ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

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INTRODUCTION Heat exchanger is a device that used to implement the heat exchange process between the fluids that are at different temperatures with a separation of solid wall. This process has been occurs in many engineering applications which are space heating and air conditioning, waste heat recovery and chemical processing. The heat exchanger applied in this experiment is the heat exchanger with the hot as well as the cold fluids move in same or opposite directions. Both hot and cold fluids enter at the same end, flow in the same direction and leave at the same end in parallel flow arrangement. In the counter flow arrangement, the fluids enter at different ends, flow in different directions and leave at different ends. These two configurations are differentiated by controlling the motion of fluid over the tubes as being unmixed and mixed.

parallel flow

counter flow

The heats are transferred between the two fluids via convection which refers to the hot fluid to the wall and by conduction which occur within the wall itself and back to the convection process from wall to the cold fluid. A simple arrangement of valves allows operation as either a parallel flow or counter-flow heat exchanger enabling temperature profiles, energy balances, heat transfer coefficient and log men temperature to be obtained for both conditions. The variables that affect the performance of a heat exchanger are the fluids physical properties, the fluids mass flow rates, the inlet temperature of the fluids, the physical properties of the heat exchanger materials, the configuration and area of the heat transfer surfaces, the extent of scale or deposits on the heat transfer surfaces, and the ambient conditions.

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In this experiment, the hot water is maintained its temperature in storage tank. The storage tank is fitted with loose cover to prevent ingress of dust and as well as to reduce loss of water through evaporation. Hot water is taken from the pump discharge and passes through the inner pipe of the concentric tube arrangement before returning to the tank. The control valve regulated the flow through this circuit. Meanwhile, for the cold water, it is supplied from an external source to the outer of the concentric tube arrangement via an inlet and valve. After heating in the exchanger, the cold water leaves via an outlet. We need to take the reading of the temperatures of TH in, TH out, TH mid, TC mid, TC in, and TCout as well as the hot water and cold water flow rate in order to calculate the value of power emitted, power absorbed, power loss, efficiency, the log mean temperature difference and as well as overall heat transfer coefficient.

Set of tube heat exchanger

Volumetric Flow Rate

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OBJECTIVES

To demonstrate the working principles of a concentric tube heat exchanger operating under parallel conditions To demonstrate the working principles of a concentric tube heat exchanger operating under counter flow conditions To demonstrate the effect of hot water temperature variation on the performance characteristics of a concentric tube heat exchanger To demonstrate the effect of flow rate variation on the performance characteristics of a concentric tube heat exchanger operating under counter flow conditions

THEORY

Heat is a form of energy that flows due to difference in temperature between two points that are located within a medium or in two different media. The transfer of heat occurs via one or any combination of the three modes of heat transfer which is conduction, convection and radiation. Generally, the radiation heat transfer is of little importance for heat exchangers operating at low temperatures and will not be considered here. Thus, the discussion here will be limited to convective and conductive heat transfers. Concentric tube heat exchanger is most common conductive-convective types of heat exchanger. It has two types of flow arrangement which ca be parallel flow or counter flow. Both hot and cold fluids enter at the same end, flow in the same direction and leave at the same end in parallel flow arrangement. In the counter flow arrangement, the fluids enter at different ends, flow in different directions and leave at different ends. Counter flow is more efficient compared to parallel flow.

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PARALLEL FLOW AND COUNTER FLOW ARRANGEMENT

Parallel flow

Counter flow
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Power emitted Where;

(tHin - tHout)

rate : density of hot water : specific heat capacity (tCout tCin)

Power absorbed Where;

: cold water flow rate : density of cold water : specific heat capacity = power emitted power absorb

Power loss

Efficiency

Overall heat transfer coefficient where heat transmission = 0.067m2

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is the mean temperature difference across the heat exchanger and it can be given as; Log mean temperature difference, where =

is the temperature difference between the two fluid streams at one physical end of the is the temperature difference between the two fluid streams at the other

heat exchanger and

physical end of the heat exchanger.

