road.

2.3.1.21 Road closed for

This sign is used to convey to the road users of a prohibition that exists 19

animal-drawn vehicles

for animal drawn vehicles to enter a particular road.

2.3.1.22 Road closed for handcarts

This sign is used to convey to the road users of a prohibition that exists for handcarts to enter a particular road.

2.3.1.23 No Parking

This sign is used to convey to the motorists of a prohibition that exists for parking of vehicles on the road. Additional panels shall be provided to inform the time period over which the prohibition applies. The direction in which the prohibition applies can be indicated using additional panels with arrows.

2.3.1.24 No Parking and Standing

This sign is used to convey to the motorists of a prohibition that exists for parking and standing, thus even for pick up or set down persons or loading and unloading of goods.

2.3.1.25 No Parking on Odd days

This sign is used to convey to the motorists of a prohibition that exists for parking of vehicles on odd number days of the month, where such days are reckoned from the dates in the calendar. Exemptions to this may be made on Sundays as per decisions made by the relevant Local Authority.

2.3.1.26 No Parking on Even days

This sign is used to convey to the motorists of a prohibition that exists for parking of vehicles on even number days of the month, where such days are reckoned from the dates in the calendar. Exemptions to this may be made on Sundays as per decisions made by the relevant Local Authority.

Table 2
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Details of Prohibitory Signs

No. of Sign Shape of Sign Key dimension of Sign (mm) Outer Diameter Small (S) Narrow streets and low speed built up areas 2.3.1.1 to 2.3.1.22 excluding 2.3.1.5 to 2.3.1.8 and 2.3.1.10 2.3.1.5 and 2.3.1.7 Circular 400 Normal (N) Within and outside built up areas 600 Large (L) Expressways and similar highways Width of border Width of oblique band/bar Colour of Components of Signs Symbols, letters, numerals Background Border Oblique band

900

S=50 N=60 L=75

S=40 N=50 L=60

Black

White

Red

Red

Circular

400

600

900

S=50 N=60 L=75 S=50 N=60 L=75 S=50 N=60 L=75 S=50 N=60 L=75 S=50 N=60 L=75 S=40 N=50 L=60 S=40 N=50 L=60 S=4 of 15 N=4 of 20 L=4 of 30

Black / Red

White

Red

2.3.1.6 and 2.3..1.8

Circular

400

600

900

Grey

White

Black

2.3.1.10

Circular

400

600

900

White

Red

2.3.1.23 to 2.3.1.24

Circular

400

600

900

Blue

Red

Red

2.3.1.25 to 2.3.1.26

Circular

400

600

900

White

Blue

Red

Red

2.3.2 Restrictive Signs Restrictive Signs are those Regulatory Signs used to restrict the speeds, heights, widths and weights of vehicles on a particular road or at a given place or section of road. The numerical values given in the signs below are for illustrative purposes and the actual numerical values should be inserted according to the restrictions to be imposed. Details of these signs are given below.
2.3.2.1 Width Limit This sign is used to convey to the motorists of a width restriction that exists for vehicles exceeding the width indicated on the sign. The width restriction could be applied at narrow bridges or culverts or on narrow sections of road.

2.3.2.2 Height Limit

This sign is used to convey to the motorists of a height restriction that exists for vehicles exceeding the height indicated on the sign. 21

2.3.2.3 Weight Limit

This sign is used to convey to the motorists of a weight restriction that exists for vehicles exceeding the gross vehicle weight indicated on the sign.

2.3.2.4 Weight Limit on one axle

This sign is used to convey to the motorists of a weight restriction that exists for vehicles having axle loads greater than the weight indicated on the sign.

2.3.2.5 Speed Limit

This sign is used to convey to the motorists of a speed restriction for all vehicles in accordance with the speed indicated on the sign.

2.3.2.6 End of Speed Limit

This sign is used to convey to the motorists of the end of the speed restriction in force.

Table 3 Details of Restrictive Signs

22

No. of Sign

Shape of Sign

Key dimension of Sign (mm) Outer Diameter Small (S) Narrow streets and low speed built up areas Normal (N) Within and outside built up areas 600 Large (L) Expressways and similar highways Width of border Width of oblique band/bar

Colour of Components of Signs Symbols, letters, numerals Background Border Oblique band

2.3.2.1 to 2.3.2.5

Circular

400

900

S=50 N=60 L=75 S = 4 of 15 N = 4 of 20 L = 4 of 30

Black

White

Red

2.3.2.6

Circular

400

600

900

Grey

White

Black

2.3.3 Mandatory Signs Mandatory Signs are Regulatory Signs the stipulations of which the drivers must obey. Details of these signs are given below. Direction to be followed:
2.3.3.1 Left Turn This sign is used to convey to the drivers of a compulsory left turn and that all vehicular traffic must turn left. This sign is placed at or near the intersection.

2.3.3.2 Right Turn

This sign is used to convey to the drivers of a compulsory right turn and that all vehicular traffic must turn right. This sign is placed at or near the intersection.

2.3.3.3 Straight

This sign is used to convey to the drivers of a compulsory straightahead movement and that all vehicular traffic must go straight ahead. This sign is placed at or near the intersection.

2.3.3.4 Left Turn ahead

This sign is used to convey to the drivers that all vehicular traffic must turn left at the intersection ahead. 23

2.3.3.5 Right Turn ahead

This sign is used to convey to the drivers that all vehicular traffic must turn right at the intersection ahead.

2.3.3.6 Pass this side, Left side

This sign is used to convey to the drivers that all vehicular traffic shall pass on the left side, as indicated by the arrow on the sign.

2.3.3.7 Pass this side, Right side

This sign is used to convey to the drivers that all vehicular traffic shall pass on the right side, as indicated by the arrow on the sign.

2.3.3.8 Compulsory Roundabout

This sign is used to convey to the drivers that all vehicular traffic must travel around the roundabout in a clockwise manner. Vehicles entering the junction must give priority to vehicles from the right at the Give Way marking or if the road marking is not visible at the road junction, prior to entering the roundabout. The sign shall always be combined with the sign 2.3.4.1. (Give Way sign) at the entrance to roundabouts. The two signs shall be mounted on the same post, with the Give Way sign on top and the Compulsory Roundabout sign below.

Table 4 Details of Mandatory Signs

24

No. of Sign

Shape of Sign

Key dimension of Sign (mm) Outer Diameter Small (S) Narrow streets and low speed built up areas Normal (N) Within and outside built up areas 600 Large (L) Expressways and similar roads Width of border Width of oblique band/bar

Colour of Components of Signs Symbols, letters, numerals Background Border Oblique band

2.3.3.1 to 2.3.3.8

Circular

400

900

S=50 N=60 L=75

Black

White

Red

2.3.4 Priority Signs Priority Signs convey to the drivers the priority that they shall give to other vehicles or the priority that they enjoy over the other drivers, depending on the following: (a) Drivers on a minor road giving priority to drivers on a major road. (b) Drivers on a major road enjoying priority over those on the minor road. (c) Directional priority on a section of road or across a bridge. Further, the STOP sign used on a minor road could be used to convey to the drivers the priority given to rail borne vehicles at a railway crossing, particularly where there are no safety devices such as gates or signals. Details of these signs are given below.
2.3.4.1 Give Way This sign is used on the minor road of a priority intersection to notify drivers on the minor road that they must give way to vehicular traffic on the major road before entering it. This sign is also used at roundabouts to notify drivers entering the roundabout that they must give way to vehicular traffic in the roundabout. When used at roundabouts the sign is combined with the mandatory sign 2.3.3.8 Compulsory Roundabout. The Give Way sign is then placed above the Compulsory Roundabout sign on the same post. This sign is placed in the immediate vicinity of the place where the vehicle is required to give way, along with the Give Way road marking. The Give Way sign implies that no vehicle shall proceed past the Give Way line close to the major road or the roundabout if a vehicle is approaching on the major road or in the roundabout. The shape, size and colour of the sign are as given in the Table 5A.

2.3.4.2 Stop

This sign is used to notify all drivers of a 'STOP' controlled priority intersection that vehicular traffic on the minor road must stop and give priority to the vehicular traffic on the major road. This sign is also 25

used at intersections where vehicular traffic on all approaches has an obligation to stop and give way to vehicular traffic in the intersection before entering the intersection. Such use of stop signs is limited to intersections with low speeds, low traffic volumes and similar distribution of traffic on all approaches to the intersection. This sign is placed in the immediate vicinity of the place where the vehicles are required to stop, along with the corresponding road markings. The shape, size and colour of the sign are as given in the Table 5a. 2.3.4.3 Priority Road This sign is used to notify the drivers that they are travelling on a major road, and that vehicles on the minor roads are obliged to give priority to them. The shape, size and colour of the sign are as given in the Table 5b.

2.3.4.4 End of Priority Road

This sign is used to notify the drivers, the end of priority road. The shape, size and colour of the sign are as given in the Table 5b.

2.3.4.5 Priority for oncoming traffic

This sign is used to notify the drivers that they are entering a section of a road or approaching a narrow bridge where priority shall be given to on-coming vehicular traffic. The shape, size and colour of the sign are as given in Table 5a.

2.3.4.6 Priority over on coming traffic

This sign is used to notify the drivers that they are entering a section of road or approaching a narrow bridge where they have priority over oncoming vehicles. The shape, size and colour of the sign are as given in Table 5a.

Table 5a Details of Priority Signs

26

No. of Sign

Shape of Sign

Key dimension of Sign (mm) Outer Dimensions Small (S) Narrow streets and low speed built up areas Normal (N) Within and outside built up areas Large (L) At places where extra emphasis is required Length of side = 1200 S = 50 N = 75 L = 100 Width of border Width of oblique band/ba r

Colour of Components of Signs Symbols, letters, numerals Background Border Oblique band

2.3.4.1

Equilateral triangle having one side horizontal and the opposite vertex below it. Regular octagonal with two sides horizontal Circular

Length of Length of side = side = 600 900

White

Red

2.3.4.2

Height = 600

Height = 900

Height = 1200

S = 30 N = 40 L = 55 S=50 N=60 L=75

White

Red

White

2.3.4.5

400

600

On expressways and similar = 900 On expressways and similar 900 x 825

Left arrow White red, Right arrow black Left arrow Blue white, Right arrow red

Red

2.3.4.6

Rectangle

400 x 370

600 x 550

Table 5b Details of Priority Signs

No. of Sign Shape of Sign Key dimension of Sign (mm) Length of one side Small (S) Narrow streets and low speed built up areas 2.3.4.3 Square with one diagonal vertical Square with one diagonal vertical 400 Normal (N) Within and outside built up areas 600 Large (L) Expressways and similar roads Width of black border / white rim Width of median band Colour of Components of Signs Rim Background Border Median band

900

2.3.4.4

400

600

900

S = 15 /40 N = 25 /50 L = 35 /75 S = 15 /40 N = 25 /50 L = 35 /75

White

Yellow

Black

S = 80 N = 120 L = 180

White

Yellow

Black

Black

2.4 Informative Signs Informative Signs convey to the road users, useful information to guide them to their destinations. Informative signs are subdivided into the following 10 categories, namely:

27

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Advance Direction Signs Direction Signs Overhead Mounted Direction signs Direction signs for expressways Direction symbols Place Identification Signs Confirmatory Signs Special Regulation Signs Route Number Signs Service Facilities Signs

All Informative Signs are standardised according to shape, size and colour. 2.4.1 Advance Direction Signs Advance Direction Signs are placed on the approaches to an intersection to give information on the important destinations, indicating the distances to such destinations, which could be reached after passing though the intersection. These signs enable the motorists to decide in advance of reaching the intersection as to which road shall be used to get to their destination. The place names indicated on these signs should be the names of the more important towns that are easily recognised by the motorists. These names should be written in Sinhala, Tamil, and English to enable all motorists to recognise them. The generally recommended letter height is 75 mm to 150 mm. On overhead mounted signs a letter height of 200 mm or 300 mm may be used. There are 2 distinct types of Advance Direction Signs, namely: (a) Map Type (b) Stack Type (a) Map Type Map Type Signs indicate the layout of the intersection with arrowheads pointing towards each destination. Typical layouts of this type of sign for a 4-way and 3-way intersection are shown below.

