1

INTRODUCTION



Significance of the Study

Snails are one of the earliest known types of animals in the world.
There is evidence that they evolved more than 600 million years ago. Snails
belong to a group of invertebrate animals known as molluscs. Most molluscs
carry a shell.
Calcium is one of the major components in cement making. Snail shells
are primarily made of calcium carbonate. The most important of the calcium
compounds is calcium carbonate, CaCO
3
. t is the most common substance
found in rocks in all parts of the world, and is the main component of shells of
marine organisms, snails, pearls and eggshells.
Snail shells were being dumped everywhere, and are being considered
as "waste. Since it is waste it creates unfriendly nuisance due to its
unnecessary odor and could cause hazard to health. Some snails were major
pests in farm.
Many materials are used to manufacture concrete or mortar to produce
high strength with locally available materials.
n view of this, the researcher arrived at an idea of how snail shells,
which is regarded as wastes and locally available, could be converted into lime
and used a partial substitute of cement to mortar.

2

Objectives of the Study

n order to determine the possibility of using snail shell as lime in mixing
mortar, specifically; it has the following objectives:
1. To determine whether the compressive strength of varying snail shell
as lime will increase with compare to the commercially available
mortar.
2. To compare the production cost of varying snail shell as lime with the
commercially available mortar.

Expected Output


The result of this study will determine the compressive strength and
production cost of mortar made from snail shell as lime.

Scope and DeIimitations of the Study


This study is limited only the determination of compressive strength and
production cost of mortar made from snail shell lime as its component.

PIace and Time of the study

This study will be conducted at Poblacion Pikit, North Cotabato on
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August 2011 until November of the same year. The compressive test will be
conducted at the University of Southern Mindanao, Kidapawan City Campus.

Definition of Terms

ACI (American Concrete Institute) is an organization that provides standard
specification and guidelines that is applicable in concrete design
Concrete Compressive Strength - is defined as the measured maximum
resistance of a concrete or mortar specimen to an axial load, usually
expressed in psi (pounds per square inch) at an age of 28-days.
Curing- the period of consisting moisture and in maintaining favorable
temperatures to meet the requirements of service.
Fine Aggregates is an aggregate whose diameter ranges from .0625 mm or
(1/16 mm, or 62.5 micrometers) and those who passed microns to the
4.75 mm sieve
Lime burning the shell of snail and used as partial substitute of cement to
mortar
Mortar is a finish product of sand, cement, and water.
PortIand Cement - binding materials of the sample and finely powdered
mixtures of inorganic compounds which when combined with water
hardens with hydration
SnaiI SheII Lime Mortar the resulting mixture of cement, sand, water, and
snail shell as lime
4

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

CaIcium Carbonate of SnaiI SheII

Calcium carbonate, CaCO
3
, is the major constituent of limestones,
marbles, chalks, oyster shells, and corals. Calcium carbonate obtained from its
natural sources is used as a filler in a variety of products, such as ceramics
and glass, and as a starting material for the production of calcium oxide
(Encyclopdia Britannica, 2011).
Snail shells are made of mostly calcium carbonate. They also contain
small amounts of protein. Basically, the shell consists of calcium carbonate
crystals organized within a matrix of protein. Calcium carbonate crystallizes in
two principal forms, aragonite and calcite, and the form that is present in a
particular shell may depend on several factors (Orstan, A., November 2005).


Lime


Limestone is the most common raw material used to produce lime,
although other calcareous materials such as marble, coral and shells are also
used. With large-scale excavation of any raw material, care must be taken to
minimize environmental damage, particularly in the case of coral and, to a
lesser extent, sea shells (practicalaction.org, 2007).
5

Why use and promote Iime?


Lime is much better than cement in plasterwork. The setting is slow, but
the result will look better and the softer surface will be less likely to crack. Lime
mortars have a high degree of workability which is highly desirable in mortars
and plasters. Lime products also set more slowly which allows mixing in large
quantities without fear of going off before use. n harsh climatic conditions,
lime mortars and plasters may not be very durable but this can easily be
overcome by the use of hydraulic limes or the addition of a small percentage
of Portland cement into the mix. Siliceous materials, known as pozzolanas (eg
volcanic ash and rice husk ash), can also be mixed with lime to improve its
strength and durability ( LFW bricks, 2010).

ow is QuickIime Prepared?

