Cryo Central: HTS Degaussing Systems for Navy Ships

From the Spring 2009 issue of Cold Facts (Volume 25, Number 2): Thanks to a joint project by the US Navy and a number of industry partners, high temperature superconducting (HTS) technology is now at the heart of an advanced degaussing system aboard the USS Higgins at the naval station in San Diego. The HTS degaussing system has already completed initial electrical tests and will undergo a series of sea trials over the next two years [1]. Ships are mainly constructed of steel, causing them to disturb the Earths magnetic field. This makes them easily detected by magnetically activated mines. Degaussing is the process of making a (steel) ships hull nonmagnetic by producing an opposing magnetic field. Installing degaussing systems to mask a ships magnetic signature makes the ship virtually undetectable by magnetic mines, which greatly increases a ships survivability. This is done using a system of electrical cables that runs around the circumference of the ships hull, from bow to stern and port to starboard. These magnetic silencing systems have been on board Navy ships since WWII, and have proven a necessity. Since 1950, more US Navy ships have been lost to mines than to missiles, torpedoes or bombs. For example, the USS Princeton and the USS Tripoli suffered more than $167 million in damage in the first Gulf War, a fortune next to the enemy investment of just $15 thousand for the sea mines. [2] Advanced Degaussing Systems (ADS) are the systems of choice for modern naval construction. While the copper-based systems currently on these classes of ships improve on magnetic signature reduction, they require the use of heavy, bulky equipment that adds weight and maintenance costs. Demonstrations conducted so far have shown that installation of an HTS degaussing system, which uses a single cable made from HTS wire, cuts down both the overall system weight and installation costs for these classes of ships. In fact, the reduction in weight could be as much as 50%-80%. Even more notable is the reduction in the total installed cable lengthsas much as 90%. Since the HTS wire can be operated at current densities up to 200 times that of copperbased wire systems, not as much wire is necessary, cutting back on the bulk of previous systems. There is also the added benefit of a reduced total cost of ownership compared with systems currently in use [3]. Background and Demonstrations Brian Fitzpatrick, Project Engineer at the Naval Surface Warfare Center (NSWC) in Philadelphia, is a key member in a team that conducted a feasibility study starting in fiscal year 2004 on the option to replace the copper conducting cabling used in current degaussing systems with HTS cable. Fitzpatrick is the team leader for the Applied Superconductivity and Cryogenics

Group at NAVSEA at the NSWC, and his team focuses their research efforts on cryogenic refrigeration systems and superconductivity applications for Navy ships. The results from that feasibility study were presented at ASNE Day 2005, and an excerpt from the paper reads, Continued maturity in the High Temperature Superconducting industry and demonstration projects, with both industry and government funding, should allow for continued improvements and cost reductions. [2] In an effort to further investigate the benefits of an HTS degaussing system, the Naval Surface Warfare Center Carderock Division (NSWCCD) began demonstrations to verify the performance of the HTS coil [4]. According to the ONR, industry partners for the project were Nexans Deutschland GmbH (represented by El-Tech Technology, Inc.), PHPK Technologies, American Superconductor Corporation, Cryomagnetics and Cryomech [3]. When designing the demonstrations, the Navy chose to utilize Commercial Off the Shelf (COTS) components that would not need as much customization. Employing superconducting technology aboard ships presents some challenges, Fitzpatrick was quoted as saying in Superconductor Week, April 2008. HTS cables need to be kept at 77K or lower.[5] While it had never been demonstrated in a power cable, the decision was made to use a gaseous cryogen for the cables cooling system. Safety concerns arise with the use of a liquid cryogen onboard a Navy ship, since asphyxiation and/or cold burns could result if there was a system breach. Another reason for choosing gaseous helium was that, unlike liquid nitrogen, which under ambient pressure can only reach 63K before it solidifies, gaseous helium can reach the ideal temperature for operation, 55K [6]. The first demonstration focused on ensuring that a 50-meter cable section could be cooled and maintained at a temperature below 50K. A demonstrator was constructed that consisted of four cryostat sections, each from a different commercial vendor. After some preliminary testing, the decision was made to continue testing on the cryostat section supplied by El-Tech Technology and manufactured by Nexans Deutschland GmbH [6]. For the degaussing system, the Nexans Cryoflex was chosen. This flexible cryostat is a vacuum jacketed pipe made of corrugated 316L stainless steel, which is then terminated with a Johnston (bayonet) coupling on each end. Each bayonet of the cryostat was then connected to a junction box designed and built by PHPK Technologies. The PHPK junction box serves four purposes in the degaussing system. First, it allows for a superconducting splice to be made so the HTS wire forms a continuous current loop. Secondly, it provides connection feedthroughs for power to the HTS wire and required monitoring instrumentation. Next, it connects the helium supply and return lines from the refrigeration box to keep the HTS junction at 55K. Finally, it provides a vacuum annulus around all these components to insulate and keep them at cryogenic temperature. Due to the pressures involved, the junction box was designed to meet the intent of the ASME BPV code Section VIII, Division 1, after the splice joint was completed.