2.4.1.1(a) Map Type sign

2.4.1.1(b) Map Type sign

(b) Stack Type Signs

28

Stack Type Signs do not give the layout of the intersection. They give the directions and the corresponding destinations stacked one below the other. The sign shall indicate the directions in the following order from top to bottom; Straight on Left Right A typical layout of a stack type sign for a intersection is shown below.

2.4.1.2(a) Stack Type sign

2.4.1.2(b) Stack Type sign

The rows required is depend on the far end destination and the immediate next significant important town name. This type of sign has the advantage of reducing the size of the signboard as compared with the Map Type sign, although the motorist is not able to visualise the layout of the intersection from a distance. Since Advanced Direction Signs are used to give information on important destinations, they shall be placed ahead of intersections of routes leading to important towns and other destinations. Table 6 Details of Advance Direction Signs
No. of Sign Shape of Sign Key Dimensions of sign (mm) Dimension 2.4.1.1 to 2.4.1.2 Rectangle Variable Width of border 30 mm Colour of Components of sign Size of letters (mm) Symbols, letters, numerals White Background Green Border Minimum size 75 Maximum size 150 Size of Numerals (mm) Minimum size 75 Maximum size 150

Black

2.4.2 Direction Signs These signs are used at intersections to direct the motorists to destinations of special importance. The direction of the destination is indicated by the arrowhead. Two variations of this type of sign are shown below. Details of these signs are given in Table 7.

29

2.4.2.1(a) Flag Type sign

2.4.2.1(b) Flag Type sign with a direction symbol

2.4.3 Overhead Mounted Direction signs On road and street sections with two or more lanes in the same direction, sometimes overhead mounted direction signs are required. Such signs may be mounted on gantries across the roadway or on cantilevers from the sides. Overhead signs may be either of Map Type (2.4.3.1) or Lane Assignment type (2.4.3.2). The recommended letter height is 200 mm or 300 mm. Note: The Stack Type signs are normally not recommended for Overhead Mounted signs. 2.4.3.1 Overhead mounted Map Type signs. Overhead mounted Map Type signs may be used as Advance Direction signs when the available space beside the road is limited or when extra visibility of the signs are required. The example below shows an overhead Map Type sign in advance of an intersection with a roundabout.

2.4.3.1 Map Type sign 2.4.3.2 Lane Assignment signs. Lane Assignment signs are used to give information of the destinations pertaining to the different lanes in a multi-lane intersection or interchange. Lane Assignment signs shall always be mounted above the carriageway. The number of arrows on the sign shall be consistent with the number of lanes.
30

The arrows on the signboard shall, as far as possible, be located over the centre of the lane that each arrow refers to, or shall at least be within the lane limits marked by road markings. Also, the arrows shall be pointing downwards, except for exiting lanes where the arrows shall be pointing upwards and be leaning towards the direction of the exit. Decisions about the use of overhead signs should be based on the following criteria: Three or more approaching lanes High traffic volumes Complex interchange design Restricted sight distances High speed traffic Large percentage of trucks Insufficient space for ground mounted signs

The existence of one or more of these conditions does not automatically justify the use of overhead signs. An engineering study must be carried out at each separate location to judge the need and also to see if some other measures could reduce the need for overhead signs. The example below shows a Lane Assignment sign for Expressways (with the background in blue colour). If used on other road categories than Expressways, the colour of the sign shall be white background with black symbols and text, or green background with white symbols and text.

2.4.3.2 Lane Assignment signs 2.4.4 Direction signs for Expressways

2.4.4.1 Advance Direction Signs Map type sign

Map type signs shall be used on Expressways to indicate the destinations straight on and the destination of the exit. The exit arrow shall indicate the direction and the angle of the exit. The sign shall be erected at a minimum of 250 m in advance of the exit. The sign shall be of blue background with white text, symbol and border. The recommended letter height is 175 mm.

31

2.4.4.2 Advance Direction Signs Map type sign, at the diverge taper.

This sign is used on Expressways at the beginning of the diverging taper of an exit ramp. This sign shall indicate the destinations of the exit only. The sign shall be of blue background with white text, symbol and border. The recommended letter height is 175 mm.

2.4.4.3 Confirmatory Sign

This sign is used on Expressways to give information to the motorists on the major towns and their distances that lie ahead of them on the route on which they travel. Confirmatory signs used on Expressways shall be blue with white text and border.

2.4.4.4 Exit Direction Sign

This sign is used to convey to the motorists the location and direction of an Expressway exit ramp. The colour of the sign is blue with white text and arrow and border. The Exit Direction Sign shall be mounted on the nose at the diverge.

2.4.5 Direction symbols 2.4.5.1 Airport

This sign is used to indicate the direction to an airport. The airport symbol may be inscribed on other Direction Signs and if appropriate, with the name of the airport. The sign may also be erected as a single sign with a direction arrow on an additional panel.

2.4.5.2 Truck

This sign is used to indicate a recommended route for trucks. The symbol may be inscribed in other Direction Signs or erected as a single sign with a direction arrow on an additional panel.

32

2.4.5.3 Bus

This sign is used to indicate a recommended route for buses. The symbol may be inscribed in other Direction Signs or erected as a single sign with a direction arrow on an additional panel.

2.4.5.4 Ferry service

This sign is used to indicate the direction to a ferry service. The symbol may be inscribed in other Direction Signs or erected as a single sign with a direction arrow on an additional panel. If the symbol is inscribed in some other Direction Sign the destination given could either be the landing place of the ferryboat or the name of the harbour.

2.4.6 Place Identification Signs Place Identification signs are used to show the boundary between two administrative districts or the name of a built-up area. These signs are also used to show the end of a boundary limit or the end of a built-up area. The sign 2.4.6.1 is used to inform the road users that they are entering a major town or a built-up area. The sign 2.4.6.2 is used to inform the road users that they are leaving a major town or a built-up area. Details of these signs are given in Table 7.

2.4.6.1. Place Identification sign, Entrance

2.4.6.2. Place Identification sign, Exit

33

2.4.7 Confirmatory Signs This sign is used to give information to the road users on the major towns, and their distances that lie ahead of them, on the route on which they travel. Details of this sign are given in Table 7.

2.4.7.1 Confirmatory sign Table 7 Details of Direction, Place identification & Confirmatory Signs
No. of Sign Shape of Sign Key Dimensions of sign (mm) Dimen -sion Width of border 30 Width of oblique band Colour of Components of sign Size of letters (mm) Symbols letters numerals Black Background Border Obli que band Minimum size 75 Maximum size 100 Size of Numerals (mm) Minimum size 75 Maximum size 100

2.4.2

Rectangular with one end pointed Rectangle

Variable

White

Black

2.4.3.1

Variable Variable Variable Variable Variable 2400 x 1200 480 x 410 Variable Variable Variable

50

White

Green

White

--

175 -175 175 -175 150 150 150 400 -

300 -300 300 -300 200 200 200 400 -

175 -175 175 -175 150 150 150 -

300 -300 300 -300 200 200 200 -

2.4.3.2

Rectangle

50

White

Green

White

2.4.4.1 2.4.4.2 2.4.4.3 2.4.4.4 2.4.5.1 2.4.5.4 2.4.6.1 2.4.6.2 2.4.7.1

Rectangle Rectangle Rectangle Rectangle Rectangle

40 40 40 40 30

White White White White Black

Blue Blue Blue Blue White

White White White White Black

Rectangle Rectangle Rectangle

40 40 30

100 -

White White White

Green Green Green

White White White

Red -

75 75 75

100 100 100

75

100

34

2.4.8 Special Regulation Signs The Special Regulation Signs are used to give information about traffic arrangements that normally implies traffic regulations given in the road traffic legislation. Special Regulation Signs are given below.
2.4.8.1 Pedestrian Crossing This sign is used at a pedestrian crossing where pedestrians have priority over vehicular traffic. Pedestrian crossings are demarcated by broad road markings placed parallel to the road. Vehicular traffic is required to stop and give way to the pedestrians crossing the road.

2.4.8.2 One Way

This sign is used to confirm that the motorists are on a one way road. The flow of vehicles on this road shall be in the direction of the arrow.

2.4.8.3 Hospital

This sign is used to inform to the road users that there is a hospital in the vicinity of the sign. It is implied that the hospital is open 24 hours a day for use in an emergency. The sign may also be used to indicate the direction to a hospital. An additional panel with an arrow should then be affixed below the sign. The sign symbol can also be displayed on an Advance Direction sign or a Direction sign. In such cases the name of the hospital may be indicated together with the symbol.

2.4.8.4 Parking

This sign is used to inform the drivers that there is a place for parking of vehicles. An additional panel may show the direction of the parking place.

2.4.8.4.1. Handicapped persons

This sign is intended for use to indicate a parking space reserved for handicapped persons. The sign shall be used as a supplementary plate to sign 2.4.8.4 Parking.

35

2.4.8.5 Bus Stop

Either of these two signs is used to locate a bus stop. Note: Sri Lanka Central Transport Board or a Regional Transport Board and the Police should always be consulted prior to the installation of such sign.

2.4.8.5(a) 2.4.8.6 Bus only lane begins or continues

2.4.8.5(b) This sign is used to inform the motorist that there is a lane reserved exclusively for the use of buses.

2.4.8.7 Bus only Lane ends

This sign is used to inform the motorist of the end of a bus only lane.