For use in mortar/concrete, lime was produced by heating calcium
carbonate (lime stone, chalk, shells and corals etc) in kiln to a temperature of
approximately 900C.At this temperature, CO2 is driven off and calcium
carbonate changes to calcium oxide (quick lime) due to calcinations process.
Lime can be used in different forms all originating from quick lime (CaO).Water
and quick lime are combined to get hydrated lime which is then ground. f
excess water is used, a colloidal gel is formed called "lime putty and it does
not set under water. There are four types of hydrated lime according to ASTM
6

C-207,viz, type-S, type-SA, type-N and type-NA (Rizwan, S.A., Toor, S.u R.,
Ahmad H.,2002).
The first important reaction to occur is the calcining of limestone
(calcium carbonate) into lime (calcium oxide) and carbon dioxide, which
occurs in the lower-temperature portions of the kiln--up to about 1650F
(900C). The second reaction is the bonding of calcium oxide and silicates to
form di calcium and tri calcium silicates. Small amounts of tri calcium
aluminate and tetra calcium aluminoferrite are also formed (Building
Green.com, 2004).


Lime Based Mortar


Lime-based mortars have been used in building construction for
thousands of years. n the 1800s, the development of natural and portland
cements provided architects and contractors a range of new properties with
which to work. Cement provided the early hardness to speed masonry
projects. By varying the level of cement and lime, the workability and strength
of mortars could be modified (Tate, Michael J., 2005).









7

Cement


Cement is the key ingredient in concrete products. Comprising roughly
12% of the average residential-grade ready mix, cement is the binding agent
that holds sand and other aggregates together in a hard, stone-like mass.
Cement production requires a source of calcium (usually limestone) and
a source of silicon (such as clay or sand). Small amounts of bauxite and iron
ore are added to provide specific properties (Building Green.com, 2004).
Alternative cements are not capable of replacing Portland cement
totally, but they can be used in the many construction applications where they
have advantages. These are as mortars, renders and non-structural
concretes.
The most common of these so-called 'alternative' binders is lime, to
which other materials, known as pozzolanas, can be added to enhance
strength and water resistance. Other binders such as gypsum, sulphur,
bitumen, mud and animal dung have also been used (Farmer, P., 2008).

Why Continue to Use AIternative Cements

Major advantages of alternatives to Portland cement are that they are
usually cheaper to produce, needing much lower or even negligible capital
inputs to get started, and requiring far less imported technology and
equipment. They can also be produced on a small scale to supply a local
8

market resulting in greatly reduced transportation costs and a much greater

degree of local accountability in the supply of building materials (Farmer,
Pinoy, May 2008)

The roIe of caIcium carbonate in cement hydration

Limestone, mainly consisting of calcite, is a permitted additive to
Portland cements often up to a 5 wt.% limit. t is shown by experiment and
calculation that much, if not all, of this calcite is reactive and affects the
distribution of lime, alumina and sulfate and thereby alters the mineralogy of
hydrated cement pastes. Calcite affects the mineralogical variant of the AFm
phase(s). Calcite additions affect the amount of free calcium hydroxide as well
as the balance between AFm and AFt phases, although CSH is unaffected
in much of the range of compositions.
Calculations of the specific volume of solids as a function of calcite
addition suggest that the space-filling ability of the paste is optimised when
the calcite content is adjusted to maximise the AFt content. However, before
the calculated data can be used uncritically, certain kinetic constraints on
reactivity also need to be assessed (Matschei, T., Lothenbach, B., and
Glasser, F.P., 2006).