The refrigeration box was built by American Superconductor Corporation and consisted of a Cryomech AL330 cryocooler, a Stirling A200 helium circulation fan, heat exchanger, ruthenium oxide temperature sensors and supporting piping [6]. Cryomagnetics, Inc. provided a customized 4G superconducting magnet power supply to energize the cable. American Superconductor also provided the HTS cable, which is made of AMSCs superconducting wire. In March 2006, AMSC announced the successful operation of their own HTS coil, using wire based on a proprietary cabling technique that allows for a degree of flexibility for the wires and also meets requirements for use in naval ships [7]. The second demonstration by Fitzpatrick and his team improved on some system designs in order to make the transition to a Littoral Combat Ship (LCS). Also, to reduce the refrigeration costs for this design, a single refrigeration system was used to cool the multiple axis degaussing setup. Building and testing of this system were successful, with results similar to the first demonstration [4]. Continuing Work on the HTS Degaussing System Current work being done on the project focuses on developing a quick disconnect, which would allow two ends of HTS cable to be connected and disconnected rapidly, increasing safety for the ships crew and reducing installation time and cost. One challenge that needs to be overcome involves the fact that within the same connector, both a fluid and an electrical connection need to be made and kept at a cryogenic temperature. A possible solution is being developed and designed by Tai-Yang Research Company (TYRC) in Tallahassee FL, and an alternative connector design is being developed and demonstrated by Creare Inc., a research and development company in Hanover NH. Both companies have been awarded Phase II Small Business Innovative Research (SBIR) contracts for this work, which includes prototyping and field testing [4]. The ultimate goal of Phase III to follow will be commercialization and scale-up for eventual integration into the new ship platforms [5]. The ASNE Day 2007 paper presented by Fitzpatrick concludes that the technical foundation and understanding of the components and technologies that would be necessary for the implementation of a HTS degaussing system have been successfully determined, demonstrated and validated. [4] The successful integration of the HTS degaussing system onboard a Navy ship would demonstrate the potential for HTS technology in other naval applications. While that is an eventual goal, the current focus in the years ahead is continued development on the system to make it functional in a shipboard environment. Contributing Companies Contact Information For further information on Nexans Cryoflex contact Judith Lievesley, El-Tech Technology, Inc., jlievesley@cableconsultantscorp.com, 914/320-9154. Contact Cryomech, cryosales@cryomech.com, 315/455-2555. For further information about Cryomagnetics model 4G power supply, contact Brian Pollard, bpollard@cryomagnetics.com, 865/482-9551, ext 111.