2.4.8.8 Cycle lane begins or continues

This sign is used to inform the motorist that there is a lane for the use of cyclists. Pedestrians are allowed to use the lane if no separate pedestrian lane or sidewalk is provided.

2.4.8.9 Cycle lane ends

This sign is used to inform the motorist of the end of a cycle lane.

36

2.4.8.10 Cycle and This sign is used to inform the road users of a lane for the common use Pedestrian lane begins or of cyclists and pedestrians. continues

2.4.8.11 Cycle and pedestrian lane ends

This sign is used to inform the road users of the end of a cycle cum pedestrian lane.

2.4.8.12 Separated cycle and pedestrian lane begins or continues

This sign is used to inform the road users of separate lanes for the use of cyclists and pedestrians. A continuous line should separate the lanes.

2.4.8.13 Separated cycle and pedestrian lane ends

This sign is used to inform the road users of the end of a separated cycle and pedestrian lane.

2.4.8.14 Street for Pedestrians only

This sign is used to inform the road users of a street or a section of a street that is for the use of pedestrians only.

37

2.4.8.15 Pedestrian Overpass or Underpass

This sign is used to inform the pedestrians of a pedestrian overpass or underpass.

2.4.8.16 Expressway

This sign is used to convey to the road users of the beginning of an Expressway, where special rules are to be observed, as applicable.

2.4.8.17 End of Expressway

This sign is used to convey to the road users of the end of an expressway.

2.4.8.18 Direction Sign for Slow Moving Road Users

This sign is used to inform slow moving road users the alternate way to choose, when a road section ahead is not allowed for them to enter.

38

Table 8 Details of Special Regulation Signs

No. of sign Shape of sign Shape of inset Key dimension of sign (mm) Outer dimension 2.4.8.1 Square Upright equilateral triangle with one side horizontal Square 600 Length of a side of inset 480 Width of border Width of oblique band Symbol Letters Black White Colour of components of sign Inset Background Border Oblique band

Blue

2.4.8.2 2.4.8.3 2.4.8.4 2.4.8.4.1 2.4.8.5(a) 2.4.8.5(b) 2.4.8.6 2.4.8.7 2.4.8.8 and 2.4.8.10 2.4.8.9 and 2.4.8.11 2.4.8. 12 2.4.8. 13 2.4.8.14 2.4.8.15 2.4.8. 16

Square Square Square Square Rectangle Rectangle Rectangle Rectangle Rectangle

450 600 450 450 500 x 600 300 x 240 750 x 825 750 x 825 400 x 600 400 x 600 435 x 600 435 x 600 400 x 600 600 600 x 900 or 900 x 1200 600 x 800 or 900 x 1200 1500 x 650

300 x 300 -

10 -

100 -

White Cross-Red Bed-White White White Black Black White White White White -

Blue Blue Blue Blue Blue White Blue Blue Blue

Black -

Red -

Rectangle

100

White

Blue

Red

Rectangle Rectangle Rectangle Square Rectangle

15 or 20 15 or 20

100 -

White White With White White

Blue Blue Blue Blue Blue

White

Red -

2.4.8. 17

Rectangle

100 or 150 -

White

Blue

White

Red

2.4.8. 18

Rectangle

20

Black

White

Black

39

2.4.9 Route Number Signs These signs are used to indicate the road numbers. The route number signs may be posted solely or as a symbol included in other Informative signs. On Expressways and A Class highways the route number should be indicated at all major interchanges/intersections and, as repeated information, at approximately each 10 km. On B Class highways route number signs should appear at approximately each 20 km if the length exceeds 20 km.
2.4.9.1 Route number sign for Expressways This sign is used on Expressways. The background of the sign is blue, and the legend and the border are white.

2.4.9.2 Route number sign for A class highways

This sign is used on A class highways. The background of the sign is white, and the legend and the border are black.

2.4.9.3 Route number sign for B class highways

This sign is used on B class highways. The background of the sign is white, and the legend and the border are black.

Table 9 Details of Route Number Signs

No. of Sign Shape of Sign Key Dimensions of sign (mm) Dimension Width of border 15 10 10 Colour of Components of sign Letters and numerals White White White Background Blue Green Green Border Size of Letters (mm) Minimum size 200 100 75 Maximum size 300 200 200 Minimum size 200 100 75 Size of Numerals (mm) Maximum size 300 200 200

2.4.9.1 2.4.9.2 2.4.9.3

Rectangle Rectangle Rectangle

Height = 350 or 450 Width = Variable Height = 250 or 350 Width = Variable Height = 225 or 350 Width = Variable

White White White

40

2.4.10 Service Facilities Signs

2.4.10.1 Public Telephone This sign is used to indicate to the motorists the location of a public telephone. If the telephone is equipped with emergency calling facilities, the letters SOS may be indicated in white colour on the blue background below the symbol or on an additional panel. The symbol may be inscribed in Direction signs or in Advance Direction signs, indicating the direction to a public telephone. 2.4.10.2 Information This sign is used to indicate the location of a place where information, useful for the road users, may be obtained. The sign may be used at information boards as well as at manned information places. The symbol may be inscribed in Direction signs or in Advance Direction signs, indicating the direction to an information place. 2.4.10.3 Industrial Area This sign is used to indicate the location of an industrial area. The symbol may be inscribed in Direction signs or in Advance Direction signs, indicating the direction to an industrial area.

2.4.10.4 Restaurant

This sign is used to indicate the location of a restaurant or the direction to a restaurant. The symbol may be inscribed in Direction signs or in Advance Direction signs, indicating the direction to the restaurant.

2.4.10.5 Refreshments or cafeteria

This sign is used to indicate the location of, or the direction to, a caf or similar place where only refreshments or light meals are served. The symbol may be inscribed in Direction signs or in Advance Direction signs, indicating the direction to the caf.

2.4.10.6 Hotel

This sign is used to indicate the location of a hotel or the direction to a hotel. The symbol may be inscribed in Direction signs or in Advance Direction signs, indicating the direction to the hotel.

41

2.4.10.7 Filling Station

This sign is used to indicate the location of a fuel filling station or the direction to a fuel filling station. The symbol may be inscribed in Direction signs or in Advance Direction signs, indicating the direction to the filling station.

2.4.10.8 Breakdown Service

This sign is used to indicate the location of a vehicle workshop or the direction to a vehicle workshop. The symbol may be inscribed in Direction signs or in Advance Direction signs, indicating the direction to the workshop.

2.4.10.9 Public Beach

This sign is used to indicate the location of a public beach or the direction to a public beach. The symbol may be inscribed in Direction signs or in Advance Direction signs, indicating the direction to the beach.

2.4.10.10 Picnic Site

This sign is used to indicate the location of a picnic site or the direction to a picnic site. The symbol may be inscribed in Direction signs or in Advance Direction signs, indicating the direction to the picnic site.

Table 10 Details of Service Facilities Signs

No. of sign Shape of sign Shape of inset Key dimension of sign (mm) Outer dimension 2.4.10.1 2.4.10.10 Square Square 600 x 600 Length of a side of inset 400 Width of border 100 Key dimension of sign (mm) Outer dimension 400 x 400 Length of a side of inset 250 Width of border 75 Colour of components of sign Symbol Inset Border

Black

White

Blue

42

2.5 Additional panels for use with signs Additional panels used with erected traffic signs are given below. The colour of the panels shall conform to the colour of the sign it is supplementing. Additional panels with text only may be used to indicate exceptions from prohibitions or to give additional information. Example on such a panel is given below (Additional panel 2.5.10) Additional panels other than those specified in this Manual may be used after written approval from the Ministry of Highways.
2.5.1 Distance to a Hazard This panel is used to indicate the distance from the sign to the beginning of a dangerous section of a road or of a zone.

2.5.2 Distance to a Regulation

This panel is used to indicate the distance from the sign to the beginning of a regulation.

2.5.3 Length of a Hazard

This panel indicates the length of the dangerous section of a road or of a zone.

2.5.4 Length of a Regulation

This panel indicates the length of a regulation indicated with a Regulatory sign.

2.5.5 Direction of Regulation

This panel is fixed to the parking prohibition sign or the parking and standing prohibition sign to indicate where the prohibition starts. The panel shall be placed parallel to the axis of the road.

2.5.6 Direction of Regulation

This panel is fixed to the parking prohibition sign or the parking and standing prohibition sign repeating the prohibition. The panel shall be placed parallel to the axis of the road.

2.5.7 End of Regulation

This panel is fixed to the parking prohibition sign or the parking and standing prohibition sign where the prohibition ends. The panel shall be placed parallel to the axis of the road.

43

2.5.8 Direction to a Hazard on an Intersecting Road

This panel is used as supplementing information regarding a hazard on an intersecting road where the distance from the intersection to the hazard is too short for an adequate location of the warning sign on the intersecting road.

2.5.9 Limitation of Parking Prohibition or Parking and Standing Prohibition

This panel is fixed to Regulatory signs 2.3.1.23 or 2.3.1.24 to indicate the time during which a Parking prohibition or Parking and Standing prohibition applies and the direction or directions of the prohibition. When indicating the start of a prohibition the arrow shall be pointing to the right only and when indicating the end of a prohibition the arrow shall be pointing to the left. The panel shall be placed parallel to the axis of the road.

2.5.10 Exception from Regulation

This panel is fixed to a Prohibitory sign to indicate exception from the prohibition. The text on the panel may vary depending on the exception.

2.5.11 School (warning)

This panel is fixed to the Danger Warning sign 2.2. Children ahead, when the warning applies to a road section at a school.

2.5.12 School (regulation)

This panel is fixed to a regulatory sign that indicate a regulation on a road section at a school, for instance Speed Limit or No Horning.

2.5.13 SOS

This panel may be fixed to the sign 2.4.10.1 Public Telephone to indicate that the telephone can be used for emergency calls.