For a parallel flow heat exchanger, the hot fluid and the cold fluid enters at the same directions so that and can be related to hot and cold fluid inlet and outlet temperatures by:

= tHin - tCin = tHout - tCout

For a counter flow heat exchanger, the hot fluid enters at one physical end and the cold fluid enters at the other physical end so that outlet temperatures by: and can be related to hot and cold fluid inlet and

= tHin - tCout = tHout - tCin The derivation shown above is made according to two significant assumptions: the fluid specific heats do not vary with temperature and the heat convection heat transfer coefficient is constant throughout the exchanger. The second assumptions are influenced by entrance effects, fluid viscosity and thermal conductivity changes.

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CONSTANT FLOWRATE, TEMPERATURE VARIES Temperature efficiency is an indicator of the actual heat transfer taking place in the heat exchanger as a percentage of the maximum possible heat transfer that would take place if infinite surface area is available. Temperature efficiencies of the heat exchanger are: a) For the cold medium =[ ] X 100

b) For the hot medium =[ ] X 100

c) Mean temperature efficiency =

CONSTANT TEMPERATURE, FLOWRATE VARIES When Alternatively, if > > then + T will converge at the hot inlet end. then T will converge at the cold inlet end.

hot T cold

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T1

T2

>

T1

T2

>

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APPARATUS

Water Concentric heat exchanger

PROCEDURE

General start-up procedure i. Switch on the main switch to generate power to the equipment ii. Open the water tap which is located behind the equipment iii. Switch on the temperature switch and the pump switch a) Parallel flow arrangement i. Set up the heat exchanger directional valve for parallel flow ii. Set both the volume flow rate of hot and cold, QH and QC to be 2000cc/min and 1000cc/min respectively iii. Set the controlled water temperature at 60 iv. Allow the temperature to stabilize until the tHin is 60 . Then, record the tHout, tHmid, tCin, tCout, and tCmid. b) Counter flow arrangement i. Set up the heat exchanger directional valve for counter flow ii. Set both the volume flow rate of hot and cold, QH and QC to be 2000cc/min and 1000cc/min respectively iii. Set the controlled water temperature at 60 iv. Allow the temperature to stabilize until the tHin is 60 . Then, record the tHout, tHmid, tCin, tCout, and tCmid. c) Water temperature variation i. Set up the heat exchanger directional valve for counter flow ii. Set both the volume flow rate of hot and cold, QH and QC to be 2000cc/min iii. Set the controlled water temperature at 5 . iv. Allow the temperature to stabilize until the tHin is 50 . Then, record the tHout, tHmid, tCin, tCout, and tCmid. v. Repeat step iii and iv for water temperature of 60 and 70
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d) Flow rate variation i. Set up the heat exchanger directional valve for counter flow ii. Set the controlled volume flow rate cold, QC to be 2000cc/min iii. Set the controlled water temperature at 60 iv. Set the volume flow rate hot, QH to be 1000cc/min v. Allow the temperature to stabilize until the tHin is 50 . Then, record the tHout, tHmid, tCin, tCout, and tCmid. vi. Repeat step iv and v for flow rate of QH of 2000,3000, and 4000cc/min General shut-down i.Fully closed all of the valve involve ii.Switch off the water temperature switch and pump switch iii.Closed the water tap iv.Switch off the main switch

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Result a) Parallel flow arrangement

60

55

52

26

32

48

34

Power emitted W 1095.08

Power absorb W 834

Power lost W 261.08

Efficiency % 76.16 14.02

U W/m2 887.86

b) Counter flow arrangement

60

56

52

26

31.8

41

19

26

Power emitted W 1085.20

Power absorb W 1043.70

Power lost W 41.50

Efficiency % 96.20 23.32

U W/m2 766.60

c) Water temperature variation Cont. set 50 60 70 50 60 70 47.8 55.4 59 44 50.05 53.5 27 27 27 28.9 39.9 30 33.9 36.5 38 16.1 23.5 32 17 23.05 26.5

Cont. Set 50 60 70

Power emitted W 828.19 1362 2249.78

Power absorb W 957.30 1318.06 1562.18

Power lost W -129.11 43.94 723.60

Efficiency % 115.60 96.77 67.84 16.55 23.27 29.16

U W/m2 863.33 845.40 781.17 30 26.09 28.79 30.15 25.58 38.31 28.05 29.47 31.98

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d) Flow rate variation QH cc/min 1000 2000 3000 4000

