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PHYSIOGRAPHIC DIVISION OF INDIA

IAS OUR DREAM


Authored by: Nisha Dolas

PHYSIOGRAPHIC DIVISION OF INDIA


MOUNTAINS
THE PENINSULAR MOUNTAINS : classified as follows The Western Ghats
(sahaydris ) Run along the west coast from south of the Tapti river valley to Kanyakumari; Deccan trap constitutes the northern portion of the Ghats; Southern part : composed of Archean gneisses, Schists and Charnockites

Anai Muddi in the Anaimalai Hills 2,695 m (8,842 ft) in Kerala is the highest peak in the Western Ghats. The Eastern Ghats
Irregular hill ranges stretches from northern Orissa to the Kerala and Tamil Nadu across coastal Andhra; Highest Peak at 1680m in Vishakhapatnam dist( Andhra)

THE MEETING POINT OF THE WESTERN AND EASTERN GHATS IN THE NILGIRI HILLS (BLUE MOUNTAINS) HAS THE HIGHEST POINT AT DODA BETTA PEAK.

The Vindhya Range

Running from Sasaram(Bihar) in the east to Jobat(Gujarat) in the west separates northern India from the southern mainland They are believed to have been formed by the wastes created by the weathering of the ancient Aravali mountains.[

The Satpura Range


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Extends from Narmada valley(N) to the Tapti valley (S) ; It is triangular in shape, with its apex at Ratnapur

Highest point : Dhupgarh near Pachmarhi(M.P.)

The Aravalis

The oldest mountain range in India; most ancient fold mountain ranges ; Separates the semi desert and fertile regions of Rajasthan

Highest point: Gurushikhar peak of Abu hills


Cardamom hills or Ealaimalai is the southernmost mountain range of India.

THE NORTHERN MOUNTAINS :


The Himalayas: Means Abode of Snow. They are one of the youngest fold mountain ranges in

the world and comprise mainly sedimentary rocks. They stretch from the Indus River in the west to the Brahmaputra River in the east. Total length is about 5000 km. The width of the Himalayas varies from 500 km in Kashmir to 200 km in

Arunachal Pradesh. Their average height is 2000m.

The Eastern Himalayas-made up of Patkai Hills, Naga Hills, Mizo Hills and the Garo, Khasi and Jaintia Hills-are also known as Purvanchal. The Pamir, popularly known as the Roof of the World, is the connecting link between the Himalayas and the high ranges of Central Asia. Can be divided into 3 parallel or longitudinal zones, each with separate features. The Outer Himalayas (The Siwaliks )
THE OUTER HIMALAYAS ARE SEPERATED FROM THE LESSER HIMALAYAS BY DUNS ( VALLEYS RESULTING FROM DRAINING AWAY OF THE TEMPORARY LAKES FORMED BY RIDGES WHEN THESE OBSTRUCTED THE COURSE OF RIVERS composed of tertiary sediments; emerged as most recent phase in Himalaya OROGENY .

The Lesser/Outer Himalayas (The Himachal) The Greater Himalayas ( The Himadri) The Trans Himalayan Zone

the ranges include the 400km Pir Panjal range, the longest range of the Himalayas

the innermost Himalayan Range is the worlds highest and most continuous of Himalayan ranges ; Himadris highest peak include worlds highest peak- Mt Everest

include imp ranges such as Zaskar Range and the Great Karakoram Range :extends 2wards south-east to form the Kailash Range; highest peak K2 longest glacier : Siachen ( Nubra Valley 72 km )
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THE PENINSULAR PLATEAU


The Central Plateaus The Eastern Plateaus The Kathiawar And Kutch Plateaus

: largest and oldest of all the physiographic

division ; north- east limit: Aravali Range northern extreme Bundelkhand and western and eastern ends : Western Ghats and Eastern Ghats resp. the upland of Central India with river Ganga (N) , Vindhya and Satpura ranges (S)Kaimur-Maikal Range (E) and Aravalis and Kutch to (W) comprise Mewar,Malwa(in M.P. formed of lava ) and Vindhya Plateaus diversified to topography ; low lying Mahanandi basin to undulating plateatus of the Bhaghelkhand , Chhota Nagpur and Dandakaranya Meghalaya Plateau : beyond lava ridden Rajhmahal Hills joined to the Peninsular Plateaus by Gujrats plain; Deccan lava make up this region while Kutch tertiary rocks