9

MATERIALS AND METODS

Materials Unit Quantity
Cement Bags
Snail Shell (Lime) Cu.m
Aggregates ( sand) Cu.m
Water Liters
Tools
Concrete Molder Unit 15
Pail Unit 1
Mixing box or container Unit 1
Sieve no. 200
4.75 mm sieve
Unit
Unit
1
1
Shovel Unit 1
Equipments
Compressive Testing Machine Unit 1
Burning Pugon
Temperature gauge
Unit
Unit
1
1






10

10

ExperimentaI Design and Treatments

This study will conduct five treatments with three replications for
compressive strength and water absorption capacity. The experiment will be
laid out using Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). Analysis of
Variance (ANOVA) will be used to determine the significant difference
between treatments. Furthermore, Duncan's Multiple Range (DMRT) will be
used to determine the significant difference between replications.


Research Layout


Treatment Replication

C





T1





T2





T3





T4






Legends:

C: controlled; snail shell lime
T1: concrete mixed with 90% cement; 10% snail shell lime and 3 parts
aggregate (sand)
11

11

T2: concrete mixed with 80% cement; 20% snail shell lime and 3 parts
aggregate (sand)
T3: concrete mixed with 70% cement; 30% snail shell lime and 3 parts
aggregate (sand)
T4: concrete mixed with 60% cement; 40% snail shell lime and 3 parts
aggregate (sand)

Methods


Gathering of SnaiI


The snail will be gathered by the researcher on the river side of
Manaulanan, North Cotabato. t will be put into the pail after collecting and to
be transported through the tricycle. The snail will be stock in the house of the
researcher at Poblacion Pikit, North Cotabato.


CoIIection of SnaiI SheII

The snail shells will be collected by removing the soft portions of the snail
with the use of pin. The soft portion should be completely removed to prevent
accumulation of bacteria and unnecessary odor. The shell of the snail is
considered waste.


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12

Washing of SnaiI SheII

The snail shell will be washed using clean water to remove impurities and
other dirt that could impair the strength of mortar mixture.

Drying of SnaiI SheII

The washed snail shell will be sun dried in preparation for the next
procedure.


Burning of SnaiI SheII


The dried snail shell will be burn in a drum until such time that the shell
will turn into white and shell reaches its maximum burning period. The shells
were to be piled in a cylindrical tank (drum). First layer on a cylindrical tank will
be large heaps of dried wood. The next layer will be the snail shell and so on.
The cylindrical tank should have a hole in the bottom to admit the air to pass
through during the burning process.


Crushing and Pounding of SnaiI SheII Lime


The burned snail shell (lime) will be crushed and pound into powder
passing no. 200 sieve.


13

13

Sieving of Sand Aggregates

The sand passing through 4.75 mm sieve and will retained on .15 mm
sieve (No. 100) will be used for this study. t should be free from silt.

Proportioning

The mix ratio of cementitious material and sand is 1:3 (by weight) for
compressive strength and water absorption.
An improvised container will be used with specified volume in
proportioning of the sand, cement and snail shell lime. n each treatment the
Portland cement was reduced in replacement with the parts of snail shell lime.
Mixing Proportion of crushed snail shell lime, cement and sand

Treatments C T1 T2 T3 T4
Cement 100 % 90% 80% 70% 60%
Snail Shell
Lime

0

10%

20%

30%

40%

Sand

3

3

3

3

3


Legends:


C: controlled; no snail shell lime
T1: concrete mixed with 90% cement; 10% snail shell lime and 3 parts sand
T2: concrete mixed with 80% cement; 20% snail shell lime and 3 parts sand
14

14

T3: concrete mixed with 70% cement; 30% snail shell lime and 3 parts sand
T4: concrete mixed with 60% cement; 40% snail shell lime and 3 parts sand


MoIding of SampIe


After mixing the desired proportion, the researcher will going to mold
the sample with the molder specification. The researcher will be molding
50mm x 50mm x 50mm cube for compressive strength test of mortar and
water absorption.
Molder of Mortar Cube for Compressive Strength and Water Absorption

Setting the SampIe


Remolding of mortar cube will be done between 18 hours to 24 hour after
casting. The hardened mortar cube will be transferred immediately into the
curing tank.
15

15

Curing of SampIe

Curing of samples will be done at normal temperature. Depending on the
level of curing, the mortar cube will be removed at the end of 28 days from the
day of casting.

