Experiment- 1

Aim:- To study and simulate Amplitude Modulation (AM). Simulator Used:- Vis Sim Version 6.0 Component used:- Multiplier , summer , carrier signal , modulating signal,
C.R.O.

Theory:- Amplitude modulation is a process of translating information signal from

low band frequency to high band frequency. Information signal is usually of low frequency, so it cannot travel far. It needs carrier signal of higher frequency for long distance destination. Figure 1 shows a basic block diagram of a modulator. The inputs are carrier and information (modulating) signals while the output is called modulated signal. In amplitude modulated (AM) signal, amplitude of the carrier signal varies with the information signal.

= initial phase of Carrier , A= Amplitude of Wave

Diagram:-

Fig. 1(a) Amplitude Modulator

Waveform:-

Fig. 1(b) Modulating Signal

Fig. 1(c) Carrier Signal

Fig. 1(d) Modulated Signal

Result:- Amplitude Modulation has been studied and simulated.

Experiment-2
Aim:- To study and simulate Frequency Modulation (FM). Simulator Used:- Vis Sim Version 6.0 Component used:- modulating signal, fm modulator ,C.R.O Theory:- Frequency modulation is a technique of modulating the frequency of the
carrier signal in accordance with the frequency of the modulating or the information signal. As the information signal has a very low frequency, therefore it cannot be transmitted over long distances. To increase the efficiency of the modulating signal it is fed upon a carrier signal which has a very high frequency. Now, this frequency of carrier signal is changed in accordance with the information signal.

= instantaneous frequency = carrier frequency = carrier deviation = modulation frequency

i c m

Diagram:-

Fig. 2(a) Frequency Modulator

Waveforms:-

Fig. 2(b) Modulating Signal

Fig. 2(c) Modulated signal

Result:- Frequency Modulation has been studied and simulated.

Experiment- 3
Aim:- To study and simulate Amplitude Shift Keying(ASK). Simulator Used:- Vis Sim Version 6.0 Component Used:- Modulating signal, carrier signal, multiplier, integrate and
dump, C.R.O

Theory:- Amplitude shift keying - ASK - in the context of digital communications

is a modulation process which imparts to a sinusoid two or more discrete amplitude levels. These are related to the number of levels adopted by the digital message. For a binary message sequence there are two levels, one of which is typically zero. Thus the modulated waveform consists of bursts of a sinusoid. There are sharp discontinuities shown at the transition instants. These result in the signal having an unnecessarily wide bandwidth. A binary ASK signal can be given as:

s(t) = A m(t) cos 2fct Diagram:-

(1)

Fig. 3(a) Amplitude Phase Shift keying

Waveforms:-

Fig. 3(b) Carrier Signal

Fig. 3(c) Modulating Signal

Fig. 3(d) Modulated signal

Fig. 3(e) Demodulated Signal

Result:- Amplitude Shift Keying(ASK) has been studied and simulated.

Experiment- 4
Aim:- To study and simulate Frequency Shift Keying(FSK). Simulator Used:- Vis Sim Version 6.0 Component Used:- Modulating signal, carrier signal, multiplier, summer,
integrate and dump, invertor

Theory:- Frequency shift keying (FSK) is the most common form of digital
modulation in the high-frequency radio spectrum, and has important applications in telephone circuits. The data are transmitted by shifting the frequency of a continuous carrier in a binary manner to one or the other of two discrete frequencies termed as mark and space frequencies. Coherent forms of FSK exist in which there is no phase discontinuity in the output signal. FSK modulation formats generate modulated waveforms .

Diagram:-

Fig. 4(a) Frequency Shift Keying

Waveforms:-

Fig. 4(b) Sine Wave having high freq.

Fig. 4(c) Sine Wave having low freq.

Fig. 4(d) PN sequence wave

10

Fig. 4(e) Modulated Signal

Fig. 4(f) Demodulated Signal

Result:- Frequency Shift keying(FSK) has been studied and simulated.

11

Experiment-5
Aim:- To study and simulate Phase Shift Keying(PSK). Simulator Used:- Vis Sim Version 6.0 Component Used:- Modulating signal, carrier signal, multiplier, integrate and
dump, C.R.O

Theory:- In Phase Shift Keying (PSK) modulation technique, the modulated output
switches between in-phase and out-of phase component of the carrier for every one to zero transitions of modulating signal. The carrier frequency chosen for PSK modulation are 1MHZ (0 Degree) and 1 MHZ (180 Degree).The phase detector works ion the principle of squaring loops. First step in PSK detection is the square wave conversion using a Schmitt trigger. This enables the PSK detector to be built around digital ICs. BPSK (also sometimes called PRK, Phase Reversal Keying, or 2PSK) is the simplest form of phase shift keying (PSK). It uses two phases which are separated by 180 and so can also be termed 2-PSK. A binary phse shift keying signal can be given as: s(t) = A m(t) cos 2fct

Diagram:-

Fig. 5(a) Phase Shift Keying 12

Waveforms:-

Fig. 5(b) Carrier Signal

Fig. 5(c) Modulating Signal

Fig. 5(d) Modulated Signal

13

Fig. 5(e) Demodulated Signal

Result:- Phase Shift Keying(PSK) has been studied and simulated

14

EXPERIMENT NO. 6 Aim :- To Study and Verify PAM Modulation. Simulator Used :- VisSim Simulator. Component Used:- Modulating signal, carrier signal, multiplier, C.R.O Theory :- PAM modulation is the process in which
amplitude of the instantaneous pulses is change according to the modulating signal.

Circuit Diagram :-

Plot 2 1 0 -1 2 1 0 -1 2 * 1 0

Fig 6- Pam modulation.

-1 0

4 Time (sec)

10

Result : -

PAM modulator is designed and its waveform is verified.

15

EXPERIMENT NO. 7 Aim :- To Study and Verify PPM Modulation and demodulation. Simulator Used :- VisSim Simulator. Components used:- modulating signal, ppm modulator, ppm
demodulator, C.R.O

Theory :PPM modulation is the process in which position of the instantaneous pulses is change according to the modulating signal.

Circuit Diagram :-

-1e14
sy m PPM

Plot

Mod

-1e14 -1e14 PPM Demod -1e14 0 5 Time (sec) 10

Fig7 (a) PPM Modulator and demoduator

16

Waveforms:-

Fig7(b) ppm modulator and demodulator

Result : -

PPM modulator is designed and its waveform is verified.

17