60 60 60 60

52.9 55.8 56.8 57.5

47 50.05 52.8 54

26.4 26.9 27 27

28 29.5 30.3 30.9

33.5 36.5 38 39

26.5 23.5 22 21

20.6 23.15 25.8 27

QH cc/min 1000 2000 3000 4000

Power emitted W 893.39 1363.48 1481.44 1646.87

Power absorb W 985.07 1331.93 1526.18 1664.92

Power lost W -91.68 31.55 -44.74 -18.05

Efficiency % 110.26 91.69 103 101 23.43 23.32 23.85 23.87

U W/m2 627.51 852.47 955.09 1041.04

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CALCULATION

a) Parallel flow arrangement Power emitted Power absorbed Power loss Efficiency = = (tHin - tHout ) (tCout tCin)

= power emitted power absorb = = = ,

Log mean temperature difference, Overall heat transfer coefficient where heat transmission = 0.067m2 = tHin - tCin = tHout - tCout i.

Power emitted At tHin = 60 + 273 = 333K QH = 2000cm3/min 2000cm3 1 m3 min 106 cm3 = 3.33x10-5 m3/s = 1.018 10-3 m3/kg Thus, = = 982kg/m3 = 4186J/kg.K Thus, power emitted = (tHin - tHout)

1min 60s

= 3.33x10-5 x 982 x 4186 ( 60 52) = 1095.08W

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ii.

Power absorb At tCin = 26 + 273 = 299K QC = 1000cm3/min 1000cm3 min = 1.67x10-5 m3/s Thus,

1 m3 106 cm3

1min 60s

= 1.003x10-3 m3/kg = 997kg /m3 = 4179J/kg.K

Thus, power absorb =

(tCout tCin)

= 1.67x10-5 x 997 x 4179 x (41 29 ) = 834W iii. Power loss = power emitted power absorb = 1095.08 834 = 261.08W

iv.

Efficiency

= = 76.16%

100%

v.

Log mean temperature difference, = = = 14.02

vi.

Overall heat transfer coefficient = = 887.86

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b) Counter flow arrangement Power emitted Power absorbed Power loss Efficiency = = (tHin - tHout) (tCout tCin)

= power emitted power absorb = = = ,

Log mean temperature difference, Overall heat transfer coefficient where heat transmission = 0.067m2 = tHin - tCout = tHout - tCin

i. Power emitted At tHin = 60 + 273 = 333K QH = 2000cm3/min 2000cm3 1 m3 min 106 cm3 -5 3 = 3.33x10 m /s = 1.018 10-3 m3/kg Thus, = = 982kg/m3 = 4186J/kg.K Thus, power emitted = (tHin - tHout)

1min 60s

= 3.33x10-5 x 982 x 4186 x (60 52) = 1085.2W

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ii.

Power absorb At tCin = 26 + 273 =299K

QC = 1000cm3/min 1000cm3 min = 1.67x10-5 m3/s Thus,

1 m3 106 cm3

1min 60s

= 1.003x10-3 m3/kg = 997kg /m3 = 4179J/kg.K

Thus, power absorb =

(tCout tCin)

= 1.67x10-5 x 997 x 4179 x (41 26 ) = 1043.7W iii. Power loss = power emitted power absorb = 1085.2 1043.7 = 41.5W

iv.

Efficiency

= = 96.2%

100%

v. = =

Log mean temperature difference,

= 20.32

vi. =

Overall heat transfer coefficient

= 766.6

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c) Water temperature variation Temperature efficiency for the heat exchanger i. For the cold medium =( ii. 1) 100

For the hot medium =( ) 100

iii.

Mean temperature efficiency = +

At T = 50 i. Power emitted At tHin = 50 + 273 = 313K QH = 2000cm3/min 2000cm3 1 m3 min 106 cm3 = 3.33x10-5 m3/s = 1.008 10-3 m3/kg Thus, = = 992kg/m3 = 4178.5J/kg.K Thus, power emitted = (tHin - tHout)

1min 60s

= 3.33x10-5 x 992 x 4178.5 x (50 44 ) = 828.19W

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ii.