The Deccan Plateaus

occupy land between the Western and Eastern Ghats and south of Mahadeo ,Maikal and Satpura ranges ; comprise the Maharashtra Plateau(basalt) Karnataka and Telangana plateaus ( Archaean gneisses) Indias largest plateaus

in nature

THE GREAT PLAINS : lies between the Himalayas and the peninsular Plateau , alluvial
The Punjab Haryana Plains The Rajasthan Plains
Comprise the Bist Doab (betn Sutlej &Beas Rivers); Upper Bari Doab ( betn Beas and Ravi Rivers) and south- east Malwa Plain. comprise the marusthali of Thar and nearly Bagar areas Luni river : flowing 2wards south-east ,only river in region Rajasthan desert : sloping 2wards 2 direction Indus valley in Pak ( W-wards ) and Ran of Kutch (S-wards)

The Ganga Plains

spreading across the states of Uttar Pradesh ,West Bengal &Bihar divided into : Ganga Yamuna Doab , Rohilkhand Plain ,Avadh plain ( U.P.),Bihar Plain and Bengal Plain Ganga Delta : constitutes the Ben gal basin , covered with tidal forests ( the Sunderbans)

The Brahmaputra Plains

formed by deposit carried by Brahmaputra River , moist soil conditions

: 4500 km long coastline , Arabian Sea (W) , the Bay of Bengal (E)&Indian ocean (S) runs from Rann of Kutch (W) to the delta of the Ganga- Brahmaputra(E)
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THE COASTAL PLAINS


The East Coastal Plains The West Coastal Plains

extend betn the source of Subarnarekha and Kanyakumari ; contain deltas of almost all rivers ( except Tapti and Narmada ) ; include Tamil Nadu plains, Andhra Plain and Utkal Plain run from Rann of Kutch to Kanyakumari; sandy plains

ISLANDS : has a no. of islands (247) ; Bay of Bengal ( 204) & Arabian Sea (43)
The Andaman and Nicobar Islands: in the Bay of Bengal, represent elevated potions of submarine mountains. Mount Harriet (460m): in South Andaman Islands is the highest point. The Nicobar group contains 19 Islands. The Great Nicobar largest island in group Islands in Arabian Sea : coral origin & surrounded by fringing reefs e.g. Lakshadweep islands

Facts about position of india Jammu and Kashmir, himachal Pradesh, Sikkim and arunachal prADESH are the states of india lying completely in the Himalayas, while the state of Uttaranchal lies partly in the himalays and partly in the northern plains. Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Maharashtra, Orissa, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka , Kerala and Tamil Nadu together make the great peninsular plateau. Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram, Tripura and Meghalaya are the Indian provinces made up of the hills in the north-east India. Gujrat, Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala, tamil Nadu, andra Pradesh, Orissa and West Bengal are states on the coast of India. Among our Union territories, Daman and Pondicherry have sea boundries. The Indian states on international boundries are Gujrat, Rajasthan, Punjab : Pakistan Jammu n Kashmir: China and Pakistan Himachal Pradesh : China Bihar, Uttar Pradesh : Nepal Uttarnchal : China and Nepal West Bengal: Bhutan and Bagladesh Sikkim : China, Bhutan and Nepal Arunachal Pradesh : Bhutan, China and Myanmar Nagaland, Manipur : Myanmar Mizoram: Bagladesh & Myanmar Meghalaya, Tripura : Bagladesh Assam : Bagladesh, Bhutan, Myanmar The states of Harayana , Madhya Pardesh , Chattisagarh & Jharkhand are the only land locked states. They are not on an international border either.

UP borders the maximum number of States-8 (Uttarakhand, HP, Haryana, Rajasthan, MP, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Bihar). After UP is Assam, which touches the border of 7 States. Tropic of Cancer passes through 8 States : Gujarat, Rajasthan, MP, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, WB, Tripura, Mizoram.

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Indian Standard Meridian passes through 5 States: UP, MP, Chhattisgarh, Orissa, AP. 9 States form the coast of India. They are: Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala, And Tamil Nadu. Andhra Pradesh, Orissa and West Bengal. 2 Union Territories, viz. Daman & Diu and Pondicherry are also on the coast. The Union Territories of Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Lakshadweep are made up of islands only.

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