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Table 11 Details of Additional Panels

No. of Panel Shape of Panel Key Dimensions of panel (mm) Dimension Width of border 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 Colour of Components of panel Letters and numerals Black Black Black Black Black Black Black Black Black Black Black Black White Background Yellow White Yellow White White White White Yellow White White Yellow White Blue Border Size of Letters (mm) Minimum size 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 80 Maximum size 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 Minimum size 70 70 70 70 70 70 Size of Numerals (mm) Maximum size 90 90 90 90 90 90 -

2.5.1 2.5.2 2.5.3 2.5.4 2.5.5 2.5.6 2.5.7 2.5.8 2.5.9 2.5.10 2.5.11 2.5.12 2.5.13

Rectangle Rectangle Rectangle Rectangle Rectangle Rectangle Rectangle Rectangle Rectangle Rectangle Rectangle Rectangle Rectangle

Varies Varies Varies Varies Height = 310 Width = 600 Height = 310 Width = 780 Height = 310 Width = 600 Height = 450 Width = 450 Height = 570 Width = 1050 Varies Height = 220 Width = 490 Height = 220 Width = 490 Height = 220 Width = 600

Black Red Black Red Red Red Red Black Red Red Black Red White

2.6 Installation of Traffic Signs 2.6.1 Positioning of Traffic Signs (General) Traffic signs are generally placed on the left-hand side of the road facing traffic, but they may be placed on the centre median or on the traffic islands when it is considered more advantageous and less hazardous to place them centrally along the road. In rare instances, traffic signs may be placed on the right hand side of the road, such as on one way roads. Overhead signs are provided on wide roads with high travel speeds, such as expressways, since the traffic signs placed on the side of the road may not be visible to the motorists and may even be hazardous. In general, overhead signs should be considered only on roads with more than two lanes in one direction and carrying heavy volumes of traffic. All signs except additional panels to "No Parking" and "No Parking and Standing" signs, indicating the directions or end of the regulations, shall be erected facing traffic approximately at right angles to the direction of traffic. Where mirror reflection from a sign is encountered, to such a degree that the legibility of the sign is affected, the sign shall be turned by an angel of about 3o to 5o away from the road. In general, the sign faces should be vertical but on grades, the sign faces may be tilted forward or backward as required to improve the visibility of the sign.
45

Sign posts and their foundations shall be constructed in such a manner so as to hold the signs rigidly in position, and to resist swaying due to the action of wind. The smaller signs, such as warning Signs and Regulatory signs, shall be mounted on one post but the larger information signs shall to be mounted on two or more posts. It is recommended that any sign wider than 1.25 m in width or having an area greater than 1.0 m2 be mounted on at least two posts. Traffic signs should not be placed too close to the edge of the road since this will cause interference with the drivers using the full width of the available roadway as well as they being hazardous to Vehicular Traffic. It is recommended that the nearest edge of a traffic sign should be at least 1.25 m from the edge of the travelled way. If the road is provided with shoulders or pedestrian footwalk the lateral clearance to large informative signs should be at least 1.0 m. Smaller signs should be placed at the edge of the shoulder/footwalk. (Fig. 2.1)

LATERAL CLEARANCE

MOUNTING HEIGHT

2 1/2 DIA G.I. PIPE

FOOT WALK / (OR SHOULDERS)

EDGE OF CARRIAGEWAY
EDGE OF CARRIAGEWAY

EDGE OF FOOTWALK/SHOULDER

EDGE OF FOOTWALK/SHOULDER

FOOT WALK / (OR SHOULDERS)

Fig. 2.1

2.6.1.1 Positioning of Danger Warning Signs The correct positioning of Warning Signs is very important since these signs are provided, especially to warn motorists of hazardous situations that lie ahead of them. The positioning of a sign should be such that after the motorist sees the sign he should have adequate time to perceive and react to the sign and reduce speed of the vehicle to negotiate the hazardous situation. Normally the distance from a sign to the hazard is determined by the travel speed and the perception reaction time of the drivers and the braking time. Table 12 indicates the recommended visibility distances and the distance from the sign to the hazard for varying travel speeds. Table 12 Siting details of Warning Signs
Travel Speed (km/h) 30 40 50 60 80 Clear visibility distance (m) 60 60 60 60 75 Distance from sign to hazard (m) 45 45 60 100 180

Although the above distances are given as a guide the signs should be placed in the best location to suit the environment by making the necessary minor adjustments.

46

The Signs should also be placed such that there is clear visibility of the signs to oncoming traffic in order that the drivers will have sufficient time to read and understand the signs. 2.6.1.2 Positioning of Regulatory Signs All regulatory signs shall be placed at the locations where the regulation is to be operative. The following signs may be repeated if necessary and the intermediate signs of all these 4 signs shall be placed parallel to the edge of carriageway with panels fixed below the signs indicating the direction and/or the distance. 2.3.1.23 "No Parking" 2.3.1.24 "No Parking and Standing" 2.3.1.25 "No Parking on odd days" 2.3.1.26 "No Parking on even days" The "End of speed limit" sign shall be fixed at the location where the speed restriction is no longer in effect. 2.6.1.3 Positioning of informative Signs Advance Direction signs Advance Direction signs shall be placed ahead of the intersection and the distance of the sign from the intersection shall normally be equal to or more than the distance of the Warning Signs from the hazard given in Table 12, in order to ensure clear visibility of these signs. Direction Signs Direction signs shall be placed close to the intersection and that the arrowhead of the sign shall clearly indicate the direction of the place in reference. Place Identification signs Place Identification sign shall be placed at the beginning of the town or the built - up area in reference. The sign 2.4.6.2 - Place Identification sign, Exit shall be placed at the end of the town or the built - up area. Other signs useful for drivers The Pedestrian Crossing Information signs shall be placed at the pedestrian crossing on both sides of the road, to face the on - coming vehicles in both directions. 2.6.2 Mounting Heights Traffic signs shall be so erected that the mounting height is such that the motorists approaching the sign can conveniently read and understand the sign. Based on the above, preferably traffic signs are to be erected such that the mounting height to the lowest edge of the sign is between 1000 mm and 1500 mm above the level of the road pavement. However if the traffic signs are to be erected on pedestrian footwalks or on road shoulders then the mounting height shall be increased to enable the pedestrians to go underneath the sign. For such situations recommended
47

height of the lowest edge of the sign above the level of the road shoulder or footwalk is 2100 mm. Where supplementary plates are used along with the sign, the above-recommended height shall be to the lowest edge of the plate. When overhead signs are provided the lowest edge of the sign shall be 5.0 m above the level of the road pavement, in order that all vehicles could pass through unhindered.

2.6.3 Background of Signs The visibility of Traffic signs shall not be obscured by shrubs and overgrown bushes. Also they shall not be obscured by overhanging branches of trees.

2.6.4 Illumination and Reflectorisation of Signs All signs that are required to convey their messages during hours of darkness shall be visible to the motorists after dark. This is achieved either by illumination or reflectorisation of signs. Illumination or reflectorisation of signs is essential on roads where much of the traffic moves after dark or where accident rate is high during hours of darkness.

2.6.4.1 Illumination of Signs Illumination of traffic signs could be effected by an attached or independently mounted light source designed to direct uniform illumination of the entire face of the sign. Illumination of signs shall be such that same sign colours shall be visible by night and day. Illumination of signs could also be effected by erecting them suitably under streetlights where this is practicable. 2.6.4.2 Reflectorisation of Signs Reflectorisation of traffic signs could be effected by reflectorising either the symbol or the background or both, depending on the sign design and local conditions. In the case of Warning signs having a black symbol, a black border and a yellow background, the background of the sign should be reflectorised. In the case of informative signs the white background of the signs should be reflectorised. Regulatory signs which consist of a white background, a red border and black symbols the background and the border should be reflectorised. Coefficient of Retroreflection. The minimum initial coefficient of retroreflection R' (cd . lx-1 . m-2) of retroreflective signs when measured in accordance with the procedure specified in CIE54, using CIE(*) standard illuminant A, shall conform to tables 13 and 14, as appropriate. ((*)INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ILLUMINATION, CIE Central Bureau, Kegelgasse 27, A-1030 Wien, Austria) The coefficient of retroreflection (R') of all printed colours, except white, shall be not less than 70 % of the values in tables 13 and 14 for Class 1 (C1) and Class 2 (C2) signs respectively.

48

TABLE 13. COEFFICIENT OF RETROREFLECTION R': C1. Unit: cd . lx-1 . m-2

Geometry of measurement 1 12' +5 +30 +40 20' +5 +30 +40 2 +5 +30 +40 Colour White 70 30 10 50 24 9 5 2.5 1.5 Yellow 50 22 7 35 16 6 3 1.5 1.0 Red 14.5 6 2 10 4 1.8 1 0.5 0.5 Green 9 3.5 1.5 7 3 1.2 0.5 0.3 0.2 Blue 4 1.7 0.5 2 1 # # # # Brown 1 0.3 # 0.6 0.2 # # # # Orange 25 10 6 20 8 2.2 1.2 0.5 # Grey 42 18 6 30 14.4 5.4 3 1.5 0.9

indicates Observation angle 1 indicates Entrance angle # indicates Value greater than zero but not significant or applicable TABLE 14. COEFFICIENT OF RETROREFLECTION R': C2. Unit: cd . lx-1 . m-2
Geometry of measurement 1 12' +5 +30 +40 20' +5 +30 +40 2 +5 +30 +40 Colour White 250 150 110 180 100 95 5 2.5 1.5 Yellow 170 100 70 120 70 60 3 1.5 1.0 Red 45 25 15 25 14 13 1 0.4 0.3 Green 45 25 12 21 12 11 0.5 0.3 0.2 Blue 20 11 8 14 8 7 0.2 # # Brown 12 8.5 5 8 5 3 0.2 # # Orange 100 60 29 65 40 20 1.5 1 # Grey 125 75 55 90 50 47 2.5 1.2 0.7

indicates Observation angle 1 indicates Entrance angle # indicates Value greater than zero but not significant or applicable

Chromaticity and luminance factors.

Retroreflective materials for road signs and other traffic control devices shall be of colour specified in table 4 and 5. The tables indicate the chromaticity limits when tested against the CIE standard light source D65, measure geometry 45/0. TABLE 15. CHROMATICITY AND LUMINANCE FACTORS CLASS C1 MATERIAL
Colour x White Yellow Red Green Blue Brown Orange Grey 0.355 0.545 0.735 0.007 0.078 0.455 0.610 0.350 Limit 1 y 0.355 0.454 0.265 0.703 0.171 0.397 0.390 0.360 x 0.305 0.487 0.674 0.248 0.150 0.523 0.535 0.300 Limit 2 y 0.305 0.423 0.236 0.409 0.220 0.429 0.375 0.310 x 0.285 0.427 0.569 0.177 0.210 0.479 0.506 0.285 Limit 3 y 0.325 0.483 0.341 0.362 0.160 0.373 0.404 0.325 x 0.335 0.465 0.655 0.026 0.137 0.558 0.570 0.335 Limit 4 y 0.375 0.534 0.345 0.399 0.038 0.394 0.429 0.375 Luminance factor > 0.35 > 0.27 > 0.03 > 0.03 > 0.01 > 0.03 > 0.14 > 0.12

49

TABLE 16. CHROMATICITY AND LUMINANCE FACTORS CLASS C2 MATERIAL

Colour x White Yellow Red Green Blue Brown Orange Grey 0.305 0.494 0.735 0.110 0.130 0.455 0.610 0.305 Limit 1 y 0.315 0.505 0.265 0.415 0.086 0.397 0.390 0.315 x 0.335 0.470 0.700 0.150 0.160 0.523 0.535 0.335 Limit 2 y 0.345 0.480 0.250 0.415 0.086 0.429 0.375 0.345 x 0.325 0.493 0.610 0.150 0.160 0.479 0.506 0.325 Limit 3 y 0.355 0.457 0.340 0.455 0.120 0.373 0.404 0.355 x 0.295 0.522 0.660 0.110 0.130 0.558 0.570 0.295 Limit 4 y 0.325 0.477 0.340 0.455 0.120 0.394 0.429 0.325 Luminance factor > 0.35 > 0.27 > 0.05 > 0.04 > 0.01 > 0.03 > 0.14 > 0.12

TABLE 17. CHOICE OF REFLECTIVE MATERIALS ON PERMANENT ROAD SIGNS

Environment Type of Road Sign Placemen t No road lighting or low standard road lighting and no disturbing lights in the road vicinity Expressway Stop, Give Way Ground C2 (Give Way on entrance ramps) Other roads C2 C2 Road lighting of good standard and/or disturbing lights in the road vicinity Expressway C2 (Give Way on entrance ramps) Other roads C2 C2

Mandatory sign; Pass This Ground Side placed in the middle of the road Pedestrian Crossing Informative signs Ground Ground Overhead All other signs Ground Overhead

C2 C2* C2 C2*

C2 C1 C2 C1 C1

C2 C2* C2 C2*

C2 C1 C2 C2 C2

*) These signs may require separate illumination in certain environment. As an alternative to separate illumination so called Microprismatic (C3) reflective material may be considered. Signs with different types of reflective materials should not be used on the same road section and especially not on the same post.