 For more information on custom engineering and fabrication of cryogenic and high vacuum systems contact Tim Savely, PHPK Technologies, tsavely@phpk.com, 614/486-4750. References: 1.Superconductors vs. Sea Mines. Hutchinson, Harry. Mechanical Engineering, September 2008, pg. 13. 2. High Temperature Superconductor Degaussing System Technology Development. Fitzpatrick, B., Fikse, T., Robinson, M., 2005, pg. 1-10. 3. Office of Naval Research Funds First Demonstration of Innovative Superconducting Degaussing System. Office of Naval Research Press Release, July 2008. 4. High Temperature Superconductor (HTS) Degaussing System Demonstration and Development. Fitzpatrick, B.K., Golda, E.M., Kephart, J.T., 2007, pg. 1-8. 5. Tai-Yang Receives $450,000 to Develop HTS Degaussing Cable Components for US Navy Warships. Superconductor Week, April 2008, Vol.22, No.5., pg. 1, 6-7. 6. Characterization of Gaseous Helium Flow Cryogen in a Flexible Cryostat for Naval Applications of High Temperature Superconductor. Fitzpatrick, B.K., Golda, E.M., Kephart, J.T., August 2006, pg. 1-4. 7. High Temperature Superconductor Degaussing Coil System. AMSC Degaussing Coil Data Sheet, retrieved January 15, 2009. From American Superconductor website, www.amsc.com/products/htswire/documents/WFS_DGCOIL_0308_A4_FNL.pdf. Back

VOLU ME VI CHAPTER 12 BAB 12 DEGAUSSING DEGAUSSING REFERENCES DAFTAR PUSTAKA . . (a) (A) OPNAVINST C8950.2 - Magnetic Silencing OPNAVINST C8950.2 Peredam Magnetik (b) (B) NAVSEA S9086-QN-STM-010 - NSTM Chapter 475 (Magnetic Silencing) NAVSEA S9086-PQ-STM-010 - NSTM Bab 475 (Peredam Magnet) (c) (C) NAVSEA S9475-AC-PRO-010 - Degaussing Forms, Records and Reporting Procedures NAVSEA S9475-AC-PRO-010 - Formulir Degaussing, Records dan Prosedur Pelaporan (d) (D) NAVSEA S5475-AL-PRO-010 - Principles and Procedures for Magnetic Treatment of Ships NAVSEA S5475-AL-PRO-010 - Prinsip dan Prosedur untuk Pengolahan magnetik Kapal

