TYPES OF FLOW INTRODUCTION The knowledge of fluid flow is very important because all chemical plants have fluid

flow in order to running their processing product. Fluid dynamics is the study of fluids there is liquids and gases in motion, and the effect of the fluid motion on fluid boundaries, such as solid containers or other fluids. Fluid motion can be predicted same as motion of solids. Ideal fluid is an imaginary fluid that has minimum viscosity and thermal conductivity. There is no internal friction in an ideal fluid that is, there are no tangential stresses between two neighboring layers. Whereas real fluid can be defined as the flow in which effects of tangential or shearing forces are taken into consideration since these forces give rise to fluids friction, because their oppose to the sliding of one particle that past another.

FLOW CLASSIFICATIONS A steady flow can be uniform or non-uniform and similarly an unsteady flow can also be uniform or non-uniform. For a steady flow discharge is constant with time and for a uniform flow the area of cross section of the fluid flow is constant through the flow path. There are four terms to describe the states which are used to classified fluid flow:

1. Uniform flow: If the velocity is the same magnitude and direction at every point in the fluid it is said to be uniform. 2. Non-uniform: If at a given instant, the velocity is not the same at every point 3. Steady: A steady flow is one in which the condition (velocity, pressure and cross section) may differ from point to point but do not change with time. 4. Unsteady: If at any point in the fluid, the conditions change with time.

Combining the above we can classify any flow in to one of four type: Steady and Uniform Flow: Condition do not change with position in the stream or with time. Flow through a pipeline of constant diameter with a discharge constant with time. Steady and Non-Uniform Flow: Conditions change from point to point in the stream but do not change with time. Fixed discharge flow through a tapering pipe. Water flow through a river with a constant discharge is also a good example of such flow as the span of river generally varies with distance and amount of water flow in river is constant.

Unsteady and Uniform Flow: At a given instant in time the condition at every point are the same, but will change with time. A flow through pipeline of constant cross section with sudden changes in fluid discharge or pressure. Unsteady and Non-Uniform Flow: Every condition of the flow may change from point to point and with time at every point. Pressure surges in a flow through a pipe of variable cross section. A practical example can be the water flow in the network of canals during water release. COMPRESSIBLE AND INCOMPRESSIBLE FLOW A fluid problem is called compressible if changes in the density of the fluid have significant effects on the solution. If the density changes have negligible effects on the solution, the fluid is called incompressible and the changes in density are ignored. Compressible flow describes the behaviour of fluids that experience significant variations in density. All fluid are compressible, even water. Their density will change as pressure change. But under flow condition, and provided that the changes in pressure are small, it is usually possible to simplify analysis of the flow by assuming it is incompressible and has constant density. Since liquids are quiet difficult to compress, so under most steady condition they are treated as incompressible. In some unsteady condition, very high pressure difference can occur and it is necessary to take these into account even for liquid. Gasses are easily compressed, it is important in most cases to treat these as compressible, taking changes in pressure into consideration. ONE, TWO AND THREE DIMENSIONAL FLOW Fluid can be classified according to their direction of motion with respect to the three mutually perpendicular axes: One-dimensional flow is that type of flow in which the flow parameter such as velocity is a function of time and one space coordinate only. For a steady one-dimensional flow, the velocity is a function of one space coordinate only. The variation of velocities in other two mutually perpendicular directions is assumed negligible. Two-dimensional flow is that type of flow in which the velocity is a function of time and two rectangle space coordinates. For a steady two-dimensional flow the velocity is a function of to space coordinates only. The variation of velocity in the third direction is negligible.