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3.0 ROAD MARKINGS

3.1 Classification of Road Markings and Detailed Description Road markings can be classified as follows:(a) Transverse markings, which are at right angles to the centre line of the road surface. (b) Longitudinal markings which are parallel to the centre line of the road. (c) Markings for pedestrian crossings (d) Worded markings, Arrows and Box junctions (e) Bus or cycle lane markings (f) Parking bays The character of longitudinal lines is such that while the broken lines are permissive in nature, the continuous lines are restrictive. Double lines indicate maximum restrictions. The colour prescribed for all markings is white except the following markings: ( a ) Pedestrian crossings ( b ) Parking restriction, edge line ( c ) Box junctions The colour prescribed for these markings is yellow. 3.1.1 Transverse Markings Transverse markings can be sub-divided as follows:TM 1 Stop line at "STOP" signs or at Light Signals.

TM 2

"Give Way" line at Give Way signs and at Roundabouts

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TM 3

Give Way line at Pedestrian Crossings

3.1.1.1 Stop line at Light Signals Stop line at light signals indicate the limit beyond which a driver should not advance when required to stop, by the signals. Location of these lines at a signalised intersection shall be normally at 1 m before the near side signal or shall be adjusted according to the site conditions.

Fig. 3.1 Stop Line at Light Signals 3.1.1.2 Stop Line at "STOP" Signs Stop line at STOP signs consists of a continuous line of width 200 mm or 300 mm. The stop line indicates the position where all traffic on the minor road must stop before entering the major road. This marking is to be used in conjunction with the "STOP" sign.
52

The line should normally be at about 0.5 m in advance of the continuation of the carriageway edge line of the major road where an edge line is marked. If no edge line is marked the stop line should be marked about 0.5 m in advance of the edge of the major road.

Fig. 3.2 Stop Line at STOP Sign 3.1.1.3 "Give Way" Line at a "Give Way" Sign Give Way line consists of a broken line of width 200 mm or 300 mm as shown in Fig. 3.3. The length of each marking and the gap length between markings shall be 600 mm and 300 mm respectively. This line indicates the position beyond which no vehicle should proceed to enter a major road, in such a manner or at such a time, to cause danger to traffic on the major road or to create a speed reduction or deviation of vehicles on the major road. Give way lines are permitted where the stopping of vehicle on the minor road is required only when a vehicle is approaching along the major road. Situations such as low traffic volumes (ADT 600 or less) on both major and minor roads and adequate sight distances at the intersections, warrant Give Way lines instead of Stop lines. The line should normally be about 0.5 m in advance of the continuation of the carriageway edge line of the major road where an edge line is marked. If no edge line is marked the stop line should be marked about 0.5 m in advance of the edge of the major road. On two way minor roads the marking normally extends to the centre of carriageway of the minor road. On one way roads the marking should be carried right across the carriageway.

53

Fig. 3.3 GIVE WAY markings at GIVE WAY sign 3.1.1.4 Give Way markings at Roundabouts This Give Way line is placed on all approaches to a roundabout. These markings are usually placed across the entries to a roundabout approximately following the inscribed circle of the roundabout. This could ensure maximum visibility on each approach at the give way line. The marking indicates the position at or beyond which the vehicle crossing such a marking should give way to a vehicle approaching from the right. The marking should extend the central Deflection Island to the side kerb at each entry

Give Way Marking

Fig 3.4 Give way marking at Roundabouts.

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3.1.2 Longitudinal Markings Longitudinal markings can be subdivided as follows: Centre line markings Centre line markings with reflective studs Lane Markings Warning Markings Single continuous line Double continuous line Edge lines

3.1.2.1 Centre Line Markings These markings are used to divide 2-lane roads into lanes of opposing traffic and are placed at or about the geometric centre line of the road surface. Any vehicle should keep to the left of such a marking and may cross it only for the purpose of turning right or for overtaking a vehicle going ahead. The minimum width of road where a centre-line marking shall be provided is 6.0 m.

LM 1

Centre Line Marking

3.1.2.2 Centre Line Marking with Reflective Studs This marking is basically similar to the centre line markings in placement, function, width and mark length. However, the gap length is increased to double the gap length of the normal centre line markings and a reflective stud is placed at the centre of the gap to particularly enhance the night time visibility. These markings may be adopted along arterial routes and sections of other roads, where there is a high volume of traffic during the night. The reflectors of the studs shall be white in keeping with the colour of the line, except where they occur together with yellow lines, particularly at pedestrian crossings.

LM 2

Centre Line Marking with Reflective Studs

55

LM 3

Centre Line Marking with Reflective Studs for high speed highways. The spacing between the studs is 15 metres. Warning Marking with Reflective Studs. The spacing between the studs is 12 metres. Combination of a broken line and a continuous line with Reflective Studs. The spacing between the studs is 6 metres. The studs should be placed between the lines Combination of two continuous lines with Reflective Studs The spacing between the studs is 4-6 metres. The studs should be placed between the lines

LM 4

LM 5

LM 6

3.1.2.3 Lane markings This marking provides for the division of the road surface into traffic lanes. These markings are provided on roads, which could be divided into 4 or more traffic lanes with or without a centre median. All vehicles must keep to the centre of the area indicated by the lane markings. The lane markings on the right hand side shall be crossed only for the purpose of overtaking another vehicle.

LM 7

Broken Lane Line

56

LM 8

Continuous Lane Line at approaches to inter-sections

3.1.2.4 Warning Markings These markings indicate a warning to the motorists of an impending hazard and cautions the driver not to straddle it unless he considers it safe to do so. These broken lines have a mark length as twice as long as the gap length. The length of sections of road so marked could normally vary between 20 m and 80 m.

LM 9

Warning Marking

A Warning Marking may be used as a centre line on a two-way road where overtaking is hazardous but yet allowed. Such a regulation may be appropriate on a road section where there is a large portion of slow moving vehicles, for instance tractors in an agricultural area. The markings are to be used on such roads at bends or crests where the visibility falls below the values given in the Table 18 below. Table 18 Visibility distance requiring Warning Markings Assigned speed (km/h) Visibility distance (m) 50 145 60 175 70 205 85 255 100 290

The warning markings could also be used to warn drivers of road intersections, at priority intersections controlled by 'STOP' and 'Give Way' signs, at approaches to roundabouts and at intersections controlled by traffic signals. On straight sections of road, warning lines are recommended when the traffic volume from the side road exceeds 100 veh/hr. In such situations, the centre line as well as the lane line should be changed to a warning line.

57

Fig 3.5 Application of Warning Markings at a signalised intersection 3.1.2.5 Single Continuous Centre Line The Single continuous centre line indicates a mandatory requirement to traffic that they cannot cross this line except for turning right. This marking is used on sections of roads where the sight distance is poor or where the width of the road platform is such that accidents are caused by vehicles trying to overtake slower moving vehicles. As this marking is used to deter such dangerous encroachments on to the opposing lane, it should be preceded and ended by warning markings for a length of 20 m at least.

Fig. 3.6 Single Continuous Line Combination of Centre lines. Combination of lines for Centre lines is provided to prohibit overtaking. They shall consist of combinations of a broken line and a continuous line or a combination of two continuous lines. In the case of the combination of a broken line and a continuous line, the continuous line shall be on the side prohibiting overtaking. The combination of double continuous lines is used when overtaking is prohibited on both sides. Combination of lines should be used only on paved roads where the width is 6.0 m or more.

58

LM 10

Combination of a broken centre line and a continuous line

LM 11

Double continuous centre lines

Criteria for the application of Continuous Centre lines. Generally Continuous Centre lines are used where it is necessary to prohibit the use of the part of the carriageway reserved for oncoming traffic, at places where the range of vision is restricted (hill crest, bends, etc.) or on sections where the carriageway is narrow or has some other peculiarity. Restrictions should be imposed on sections where the range of vision is less than a certain minimum range of vision (S), by means of a continuous line laid out in accordance with diagrams below. The value to be adopted for S varies with road conditions. Fig. 3.7 and 3.8 show the design of the lines at a hillcrest with a restricted range of vision. Fig. 3.9 and 3.10 show the position of the lines for the same case on a horizontal bend with restricted range of vision. (The definition of range of vision is the distance at which an object 1 m above the surface of the carriageway can be seen by an observer on the road whose eye is also 1 m above the carriageway.) The choice of range of vision to be used in determining the sections on which a continuous line is or is not desirable, and the choice of the length of the line, is bound to be a compromise. The Table 19 gives the recommended value of S for various approach speeds:

Table 19 Visibility distance for Prohibitory Markings Assigned speed (km/h.) Visibility distance S (m) 50 90 60 105 70 125 85 155 100 185

59

1.0 m

Fig. 3.7. Measuring of the range of vision (S) on a vertical bend. The range of vision/visibility distance (S) is insufficient from both directions for the motorists to see over the crest. Thus the continuous lines overlap.

S S

1.0 m

1.0 m

Fig. 3.8. Measuring of the range of vision (S) on a vertical bend. The range of vision/visibility distance (S) is sufficient from both directions for the motorists to see over the crest. Thus the continuous lines do not overlap.

60

1.0 m

S
S

Fig. 3.9. Measuring of the range of vision (S) on a horizontal bend. The range of vision/visibility distance (S) is insufficient from both directions for the motorists to see beyond the bend. Thus the continuous lines overlap.