(e) (E) SSPINST 8950.2 - Procedure for Fleet Ballistic Missile (FBM)/Strategic Weapons System (SWS) Components During Flash-Deperm Treatment of an SSBN SSPINST 8.950,2 - Prosedur untuk Armada Rudal Balistik (FBM) / Strategis Sistem Senjata (SWS) Komponen Selama-Deperm Pengobatan Flash dari sebuah SSBN 12.1 12,1 PUR POSE . PUR Pose. To provide magnetic silencing and deperming requirements, and the check ranging and reporting procedures defined by reference (a). Untuk memberikan membungkam magnet dan persyaratan deperming, dan mulai memeriksa dan prosedur pelaporan yang ditentukan oleh referensi (a). Reference (b) provides the basic principles and background of degaussing. Referensi (b) menyediakan prinsip-prinsip dasar dan latar belakang degaussing. 12.2 12,2 DEGAUSSIN G DEFINITIONS . DEGAUSSIN G DEFINISI. 12.2.1 12.2.1 Deperming . Deperming. Deperming is the magnetic treatment of a ship's hull to minimize permanent magnetism. Deperming adalah pengobatan magnetik lambung kapal untuk meminimalkan magnet permanen. All newly constructed ships require deperming. Semua kapal baru dibangun membutuhkan deperming. The deperming needs of operational ships are established by check ranging. deperming Kebutuhan kapal operasional ditetapkan dengan cek mulai. 12.2.2 12.2.2 Installed Degaussing System . Dipasang Degaussing Sistem. A shipboard system which reduces the residual permanent and induced magnetic signature of the ship, and is the ship's primary passive mine countermeasure system. Sistem kapal yang akan mengurangi induksi dan tanda tangan permanen magnet sisa kapal, dan pasif primer sistem penanggulangan kapal tambang. Different combinations of degaussing coils, type of controls and power supplies help to identify a degaussing system. kombinasi yang berbeda dari degaussing gulungan, jenis kontrol dan pasokan listrik membantu untuk mengidentifikasi sistem degaussing. 12.2.3 12.2.3 Magnetic Compass Compensation . Kompas Magnetik Kompensasi. Magnetic field from a ship's degaussing system can interfere with a ship's magnetic compass heading and make the system useless for navigation. Medan magnet dari kapal itu degaussing sistem dapat mengganggu kapal magnetik kompas pos dan membuat sistem yang berguna untuk navigasi. Per reference (b), a compensating coil is set up around the magnetic compass to neutralize the effect of degaussing coil field in the vicinity of the compass. referensi Per (b), koil kompensasi ditetapkan sekitar kompas magnetik untuk menetralkan pengaruh degaussing lapangan kumparan di sekitar kompas. 12.2.4 12.2.4 Check Ranging . Periksa Berkisar. The action of a ship making reciprocal range runs over an instrumented range, at a Magnetic Silencing Facility (MSF), for purposes of measuring the ship's degaussed magnetic signature. Tindakan dari berbagai timbal balik membuat kapal berjalan lebih dari rentang diinstrumentasi, di Fasilitas Peredam Magnetic (MSF), untuk tujuan pengukuran magnetik degaussed tanda tangan kapal tersebut. Check ranging is the principle method of determining the effectiveness and reliability of installed degaussing systems. Periksa mulai adalah metode untuk menentukan prinsip efektifitas dan keandalan sistem degaussing diinstal. A satisfactory check range is two range runs on reciprocal

headings within a six week period which are determined to be magnetically satisfactory while ship's degaussing equipment is operating properly. Berbagai cek memuaskan adalah dua rentang berjalan pada pos timbal balik dalam jangka waktu enam minggu yang bertekad untuk menjadi magnetis memuaskan sementara degaussing kapal peralatan yang beroperasi dengan benar. Degaussing range services are available at the following locations: berbagai layanan Degaussing tersedia di lokasi berikut: San Diego San Diego , , CA CA VA Pearl Harbor Pearl Harbor , , HI HI FL Yokosuka Yokosuka , , Japan Jepang WA Kings Bay Kings Bay , , GA GA Norfolk Norfolk , , VA Mayport Mayport , , FL Bangor Bangor , , WA

12.2.5 12.2.5 Degaussing Folder . Degaussing Folder. The Degaussing Folder (NAVSEA 8950/1) is an official ship log. Folder Degaussing (NAVSEA 8950 / 1) adalah log kapal resmi. It contains instructions for operation of the degaussing system, degaussing charts, values for current and turn settings, installation forms, compass compensation forms, and a log section showing all pertinent details of magnetic treatment and of action taken on the ship's degaussing system for the information of degaussing authorities. Ini berisi petunjuk untuk pengoperasian sistem degaussing, degaussing grafik, nilai untuk dan mengubah pengaturan saat ini, bentukbentuk instalasi, kompas bentuk kompensasi, dan bagian log yang menunjukkan semua rincian yang berkaitan pengobatan magnetik dan tindakan yang dilakukan pada's degaussing sistem kapal untuk informasi otoritas degaussing. The degaussing folder is issued to a ship by the MSF that renders the initial magnetic treatment and system calibration. Folder degaussing dikeluarkan untuk kapal oleh MSF, yang membuat perlakuan magnetik awal dan kalibrasi sistem. Reference (c) provides the detailed requirements for maintaining the degaussing folder. Referensi (c) memberikan persyaratan rinci untuk mempertahankan folder degaussing. 12.2.6 12.2.6 Degaussing Watch List . Watch Degaussing Daftar. a. a. The Degaussing Watch List is a list of all degaussing actions required on US Navy ships with installed degaussing systems. Daftar Watch Degaussing adalah daftar semua tindakan degaussing diperlukan pada kapal Angkatan Laut AS dengan sistem degaussing diinstal. The watch list is compiled and distributed by Naval Sea Systems Command based on recommended degaussing actions submitted by the MSF, industrial activities, and other official sources. Daftar menonton disusun dan didistribusikan oleh Naval Sea Systems Command didasarkan pada tindakan yang direkomendasikan degaussing disampaikan oleh MSF, kegiatan industri, dan sumber-sumber resmi lainnya. b. b. Each item on the Degaussing Watch List will show the name of the deficient ship and a brief explanation of the circumstances on which the required degaussing action is based (eg, unsatisfactory magnetic condition, faulty degaussing system, lack of trained degaussing personnel, etc.), and the nature of the required actions to be taken. Setiap item pada Daftar Watch Degaussing akan menampilkan nama kapal kekurangan dan penjelasan singkat mengenai keadaan di mana dibutuhkan tindakan degaussing didasarkan (misalnya, kondisi