Power absorb At tCin = 27 + 273 = 300K QC = 2000cm3/min 2000cm3 Min = 3.33x10-5 m3/s Thus,

1 m3 106 cm3

1min 60s

= 1.003x10-3 m3/kg = 997kg /m3 = 4179J/kg.K

Thus, power absorb =

(tCout tCin)

= 3.33x10-5 x 997 x 4179 x ( 33.9 27 ) = 957.3W iii. Power loss = power emitted power absorb = 828.19 957.3 = -129.11 W = 100%

iv.

Efficiency

= 115.60%

v.

Log mean temperature difference, = = = 16.55

vi.

Overall heat transfer coefficient = = 863.33

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Efficiency for the cold medium =[ =( = 30% Efficiency for the hot medium =[ =( ) ] X 100 ) ] X 100

= 26.09% Mean temperature efficiency =

= = 28.05%

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At T = 60 i. Power emitted At tHin = 60 + 273 = 333K QH = 2000cm3/min 2000cm3 1 m3 min 106 cm3 = 3.33x10-5 m3/s = 1.018 10-3 Thus, = = 982kg/m3 = 4186J/kg.K Thus, power emitted = (tHin - tHout)

1min 60s

= 3.33x10-5 x 982 x 4186 x (60 50.05) = 1362W ii. Power absorb At tCin = 27 + 273 = 300K QC = 2000cm3/min 2000cm3 min = 3.33x10-5 m3/s Thus,

1 m3 106 cm3

1min 60s

= 1.003x10-3 m3/kg = 997kg /m3 = 4179J/kg.K

Thus, power absorb =

(tCout tCin)

= 3.33x10-5 x 997 x 4179 x (36.5 - 27) = 1318.06W iii. Power loss = power emitted power absorb = 1362 1318.06 = 43.94W
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iv.

Efficiency

= = 96.77%

100%

v.

Log mean temperature difference, = = = 23.27

vi.

Overall heat transfer coefficient = = 845.40

Efficiency for the cold medium =[ =( = 28.79% Efficiency for the hot medium =[ =( = 30.15% Mean temperature efficiency = ) ] X 100 ) ] X 100

= = 29.47%

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At T = 70 i. Power emitted At tHin = 70 + 273 = 343K QH = 2000cm3/min 2000cm3 1 m3 min 106 cm3 = 3.33x10-5 m3/s = 1.024 10-3 Thus, = = 977kg/m3 = 4191J/kg.K Thus, power emitted = (tHin - tHout)

1min 60s

= 3.33x10-5 x 977 x 4191 x (70 53.5) = 2249.78W ii. Power absorb At tCin = 27 + 273 = 300K QC = 2000cm3/min 2000cm3 min = 3.33x10-5 m3/s Thus,

1 m3 106 cm3

1min 60s

= 1.003x10-3 m3/kg = 997kg /m3 = 4179J/kg.K

Thus, power absorb =

(tCout tCin)

= 3.33x10-5 x 997 x 4179 x (38 27 ) = 1526.18W iii. Power loss = power emitted power absorb = 2249.78 1526.18 = 723.6W
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iv.

Efficiency

= = 67.84%

100%

v.

Log mean temperature difference, = = = 29.16

vi.

Overall heat transfer coefficient = = 781.17

Efficiency for the cold medium =[ =( ) ] X 100

= 25.58% Efficiency for the hot medium =[ =( ) ] X 100

= 38.37% Mean temperature efficiency =

= = 31.98%

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d) Flow rate variation Controlled hot water temperature = 60

Controlled water flow rate, QC = 2000cm3/min 2000cm3 1 m3 1min 6 3 min 10 cm 60s = 3.33x10-5 m3/s At flow rate QH = 1000cm3/min 1000cm3 min = 1.67x10-5 m3/s i. Power emitted At tHin = 60 + 273 = 333K = 1.017 10-3 Thus, = = 983.3kg/m3 = 4185J/kg.K Thus, power emitted = (tHin - tHout) 1 m3 106 cm3 1min 60s

= 1.67x10-5 x 983.3 x 4185 x (60 47 ) = 893.39W i. Power absorb At tCin = 26.4 + 273 = 299.4K Thus, = 1.003x10-3 m3/kg = 997kg /m3 = 4179J/kg.K Thus, power absorb = (tCout tCin)

= 3.33x10-5 x 997 x 4179 x (33.5 26.4) = 985.07W

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ii.