Fig. 3.10. Measuring of the range of vision (S) on a horizontal bend. The range of vision/visibility distance (S) is sufficient from both directions for the motorists to see beyond the bend. Thus the continuous lines do not overlap.

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3.1.2.6 Edge Lines These lines demarcate the edge of road carriageway at a bend, embankments with narrow shoulders or at any other location where the edge line will help motorists to drive within the carriageway. The edge line markings are needed mostly on roads without kerbs, and particularly along narrow winding roads where accidents are caused by vehicles going off the road. All roads with paved shoulders shall have Edge Line Markings indicating the border between the carriageway and the shoulder. On roads with four or more lanes and with raised centre median, Edge Lines shall be applied along the centre median.

LM 12

Edge Line. Normal width of the line is 100 mm. On expressways and similar highways the width of the line may be 150 mm.

3.1.2.7 Yellow Carriageway Markings for Parking Restrictions

LM 13

Markings for No Parking

A continuous line marked with a separation of 150 mm from the road carriageway edge and of colour yellow indicates the limit of No Parking Zone. Parking of vehicles on that side for the length indicated is prohibited.

Fig. 3.11 Typical example on the use of No Parking Line

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LM 14

Markings for No Standing and Parking

Two continuous lines marked with a separation of 100 mm from the road carriageway edge and 100 mm in between the lines of colour yellow indicates the limit of No Standing and Parking Zone. Standing and Parking of vehicles on that side for the length indicated is prohibited.

Fire Station or Police Station etc.

Fig. 3.12 Typical example on the use of No Standing and Parking Line

3.1.3 Pedestrian Crossing Markings The essential road markings to be provided at a pedestrian crossing are as follows: (a) Yellow stripes (b) Give - way lines (c) Broken lines to indicate a signalised pedestrian crossing (Pelican crossing) (d) Stop lines at signalised pedestrian crossings (Pelican crossings) In addition to the above, road studs and zig-zag markings may be provided at important pedestrian crossings and these should be considered as optional. The length of the yellow stripes should be not less than 2400 mm and be not more than 5000 mm. The width of the stripes, and the gaps between, should be not less than 500 mm and be not more than 700 mm. The length of a Pedestrian Crossing depends on the Pedestrian Demand and the width of the stripes depends on the width of crossing. Recommended lengths and widths of stripes to be used at Pedestrian Crossings are given in Table 20.

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Table 20 Recommended lengths and widths of stripes to at Pedestrian Crossings

Length of the Yellow Stripes (mm) 2400 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 Width of the Yellow Stripes and the gaps between (mm) 500 530 550 600 650 700

The lower values of 2400 mm length and 500 mm width should be used on narrow roads with low pedestrian volumes and upper values of 5000 mm length and 700 mm width should be used on wider roads with high pedestrian volume. The two yellow stripes adjacent to the kerb/shoulders on both sides of the road shall be located not less than 500 mm nor more than 700 mm from the kerb/shoulders. Give way lines shall be yellow in colour and shall consist of a single broken line comprising 600 mm markings with 300 mm gaps. The width of the markings shall be 200 300 mm. Give way lines shall be marked on each half of the carriageway and at the side of approaching traffic (see Fig 3.13 and 3.14), at distances of 1000 mm from the yellow stripes.

64

Fig. 3.13 Pedestrian Crossing on a two-lane road

65

Fig. 3.14 Pedestrian Crossing on a four-lane road.

66

Fig. 3.15 Pelican Crossing.

67

Zig-zag Lines The Zig-zag lines are yellow in colour. The length of a zig-zag line is standardised at 2 m with gaps of 150 mm. The width of the marking is 100 mm. These zig-zag lines have to be laid at suitable angles within a width limit of 500 mm. The zig-zag markings can be laid only if a minimum length of 3.75 m is available and can be extended up to a length of 18.6 m. The details of zig-zag markings are given in Table 21. Table 21 Details of zig-zag markings Available length for the zig-zag markings (m) 3.75 = < 5.50 5.50 = < 750 7.50 = < 10.00 10.00 = < 12.00 12.00 = < 14.00 14.00 = < 16.50 16.50 = < 18.60 No. of equal length zigzag markings 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

If the carriageway width is less than 6.0 m and consequently, no centre line is marked 2 zigzag lines shall be provided on both sides of the road. Where the carriageway width is more than 6.0 m, additional zigzag lines shall be provided along the side centre of the road. If a pedestrian crossing is situated on the approach or exit of an intersection the markings should not be extended towards the intersection.

3.1.4 Other Important Markings 3.1.4.1 Worded Markings Worded marking are provided on the road surface to give advisory messages or to give definite orders that the motorists have to obey. The important worded markings are given below - (All dimensions are in millimetres)

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OM 1

Turn left marking This marking indicates that traffic in that particular lane must turn left.

OM 2

Turn right marking This marking indicates that traffic in that particular lane must turn right.

OM 3

"Ahead Only" marking This marking indicates that traffic in that particular lane must proceed in the direction of the arrow only.

OM 4

"Stop" marking The word "Stop" must always be accompanied by the transverse continuous Stop line and the Stop sign. The word should be placed behind the Stop line at a distance of approximately 500 mm from the Stop line.

OM 5

"Slow" marking The word "Slow" indicates a potential danger the need to proceed cautiously. This marking gives advance warning to the drivers and may be placed on approaches to intersections.

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OM 6

Pedestrian Crossing Ahead marking. This marking indicates that there is a Pedestrian Crossing ahead. The marking should be located at a distance not less than 20 metres and not more than 50 metres ahead of the pedestrian crossing. The marking should only be used where there is a specific need to emphasise the information given by road signs and pedestrian crossing markings.

3.1.4.2 Lane Indication Arrows These generally show the direction a driver must follow and provide advance indication of the correct lane to take when approaching an intersection or an interchange. In general, two arrows are used in sequence to enhance the message. At intersections, the arrow nearest to the intersection would be placed about 15 m from the stop line. The second one would be about a further 30 m in advance of the first arrow. At interchanges, the arrow nearest the exit ramp, the first arrow, would be placed about 100 m from the start of the deceleration lane or, in the case of a direct ramp, 100 m from the start of the ramp. The second arrow would be placed about a further 100 m in advance of the first arrow. Arrows may be combined, but not more than two directions shall be shown on any of them. The lateral spacing between the arrows will depend on lane widths. At intersections however, combination of straight ahead, left turn and right turn may depend on the relative traffic volumes and site conditions. If there is a heavy right turn movement, the straight ahead and left turn arrows may be combined. OM 7a Lane Indicating Arrows for Intersections OM 7b Lane Indicating Arrows for Interchanges

3.1.4.3 Box Junction Box junction is a yellow marking to indicate an area within a junction where any vehicle must not remain stationary, except for those vehicles waiting to turn right. This marking is of the form of a box enclosing yellow diagonal lines. Box markings are an aid to traffic flow at junctions where vehicles backing up could cause excessive congestion of the junction. Junctions where box markings should be placed, normally have the following characteristics:
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(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f)

Controlled by signals Heavy traffic flows on both opposing arms of the junctions Entrances to and exits from the junction opposite to each other At least two lanes on the major road Road carriageway beyond the junction free from obstruction High proportion of right turning traffic

The road marking shall be marked as follows: The boundary of the box is marked initially. This is followed by the two diagonal lines joining the opposite comers of the box. Lines are then marked parallel to each diagonal to form crosshatched markings. The lines are 150 mm wide each, and the diagonal lines are 2000 mm apart. The box may vary from 3000 to 30000 mm maximum. Up to 10% of the length of any side may be cut away to accommodate the corner kerbs. All lines shall be in yellow.

OM 8

Box Junctions

3.1.4.4 Bus and Cycle Lane Markings OM 9 Bus Markings This road marking is prescribed for use in lanes reserved for buses without physical separation and should be used in conjunction with the sign 2.4.8.6 "Bus Only Lane Begins or Continue". These markings are normally placed at intervals of 150 m apart and indicate a lane reserved for public transport. OM 10 Cycle Lane marking This lane marking indicates a lane reserved for cyclists. Similar spacing of markings as for bus lanes is recommended.

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OM 11

Cyclists crossing This road marking indicates a location where cyclists cross or enter a road carriageway. This marking is informatory and does not confer any priority on cyclists.

3.1.4.5 Parking Bays Two types of parking bays are recommended (1) Parallel parking bays - (OM12) (2) Angled parking bays - (OM13) However, it is to be noted that except for parallel parking, a separate parking lane is essential for effective operation of any other parking bays. Markings for parallel parking consist of double broken terminal lines and single broken transverse lines between individual spaces. Demarcation of the width of the space should be made by a single line, parallel to the road, at the end of each transverse line. The angled parking should have similar line arrangements. OM 12. Parallel Parking

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OM 13. Angled Parking

3.1.5 Treatment of Channelisation Islands and Pedestrian Refuges The immediate approaches to Channelising Islands and centre medians must be given prominence by marking them with chevron or diagonal hatched markings. Both types of markings are bounded by broken lines. The main aim of providing these markings is to warn and channelise motorists away from the islands and the centre medians and to prevent vehicles from running over them. 3.1.5.1 Diagonal Hatched Markings These markings are intended to be applied on the approaches to a centre median or to an island refuge on a two-way road. These markings indicate an area that a driver should not enter. The angle of hatching should be 450 to the centre line of the road and so arranged to deter and deflect the drivers away from the island or median. The length of road marked with such hatching should be at least 20 m.

OM 14 Diagonal Hatched Marking

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3.1.5.2 Chevron Markings These markings are used to deflect the drivers from the nose of a channelising island where a traffic stream divides and continues to move in the same direction. The chevron markings are provided in such a manner so as to deflect traffic in adjoining streams. The length of road marked with such markings should be at least 20 m.

OM 15 Chevron Markings

3.2 Road Marking Materials The specifications for the road marking materials are prescribed in the "Standard Specifications" currently used by the Road Development Authority of Sri Lanka, under subheading of Road Markings. The material for road markings would generally be one of the following, or a combination of these: Non-reflectorised road marking paint Reflectorised road marking paint Non-reflectorised thermoplastic material Reflectorised thermoplastic material Reflecting road studs. It is important that all types of road markings should be skid resistant during wet weather. To enhance the reflectorisation of the surface of markings ballotini (small, reasonably spherical, glass beads) should be added. These may be added to the road marking paint surfaces or to the thermoplastic material prior to application or after application, as the case may be. Quantities of ballotini that should be added are given in the "Standard Specifications" and also in BS3262:1976. The life of the markings is proportional to the level of traffic on the road. Accordingly the markings should be applied periodically. Experience has shown that road marking paint has service lives less than 6 months under conditions of heavy traffic, whereas thermoplastic material could have a service lives in excess of a year under similar traffic conditions. Pools of muddy water, dust and sand contribute to the deterioration and masking of the markings. Partly
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obliterated markings do not convey the required message. Hence, care should be exercised to prevent water pools, dust and sand from obliterating the markings. 3.3 Reflectorisation of Markings If road markings are to be effective during hours of darkness, they should be visible to the motorists after dark. Normal road markings provided with non-reflectorised road marking paint or non-reflectorised thermoplastic material are not clearly visible during hours of darkness. However, road markings provided with reflectorised road marking paint or thermoplastic material are visible during hours of darkness, particularly when the lights from the headlamps fall on the road surface. The effect of reflectorisation is reduced to a great extent when the markings are wet.