magnetik tidak memuaskan, sistem degaussing kesalahan, kekurangan personil degaussing terlatih, dll) , dan sifat tindakan perlu diambil. Degaussing Watch List items are indexed by number and urgency codes for future reference. Watch Degaussing Daftar item yang diindeks dengan nomor dan kode urgensi untuk referensi di masa mendatang. c. c. Afloat units are provided copies of the Degaussing Watch List by Naval Sea Systems Command for those items that apply to their configuration. unit terapung diberikan salinan Daftar Watch Degaussing oleh Naval Sea Systems Command untuk barang-barang yang berlaku untuk konfigurasi mereka. Type Commanders are provided copies of all Degaussing Watch List items and periodic summaries issued by the MSF. Komandan Jenis diberikan salinan semua item Watch List Degaussing dan ringkasan berkala yang diterbitkan oleh MSF. 12.3 12,3 SHIPS WITH INST ALLED DEGAUSSING SYSTEMS . KAPAL DENGAN SISTEM DEGAUSSING ALLED inst. a. a. Reference (a) mandates check ranging for ships. Referensi (a) mulai memeriksa mandat untuk kapal. To meet minimum requirements, a satisfactory check range is required every six months. Untuk memenuhi persyaratan minimum, berbagai cek memuaskan diperlukan setiap enam bulan. Requirements for the check ranging of ships are as follows: Persyaratan untuk memeriksa mulai dari kapal adalah sebagai berikut: (1) (1) After new construction. Setelah konstruksi baru.

(2) (2) Before and after a major dry-docking availability. Sebelum dan setelah kering-docking ketersediaan utama. (3) (3) After a major shock to the hull from a nearby explosion. Setelah kejutan besar bagi lambung dari ledakan di dekatnya. (4) (4) After grounding or collision. Setelah landasan atau tabrakan.

(5) (5) As feasible, before entering mined waters. Seperti layak, sebelum memasuki perairan ditambang. (6) (6) Before issuing a Casualty Corrected of any Casualty Report degaussing equipment. Sebelum mengeluarkan Dikoreksi Casualty dari setiap Laporan Kecelakaan degaussing peralatan. (7) (7) At every opportunity, when entering or leaving a port with ranging facilities. Pada setiap kesempatan, ketika memasuki atau meninggalkan pelabuhan dengan fasilitas mulai. Declining use of range facilities is not an option . Penurunan penggunaan berbagai fasilitas bukan merupakan pilihan. (8) (8) After a major alteration to the hull and superstructure. Setelah perubahan besar bagi lambung dan suprastruktur.