Power loss

= power emitted power absorb = 893.39 985.07 = -91.68W = 100%

iii.

Efficiency

= 110.26% iv. = = = 23.43 Log mean temperature difference,

v. =

Overall heat transfer coefficient

= 627.51

At flow rate QH = 2000cm3/min 2000cm3 min = 3.33x10-5 m3/s i. Power emitted At tHin = 60 + 273 = 333K = 1.017 10-3 Thus, = = 983.3kg/m3 = 4185J/kg.K Thus, power emitted = (tHin - tHout) 1 m3 106 cm3 1min 60s

= 3.33x10-5 x 983.3 x 4185 x (60 50.05) = 1363.48W

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ii.

Power absorb At tCin = 26.9 + 273 = 299.9K = 1.003x10-3 m3/kg = 997kg /m3 = 4179J/kg.K Thus, power absorb = (tCout tCin)

Thus,

= 3.33x10-5 x 997 x 4179 x (36.5 26.9) = 1331.93W

iii.

Power loss

= power emitted power absorb = 1363.48 1331.93 = 31.55W = = 97.69% 100%

iv.

Efficiency

v. = =

Log mean temperature difference,

= 23.32

vi. = =

Overall heat transfer coefficient

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At flow rate QH = 3000cm3/min 3000cm3 min = 5x10-5 m3/s i. Power emitted At tHin = 60 + 273 = 333K = 1.017 10-3 Thus, = = 983.3kg/m3 = 4185J/kg.K Thus, power emitted = (tHin - tHout) 1 m3 106 cm3 1min 60s

= 5x10-5 x 983.3 x 4185 x (60 52.8) = 1481.44W ii. Power absorb At tCin = 27 + 273 = 300K = 1.003x10-3 m3/kg = 997kg /m3 = 4179J/kg.K Thus, power absorb = (tCout tCin)

Thus,

= 3.33x10-5 x 997 x 4179 x (38 - 27) = 1526.18W iii. Power loss = power emitted power absorb = 1481.44-1526.18 = -44.74W = = 103% 100%

iv.

Efficiency

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v. = =

Log mean temperature difference,

= 23.85

vi. = =

Overall heat transfer coefficient

At flow rate QH = 4000cm3/min 4000cm3 min = 6.67x10-5 m3/s i. Power emitted At tHin = 60 + 273 = 333K = 1.017 10-3 Thus, = = 983.3kg/m3 = 4185J/kg.K Thus, power emitted = (tHin - tHout) 1 m3 106 cm3 1min 60s

= 6.67x10-5 x 983.3 x 4185 x (60 54 ) = 1646.87W

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ii. Power absorb At tCin = 27 + 273 = 300K Thus, = 1.003x10-3 m3/kg = 997kg /m3 = 4179J/kg.K

Thus, power absorb =

(tCout tCin)

= 3.33x10-5 x 997 x 4179 x (39 27 ) = 1664.92W iii. Power loss = power emitted power absorb = 1646.87 1664.92 = -18.05W = 100%

iv. v. = =

Efficiency

= 101% Log mean temperature difference,

= 23.87 vi. = = 1041.04 Overall heat transfer coefficient = ,

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DISCUSSION

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CONCLUSION

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RECOMMENDATIONS

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REFERENCES

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

http://www.scribd.com/doc/27156908/CONCENTRIC-TUBE-HEAT-EXCHANGER http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/258672/heat-exchanger?anchor=ref196606 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_exchanger http://www.solution.com.my/pdf/HE104(A4).pdf http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentric_tube_heat_exchanger#Theory_and_application http://www.brighthub.com/engineering/mechanical/articles/64548.aspx Fundamental of Heat and Mass Transfer, 6th Ed, John Wiley & sons (Asia) Pte Ltd Heat and Mass Transfer ( A Practical Approach ) 3rd Ed, Yunus A. Cengel, McGraw Hill,2006

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