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4.0 TRAFFIC LIGHT SIGNALS

Traffic Light Signals are devices, which are used for the control and direction of vehicles and pedestrians at: Road intersections Level Crossings Places of road works Pedestrian crossings Traffic Light Signals shall be of the size, colour and type specified below: 4.1 Light Signals for Vehicular Traffic Light Signals for Vehicular Traffic shall comprise of 3 lenses Red, Amber and Green arranged vertically and adjacent to each other with the Red lamp being fixed at the uppermost position, followed by the Amber and the Green. The centres of adjacent lenses shall not be less than 305 mm nor more than 360 mm. The diameter of each lamp shall not be less than 193 mm nor more than 220 mm. The centre of the Amber lens shall be fixed at a height not less than 2.4 m or more than 4.0 m if signals are placed at the centre of the road or at the edge of the road. If the signals are placed over the carriageway, height shall not be more than 9 m or less than 6 m. The sequence of traffic light signals is shown below: Red
A red light means that traffic shall not proceed; vehicles shall not pass the stop line or, if there is no stop line, shall not pass beyond the line of the signal or, if the signal is placed in the middle or on the opposite side of an intersection, shall not enter the intersection or move on to a pedestrian crossing at the intersection. An amber light, which appear at the same time as the red light shall mean that the signal is about to change, but shall not affect the prohibition of passing indicated by the red light.

Red and Amber

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Green

A green light means that traffic may proceed; however, a green light for controlling traffic at an intersection shall not authorise drivers to proceed if traffic is so congested in the direction in which they are about to proceed and that if they entered the intersection they would probably not have cleared it by the next change of phase. An amber light, which appears alone shall mean that no vehicle may pass the stop line or beyond the line of the signal unless it is so close to the stop line or signal when the light appears that it cannot safely be stopped before passing the stop line or beyond the line of the signal.

Amber

The red, amber and green lights may be replaced by arrows of the same colour on a black background. When lit up, these arrows have the same significance as the lights, but the prohibition or authorisation is restricted to the direction or directions indicated by the arrow or arrows. Arrows signifying that traffic may or may not proceed straight ahead shall point upwards. Additional Green Arrow
Where a signal includes one or more additional green lights showing one or more arrows, the lighting of such additional arrow or arrows shall, no matter what phase the three-colour system may be in at the time, mean that traffic may proceed in the direction or directions indicated by the arrow or arrows; it shall also mean that, when vehicles are in a lane reserved for traffic in the direction indicated by the arrow or the direction such traffic is required to take, their drivers must proceed in the direction indicated if by stopping they would obstruct the movement of vehicles behind them in the same lane, provided always that vehicles in the traffic stream they are joining must be allowed to pass and that pedestrians must not be endangered.

Flashing Amber

A single amber flashing light shall mean that drivers may proceed but shall do so with particular care. Amber flashing light may be used in place of a three-colour system at times when traffic is light, particularly in the nights.

Lane Signals.
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Where green or red lights are placed above traffic lanes shown by longitudinal markings on a carriageway having more than two lanes, the red light shall mean that traffic may not proceed along the lane over which it is placed and the green light shall mean that traffic may so proceed. The red light thus placed shall be in the form of two inclined crossed bars and the green light in the form of an arrow pointing downwards. Red
A red light means that traffic shall not proceed along the lane over which the signal is placed. If the signal over any adjoining lane is showing green light, drivers may change to that lane. A green light means that traffic may proceed along the lane over which the signal is placed.

Green

Emergency Vehicles. Vehicles used for emergency purposes such as the Fire brigade, Ambulance or Police are exempted form the Light Signal regulations.

4.2 Light Signals for Pedestrians Light signals for pedestrians shall comprise the following: A light signal to display a symbol of standing pedestrian as a Red signal A light signal to display a symbol of a walking pedestrian as a Green signal These two signals shall be placed so that they face the pedestrian crossing the road and not the oncoming traffic. These light signals shall be arranged vertically with the Red signal being affixed at the top and the Green being at the bottom. The minimum vertical clearances from the carriageway shall not be less than 2.1 m nor more than 2.6 m. The pedestrian signals shall have the following meaning:

Red

A red light shall mean that pedestrians may not enter the carriageway.

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Green

A green light shall mean that pedestrians may cross.

Flashing Green

A flashing green shall mean that the signal is about to turn to Red. Pedestrians may not cross, but those already on the carriageway may continue to the other side when the flashing green light appears.

A flashing green light shall mean that the period during which pedestrians may cross the carriageway is about to end and the red light is about to appear. Light signals for pedestrians may be supplemented by audible or tactile signals at pedestrian crossings to facilitate crossings of the carriageway by blind pedestrians. The pedestrian shall obtain the right of way to cross the road, by pressing the button on the push button controller fixed to signal post. Prior to the Green light appears for pedestrians, the signals for vehicular traffic shall turn to Red. When the flashing Green light appears for pedestrians, they should stop crossing the road as the signals for vehicular traffic are about to turn Green and the signals for pedestrians are about to turn to Red.

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5.0 MISCELLANEOUS TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES

5.1 Barricade Board Barricade Boards are used to demarcate the section of roadway closed for traffic when road works are in progress. A typical barricade board is shown in Fig 5.1. The details of using a barricade board during road works are given in part II of the Manual on Traffic Control Devices.

Fig. 5.1 Barricade Board for use at Road Works. 5.2 Direction Board for Road Deviation Permanent use. Direction board may be used permanently to indicate the direction of road deviation at sharp curves. In such cases the Direction Board shall be white with red arrows.

Fig 5.2 Direction Board for permanent use at sharp bends.

Fig. 5.3 Example on permanent use of Direction Boards.

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Temporary use at Road Works. Direction board may be used temporarily at Road Works to indicate the direction of road deviation. In such cases the Direction Board shall be black with yellow arrows.

Fig. 5.4 Direction Board for use at Road Works. The following table indicates the dimensions of the Barricade Boards and the Direction boards. Dimensions are in mm.
L Normal size Large size 900 1800 B 300 400 S 150 200

5.3 Chevron Markers The Chevron Markers may be used along the outer edge of long and hazardous bends to improve the visibility of the road alignment and provide better guidance to the drivers. The Chevron Markers should be angled towards the traffic all along the bend. That means special care must be given to the erection of each marker to ensure it will have the correct angle towards the traffic. The Chevron Markers should be doubled at each position and directed towards both directions of traffic. Figure 5.5 and 5.6 below shows the design of the Chevron Marker and a typical example of the use of the markers.

Fig. 5.5 Chevron Marker

Fig. 5.6 Example on use of Chevron Markers

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5.4 Side Obstacle Markers Side Obstacle Markers may be used to mark points where the carriageway narrows in a way that is not clearly visible to the drivers. The Side Obstacle Markers shall always be erected so that the bars are sloping down towards the carriageway. Thus markers on the left hand side shall have bars sloping down from the left hand side of the marker, and markers on the right hand side shall have bars sloping down from the right hand side of the marker. Figure 5.7 and 5.8 below shows the design of the Side Obstacle Marker and a typical example of the use of the markers.

Fig 5.7 Side Obstacle Markers

Fig 5.8 Example on use of Side Obstacle Markers

5.5 Traffic Cone The Traffic cone is a traffic control device used to demarcate temporarily the path that the vehicles shall follow when necessitated by traffic congestion or due to road work being in progress. The details of a Traffic Cone are given in Fig 5.9 and its use during road works is given in part II of this manual.

Fig 5.9 Traffic Cone

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5.6 Lighting Devices In place where road works are in progress, the motorists are exposed to hazardous situations during the night unless adequate lighting is provided. The lighting provided shall be such that the motorists could clearly see the hazardous situation from a sufficient distance so that they could take precautionary action to overcome the situation. The most commonly used light devices for lighting up road works are:

( i ) Lanterns

( ii ) Flashers

( iii ) Electric Lamps

Yellow/ Amber coloured battery operated flashers are very effective for lighting up road works at night. 5.7 Flags Where road works are in progress the narrowing of road carriageway may permit only single file traffic and it may become necessary to provide for control of traffic at the two ends. This is particularly so, if the section is long and the volume of traffic is high. Manual control of traffic could be effected by two workmen carrying red and green flags at the two ends and permit only traffic in one direction at a time. In the alternative, traffic control could be effected by the use of temporary traffic signals at the two ends of the narrowed section.

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5.8 Roadside Delineators

General. Roadside delineators are light retro-reflecting devices mounted in series at the side of the roadway to indicate the roadway alignment. Delineators are effective aids for night driving and considered as guidance devices rather than warning devices. Delineators may be used on long continuous sections of highway or through short stretches where there are changes in horizontal alignment, particularly where the alignment might be confusing or at pavement width transitions. Design. Delineators shall consist of reflector units capable of clearly reflecting light under normal atmospheric conditions from a distance of at least 200 m when illuminated by the upper beam of standard automobile lights. The delineators may be designed to be mounted either on guard-rails or on special delineator posts. Delineator posts should be white and may have a black section at the upper part. The posts may be of plastic or wood. The reflective elements shall be white and consist of either High Intensity reflective sheeting or prismatic reflectors. Reflective elements for delineators mounted on guard-rails shall have an area of minimum 50 cm2. Reflective elements for delineators mounted on posts shall have an area of minimum 70 cm2. Placement and Spacing Delineator posts, if used, shall have the top of the reflector unit about 1.20 m above the near roadway edge. Delineators shall be placed not less than 1.0 m or not more than 2.0 m outside the outer edge of the shoulder, or if appropriate, in the line of the guard-rail. Delineators mounted on guard-rails may be placed at a height less than 1.2 m. When mounted on posts, delineators should be erected on both sides of the roadway. Delineators should be placed at a constant distance from the edge of the roadway. However, where a guard-rail or other obstruction intrudes into the space between the pavement edge and the extension of the line of delineators, the delineators should be in line with, or inside the innermost edge of the obstruction.

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Normally, delineators should be spaced 60 m to 100 m. When normal uniform spacing is interrupted by driveways, cross-roads, or similar, interrupted delineators falling within such areas may be moved in either direction, a distance not exceeding one-quarter of the normal spacing. Delineators still falling within such areas should be eliminated. On expressways and similar roads a normal delineator spacing is 100 m. Spacing should be adjusted on approaches and throughout horizontal bends so that several delineators are always visible to the driver. The table below shows suggested maximum spacing for delineators at horizontal bends. Radius of curve (m) 15 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 250 275 300 Spacing (m) 6 10 12 15 17 20 20 22 24 25 27

Suggested maximum spacing for delineators at bends.