Testing of SampIe

The sample will be tested using compression testing machine and be
weighed using digital weighing scale. The average weight and density of mortar
cube for each were determined and noted.

Compressive Strength
The mortar cube will be subjected to a compression test Universal
Testing Machine (UTM). The compressive strength will be determined until it
crack and the results were taken as KN.


Data to be Gathered


The researcher will gather the result of each of the five treatments with
three replication for compressive strength with a total of 15 samples.



16

16

Table 1
COMPRESSVE STRENGTH (MPa) OF CEMENT : SNAL
SHELL LME MORTARS FOR VAROUS REPLACEMENT
LEVEL FOR 28 DAYS CURNG


Proportion
( Cement,
SSL, sand)
REPLCATON TOTAL MEAN
REP1 REP2 REP3
100%:0:3
90%:10%:3
80%:20%:3
70%:30%:3
60%:40%:3

C.V. =



Table 2
COMPRESSVE STRENGTH (Mpa) COMPARSON OF
MORTAR FOR 28 DAYS CURNG (WTH and WTHOUT SSL)

CEMENT:SSL With Snail Shell as Lime (Mpa)

Without Snail Shell as Lime
100:0 (Mpa)
90:10


80:20


70:30


60:40





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17

Production Cost



PRODUCTON COMPARSON BETWEEN CONTROL AND 90:10 (T1)

Materials

With Snail Shell as Lime Without Snail Shell as Lime
Cement/sack 230 230
SSL/sack 300 -------
Aggregates (sand) 80 80
Labor 100 100
Transportation 100 100

TotaI Cost

810

510


Materials
Aggregates/sack 30 pesos
Cement/sack 230 pesos
Snail Shell Lime/sack 300 pesos
Labor
1. Tools
-Pail
-Shovel
-Sieve
-Molder



2. Manpower

200 pesos
3. Water

40 pesos
Miscellaneous

1. Transportation


150 pesos

18

18

LITERATURE CITED

Eigemann, Joseph G. and Hegher, Robert W. 1981.ntervertebrate Zoology 3
rd

edition page 433


nternet sites:
BuildingGreen.com - Cement and Concrete: Environmental Considerations.
EBN Volume 2, No. 2 -- March/April 1993 Retrieved from
http://www.buildinggreen.com/features/cem/cementconc.cfm.2004

Calcium Carbonate. (2011). n Encyclopdia Britannica. Retrieved from
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/89036/calcium-carbonate

Farmer, Pinoy. May 14, 2008.Alternatives to Portland Cement . Retrieved July
2011 from
http://pinoyagribusiness.com/forum/agrinews/alternatives_to_portland_ce
ment-t616.0.html

Matschei ,T.

, Lothenbach , B.,

and Glasser, F.P.

The role of calcium
carbonate in cement hydration. Abstract. Available online 15 December
2006. Retrieved on May 2011 from www.sciencedirect.com

Orstan, A. Calcium Carbonate of Snail Shell (2005). Retrieved January 2011

from http://snailstales.blogspot.com/2005/11/snail-shells-are-made-of-
this.html

Pearson, Michael.The Lime ndustry in Australia An Overview. Retrieved
July 2011 from http://flyashbricksinfo.com/construction/the-lime-industry-
in-australia-an-overview.html

Raw materials of Lime. 2007. Retrieved March 2011 from
http://practicalaction.org/practicalanswers/product_info.php?products_id=
210

Rizwan, S.A, Exploiting Huge Natural Resources Of Lime n Pakistan for
Construction ndustry. Pakistan Engineering Congress, 69th Annual
Session Proceedings.2002

19

19

Tate, Michael . The most important property of cement-lime mortar in masonry

construction is. National Lime Association (NLA) Building Lime Group.
2005



































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20

APPENDCES



































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