Three-dimensional is that type of flow in which the velocity is a function of time and three mutually perpendicular directions. But for a steady three-dimensional flow the fluid parameters are functions of three space coordinates. STREAMLINES, STREAKLINES AND PATHLINES Pathlines: The path followed by a liquid particle in motion is called pathline. Thus, the pathline shows the direction of a particle for a certain period of time or between two given section. Streaklines: The locus of points of all the fluid particles that have passed continuously through a particular spatial point in the past. Streamlines: The imaginary line drawn in a fluid, in such a way that the tangent to which at any points gives the direction of motion at the point. Thus, the stream line shows the direction of motion of a number of particles at the same time. o o o Because the fluid is moving in the same direction as the streamlines, fluid cannot cross streamlines. Streamlines cannot cross each other. If they were to cross this would indicate two different velocities at the same point. This is not physically possible. The above point implies that any particle of fluid starting on one streamline will stay on that same streamline throughout the fluid. Sreamtube: An element of fluid, bounded by a number of streamlines, which confined the flow. As there is no movement of fluid cross a streamlines, therefore the fluid inside the streamtube cannot escape through its walls. LAMINAR AND TURBULENCE FLOW All fluid flow is classified into one of two broad categories or regimes. These two flow regimes are laminar flow and turbulent flow. The flow regime, whether laminar or turbulent, is significant in the design and operation of any fluid system. The amount of fluid friction, which determines the amount of energy necessary to maintain the desired flow, depends upon the mode of flow. This is also an important consideration in certain applications that involve heat transfer to the fluid.

LAMINAR FLOW Laminar flow is also referred to as streamline or viscous flow. These terms are descriptive of the flow because in laminar flow: (1) Layers of water flowing over one another at different speeds with virtually no mixing between layers. (2) (3) Fluid particles move in definite and observable paths or streamlines. The flow is characteristic of viscous fluid or is one in which viscosity of the fluid plays a significant part. TURBULENT FLOW Turbulent flow is characterized by the irregular movement of particles of the fluid. There is no definite frequency as there is in wave motion. The particles travel in irregular paths with no observable pattern and no definite layers.

TRANSITIONAL FLOW
Transitional flow is a mixture of laminar and turbulent flow, with turbulence in the center of the pipe, and laminar flow near the edges. Each of these flows behave in different manners in terms of their frictional energy loss while flowing, and have different equations that predict their behavior.

Turbulent or laminar flow is determined by the dimensionless Reynolds Number.

Reynolds Number The Reynolds number is important in analyzing any type of flow when there is substantial velocity gradient. It indicates the relative significance of the viscous effect compared to the inertia effect. The Reynolds number is proportional to inertial force divided by viscous force. The flow is

laminar when Re < 2000 transient when 2000 < Re < 4000 turbulent when Re > 4000

COMPARISON LAMINAR AND TURBULENT FLOW LAMINAR Re < 2000 Low velocity Dye does not mix with water Fluid particle move in straight line Simple mathematical analysis possible Rare in practice in water system TURBULENT Re > 4000 High velocity Dye mixed rapidly and completely Particle path completely irregular Average motion is in the direction of the flow Cannot be seen by the naked eye Changes/fluctuations are very difficult to detect. Must use laser. Mathematical analysis very difficult- so experimental measured are used.

NEWTONIAN AND NON-NEWTONIAN FLUID Newtonian fluid is a fluid whose stress versus strain rate curve is linear and passes through the origin. The constant of proportionality is known as the viscosity. A non-Newtonian fluid is a fluid whose flow properties differ in any way from those of Newtonian fluids. Most commonly the viscosity of non-Newtonian fluids is not independent of shear rate or shear rate history. However, there are some non-Newtonian fluids with shear-independent viscosity, which however exhibit normal stress-differences or other non-Newtonian behavior. In a Newtonian fluid, the relation between the shear stress and the shear rate is linear, passing through the origin, the constant of proportionality being the coefficient of viscosity. In a non-Newtonian fluid, the relation between the shear stress and the shear rate is different, and can even be time-dependent. Therefore a constant coefficient of viscosity cannot be defined. NON-NEWTONIAN FLUIDS Shear thinning fluids Shear thickening fluids Bingham plastic

Non-Newtonian Fluids are Non-Linear between stress and strain

Shear thickening fluids: Viscosity increases with increased stress (shear rate). The harder the fluid is sheared, the more viscous it becomes. For example is cornstarch and water, looks like a liquid but hit it and it is a solid. Shear thinning fluids: Viscosity decreases with increased stress (shear rate). The harder the fluid is sheared, the less viscous it becomes. Many colloidial suspensions and polymer solution are shear thinning. Bigham plastic: There are fluids which have a linear shear stress/shear strain relationship which require a finite yield stress before they begin to flow where the plot of shear stress against shear strain does not pass through the origin. Several examples are clay suspensions, drilling mud, toothpaste, mayonnaise, chocolate, and mustard.