5.9 Stop and Go sign. The Stop and Go sign may be used by Traffic Wardens to direct traffic at schools. The Stop and Go sign may also be used to direct traffic at road work areas.
The Stop Side of the sign shall be red with a white band and the text STOP. All road users are obliged to stop and wait as long as the Stop side is directed towards the traffic. The Go Side of the sign shall be green with a white band and the text GO. Road users may proceed when the Go side is directed towards the traffic.

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5.10 No Parking Guard Posts. No Parking Guard Posts may be used inside built up areas to emphasise a Parking Prohibition. The No Parking Guard Posts may only be used where a Parking Prohibition is indicated by the No Parking road sign or where parking is prohibited by the general rules in the Motor Traffic Act. The No Parking Guard Posts shall be painted in yellow and black colour. The uppermost part of the post should be yellow and the lower part black. The No Parking Guard Posts should always be located so that the posts do not constitute road safety hazards or hindrances to pedestrian and cyclists.

Fig 5.10 Typical example on the use of No Parking Guard Posts to indicate the general Parking Prohibition at a T-junction.

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6.0 MAINTENANCE OF TRAFFIC SIGNS & MARKINGS

6.1 General The task of maintenance and repair of traffic signs comprise; Inspection of all traffic signs Execution of maintenance activities

Maintenance activities could be categorised into; Routine maintenance Periodic maintenance

6.1.1 Aim The ultimate aim of proper maintenance of traffic signs is to make them serve the purpose for which they are installed, effectively and at all times. To attain this, traffic signs must always be; in a good condition correctly located properly mounted and fixed with unobstructed visibility

6.1.2 Maintenance Activities Routine maintenance activities normally executed are; clearing of signs repairing of signs repainting of signs cutting and pruning vegetation in the vicinity.

Periodic maintenance activities normally executed are; restoring road markings replacing signs

6.1.3 Inspection Inventory In order to facilitate inspection of traffic signs and markings, an inventory of traffic signs is very necessary. An inventory of traffic signs shows, different types of traffic signs and markings the location of each traffic sign and marking.

It could be the form of line diagram or tabulations. The inventory is very useful when;
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checking whether a sign or marking is missing a road sign or marking is to be replaced at its correct location

6.1.4 Field Inspection Number of inspections for periodic maintenance to be carried out annually; at least twice, desirable thrice one in the night

Take very brief notes of condition and damages observed in traffic signs and markings. Traffic signs should be inspected preferably on foot; road markings may be inspected while travelling in a vehicle. 6.1.5 Check list for Inspection Check that; - all traffic signs are in their proper location - all traffic signs are facing in the correct direction and properly oriented - all sign plates are firmly fixed to the posts. - all traffic signs are visible and not obscured or hidden by vegetation and other obstructions - all supporting posts are firmly founded and not loose. Observe: - damage of traffic signs due to accident - flaking or faded paint - cracked foundations and loose supports of traffic signs - poor reflecting surfaces or signs in the night - tilted traffic sign posts and loosely fixed sign plates - wear of road markings especially at curves.

6.1.6 Defects and Deficiencies Defects and deficiencies found in traffic signs should be detected early and remedied promptly by proper maintenance and repair. To properly remedy the defects and deficiencies, it is important to know their causes, which also help in the future to take measures where possible to reduce the maintenance needs. Table 22 gives the type of common defects, their causes and the recommended maintenance activities needed.

Table 22 Defects, Causes and Maintenance Needed

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Type of defect/ deficiency

1. The traffic sign is dirty/dusty

Cause
During dry weather dust raised by vehicles, during wet weather mud and grit splashed by vehicles and may also be due to air pollution Vandalism Weathering, ageing Vandalism Accident Vegetation has grown impairing visibility Vandalism Traffic accident Traffic action and weathering

Maintenance activity needed

Cleaning

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

The traffic sign is partially defaced, obliterated by pasting bills, notices Painted surface is faded/flaking off Components of a traffic sign (bolts, fixtures etc.) removed A sign post is broken/the sign is demolished The traffic signs and other traffic control devices are not visible The traffic sign is disfigured and badly obliterated The traffic sign is damaged beyond repair The road markings are worn out

Cleaning Repainting Repairing at the site (replacing missing items) Repairing in the Workshop Cutting and pruning vegetation Replacing sign Replacing sign Restoring or repainting road markings

Results of neglected maintenance are generally; - Traffic signs and markings become ineffective and cease to serve their intended purpose - Danger to road users increases, probability of occurrence of accidents increases - Discredit to the organisation 6.2 Routine Maintenance Activities 6.2.1 Cleaning This activity includes cleaning signs, reflectors, and sign posts for retaining their effectiveness, and consideration shall be given to the following: - frequency of cleaning signs depends on the environment, siting and materials used - wash the surface using a cloth or soft bristle brush, water and detergent solution. Take care not to scratch the surface - particular care should be taken when cleaning retro reflective sign faces. Use a light detergent and plenty of clean water without grits - after washing out the dirt remove all traces of detergent with a cloth and by rinsing in clean water - clean the back of the sign with water and cloth - use kerosene initially to clean out signs contaminated with bitumen or oil and then wash down with water - Clean at least twice a year. 6.2.2 Painting This activity includes painting or repainting of signs and supporting posts of sign plates.
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Painting of the front face of a traffic sign is a specialised job that has to be carried out according to a given specification and under controlled conditions, in a workshop/ paintshop. (a) General Directions Surfaces and areas to be painted or repainted should be cleaned free of rust, dirt and other extraneous matter, and consideration shall be given to the following. - Only clean soft brushes or rollers are to be used - Painting should be done only during dry weather and only on dry surfaces - Paints must be thoroughly mixed according to manufacture's instructions. If thinner is to be used, due precautions against fire shall be taken - Cover components or portions of surface that should not receive a coat of paint applied to the rest of the surface - If the rear face of a sign was to be repainted, the following also should be painted/ repainted clearly on it using a stencil: "BY ORDER OF THE ROAD DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY" (b) Directions for repainting Steel Surfaces Use a wire brush to remove all loose material from flaky paint surfaces clean area to be repainted using cloth and water and allow the surface to dry thoroughly apply a prime coat evenly to the area after it has been dried thoroughly apply the finishing coat evenly after allowing the prime coat dry.

(c) Directions for repainting Timber Surfaces Wire brush the surface to remove any loose paint clean the surface of dust and other extraneous matter using cloth and water and allow surface to dry thoroughly apply a prime coat evenly to the area to be repainted, after the surface is dried thoroughly apply one finishing coat of specified colour evenly after the prime coat is dried.

6.2.3 Directions for repairing signs at the site (a) Correcting badly oriented and or tilted signposts (planted without a concrete base) - Excavate around the embedded part of the post wide enough to enable a tamper to be used for compaction and deep enough to loosen the post - move post to upright position and re-orient it. Check with plumb for orientation (the sign face should be at an angle of about 900-950 to the direction of on coming traffic) - backfill soil and compact in layers keeping the post firmly held in correct position (if necessary with temporary stakes). (b) Replacing of bolts and nuts - The bolts and nuts or screws, along with the necessary washers shall be of GI - check and correct (if necessary) alignment of drilled holes before threading bolts or screws - prior to tightening of the bolts and screws, a little oil or grease shall be applied.
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(c) Setting posts (planted without a concrete base) deeper for extra stability - Sign posts, without concrete bases, shall be buried to at least 1/3 the full length of the post, to ensure stability. 6.2.4 Directions for repairing signs in the Workshop A sign which cannot be repaired at the site shall be dismantled from the post and taken to the workshop (or paintshop) for repairs. And then transported back to the site and re-assembled. All nuts and bolts and screws removed in the process shall be replaced (using additional ones for any missing ones) a sign that had been posted with a reflective sheeting, needing repairs due to stripping off part of the sheeting, may be repaired by sticking on a piece or pieces of retroreflective sheeting carefully cut and of the correct colour(s), according to the design of the sign. However, this is best done in a workshop.

6.2.5 Cutting and Pruning of vegetation This is a routine road maintenance activity that has been dealt with elsewhere. The important points to bear in mind are: - Vegetation should be cut and pruned to enable the sign to become visible to vehicles and be understood at the clear visibility distance. - however, as conditions vary from site to site, this distance of clear visibility will vary accordingly. Also, it is a function of the approaching speed of the vehicles.

6.3 Periodic Maintenance Activities 6.3.1 Restoring or repainting Road Markings This work includes restoring worn or obliterated road markings. The common types of road markings that have to be repainted frequently are: 1. Centre Line and Lane Line 2. Pedestrian crossing 3. Transverse "STOP" and "GIVE WAY" lines As these maintenance activities are carried out within the carriageway of a road, it is imperative that proper safety measures are adopted before any road marking operation is commenced; and the following adhered to: the obliterated sections of road markings is previously indicated ensure that the road surface is dry prior to carrying out road markings use a stiff brush to clean any existing road marking which has to be removed the road surface is kept clean and free from dust and other contamination use a Stencil for painting any road marking set the stencil and adjust correctly. Thoroughly mix the paint and apply uniformly. Avoid applying a too thick coat that tends to crack on drying
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avoid spilling any paint on the carriageway. If a spill occurs, clean the surface immediately do not allow traffic to run over painted markings before the paint is terrific dry, that is do not remove traffic cones and other signs before paint is dry even though the paint work is over at all times exercise vigilance to ensure safety. Ensure that traffic cones, signs and other devices are correctly spaced and located. Re-set knocked over traffic cones without delay with the progress of work move forward the flagmen and the traffic signs, when the paint has dried over a sufficiently long section of road organise and execute the work so that by the time cones, traffic signs etc., have to be removed, the last painted markings is terrific dry. road lane marking using mechanical equipment will require same preliminary work and safety measures to be adopted as given in the Manual on Traffic Control Devices, Part II. However, as progress of work will be much faster, temporary signs and safety devices will require to be moved forward at a faster rate. Also there is the need to adhere to manufacture's instructions in carrying out the field operations and maintenance of the machine.

6.3.2 Replacing Signs remove damaged sign, its supporting post and foundation block trim sides of foundation pit vertical. The minimum size of foundation for a single standard sign could be taken as 30 cm x 30 cm wide and 50 cm deep. However, this would vary with site conditions assemble new sign on new post mix 1:3:6 (40 mm) dry mix concrete erect new post (with sign) in the foundation pit, centre it, provide temporary stakes to the post, adjust it to plumb, adjust its alignment and orientation, and lay and compact the concrete in the pit.

_____________________________________________

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