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ABSRACT
Application principles of engineering design and procedures for the operation of hydroelectric power in generation ,transmission and distribution systems. The contents include principles of power systems, Generation , transmission, cabling systems, electrical equipment, power system protection and operational procedures.
work, water in motion it is the energy from water sources such as the ocean, rivers and waterfalls. Hydropower is one of the most costeffective and reliable energy technologies to be considered for providing clean electricity. The first hydroelectric power opens in Wisconsin 1883 and the electric transformer was invented in by THOMAS EDISON in 1884 then William sternly develops transformer and Alternating current for electric systems.
CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1 PRINCIPLES OF POWER SYSTEMS 1-1 1.1 Typical Power Network............................................................... ......... 1.2 Electric Power Generation.......................................................... ........ 1.3 Types of turbines...............................................................
Typical electrical power generation, transmission, and distribution system a show below.
Since the late 1980s, the combined impact of the liberalisation of electricity markets, technological Head and Flow ___Hydraulic power can be captured wherever a flow of waterfalls from a higher level to a lower level. Flow Rate of water Q, and a Head H. It is generally better to have more head than more flow, The Gross Head (H) is the maximum available vertical fall in the water, from the upstream level to the downstream level. The actual head seen by a turbine
The dam creates a Ahead@ or height from which water flows. A pipe (penstock) carries the water from the reservoir to the turbine. ___The fast-moving water pushes the turbine blades, something like a pinwheel in the wind the waters force on the turbine blades turns the rotor, the moving part of the electric generator. ___When coils of wire on the rotor sweep past the generator=s stationary coil (stator), electricity is produced. __This concept was discovered by Michael Faraday in 1831 when he found that electricity could be generated by rotating magnets within copper coils
Impulse Turbines
There are various types of impulse turbine Pelton Turbine consists of a wheel with a series of split buckets set around its rim; a high velocity jet of water is directed tangentially at the wheel. __The jet hits each bucket and is split in half, so that each half is turned and deflected back almost through 180. __The power output of a
Turgo turbine is similar to the Pelton but the jet strikes the plane of the runner at an angle (typically 20) so that the ___ Crossflow water enters turbine has a the runner on one side and drum-like rotor exits on the with a solid other. disk at each
An Interconnected Electricity Electricity generating System FROM POWER industry tended towards GENERATION large-scale generation
plants and grid networks, state or private monopoly control, and the vertical integration of generation, transmission, distribution and supply functions. __The transmission network transports
TRANSMISSION TRANSFORMERS
Transformer Impedance. __ The turns ratio of a-two-winding transformer determines the ratio between primary and secondary terminal voltages. __ This internal impedance consists of two components: (a) A reactance
The Delta-Wye connection is shown in Figure . The wye secondary with external neutral bushing provides a convenient neutral point for . Wye-Delta. establishing a
__ system ground, Wye-Delta connections are generally used for large-ratio stepdown transformers.
Delta-Delta. __ The Delta-Delta connection is also seldom used. It is used on Naval ships to enhance damage control.
Six-Phase Star. ___A phase to __The six-phase star ground fault will be connection provides means detected but does not for converting three-phase to six-phase transformations trip breakers because and is used in many rectifier there is minimal fault and thyristor circuits where current .Its very goodis a path for DC current flow required. for expansion The characteristic angle of a six-phase system is 60
___Step-up and step-down transformers at the generating and distribution stations, respectively used. ___ Standard nominal transmission system voltages are: 69 kV, 115 kV, 138 kV, 161 kV and 230 kV. Some transmission voltages,however, may be at 23 kV to 69 kV, levels normally categorized as primary distribution system ___ There are also a few transmission networks operating in the extra-high-voltage class (345 kV to 765 kV). Transmission Lines.
Close-up of a
A Typical Right-of-Way
References
Macmillan Publishing Company, New York, NY Electrical Transmission and Distribution Reference Book, Westinghouse Electric Corp., East Pittsburgh, PA Edwards, K.R. and Gebert, K.L. Transformers, Second Edition, American Technical Society, Chicago, IL
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