b. b. When ranging facilities are not available in the home port, ships will satisfactorily check range annually. Ketika fasilitas mulai tidak tersedia di pelabuhan rumah, kapal memuaskan akan memeriksa setiap jangkauan. (1) (1) Ships forward deployed to areas without ranging facilities are exempted from check range requirements by reference (a). Kapal maju dikerahkan ke daerahdaerah tanpa fasilitas mulai dibebaskan dari berbagai persyaratan cek oleh referensi (a). (2) (2) Ships not equipped with an installed degaussing system are not required to check range. Kapal tidak dilengkapi dengan sistem degaussing terpasang tidak diharuskan untuk memeriksa jangkauan. c. c. A ship which becomes the subject of a Degaussing Watch List item should send an OPNAV 4790/2K deferred action for Current Ship's Maintenance Project (CSMP) documentation. Sebuah kapal yang menjadi subyek item Watch List Degaussing harus mengirim OPNAV 4790/2K tindakan tangguhan untuk Lancar Proyek Pemeliharaan Kapal (CSMP) dokumentasi. When the item has been corrected, and upon completion of satisfactory check ranging, the ship must submit a completed action document to update the CSMP. Ketika item telah dikoreksi, dan setelah selesai mulai cek memuaskan, kapal harus menyerahkan dokumen tindakan selesai untuk memperbarui CSMP. d. d. Installed degaussing systems will be operated at all times while underway. Dipasang degaussing sistem akan dioperasikan setiap saat sementara berlangsung. 12.3.1 12.3.1 Check Ranging . Periksa Berkisar. a. a. Before check ranging, contact the range facility by voice radio or by flashing light. Sebelum mulai memeriksa, hubungi fasilitas rentang oleh radio suara atau cahaya berkedip. For best results, ensure the range is clear of other shipping (including tugboats) before crossing. Untuk hasil terbaik, pastikan rentang jelas dari pelayaran lainnya (termasuk kapal tunda) sebelum persimpangan. b. b. Ranging facility requires the following information: Mulai fasilitas membutuhkan informasi berikut: (1) (1) Coil Settings. Coil Pengaturan. Once the ship is on course, and before the ship crosses the range, inform the facility of actual ammeter currents and polarities. Setelah kapal adalah pada program, dan sebelum kapal melintasi rentang, menginformasikan fasilitas arus ammeter aktual dan polaritas. Ensure the meter readings are correct for both zone and polarity. Pastikan pembacaan meter yang benar untuk kedua zona dan polaritas. (2) (2) Ship's Draft. Draft kapal. Forward and aft drafts. Depan dan belakang draft. Provide actual keel drafts, vice navigational drafts. Menyediakan draft lunas aktual, wakil draft navigasi.

(3) (3) Ship's heading. Kapal pos. If more than five degrees off channel course, provide the range with the actual ship's heading. Jika lebih dari lima derajat saluran saja, menyediakan berbagai dengan kapal yang sebenarnya itu pos. Once the course is established, maintain a steady course and constant speed between 8 to 10 knots, or as the range operator directs. Setelah kursus ini didirikan, tentu saja tetap menjaga dan kecepatan konstan antara 8-10 knot, atau sebagai operator rentang mengarahkan. 12.3.2 12.3.2 Responsibilities . Tanggung Jawab. 12.3.2.1 12.3.2.1 Type Commander/Immediate Panglima Jenis / Segera Superior Unggul In Command . Dalam Command. a. a. Monitor the degaussing readiness of assigned ships. Monitor kesiapan degaussing kapal ditugaskan. b. b. Ensure that ships "check range" as required. Pastikan bahwa kapal "cek jangkauan" seperti yang diperlukan. 12.3.2.2 12.3.2.2 Ship Commanding Officer . Komandan Kapal. a. a. Maintain ship's installed degaussing system. Mempertahankan kapal degaussing sistem terinstal. Ensure ship's magnetic signature is minimized by periodic check ranging. magnet tanda tangan kapal Pastikan diminimalkan dengan cek berkala mulai. (1) (1) Ships unable to check range or unable to establish communications with the MSF shall make comments as appropriate in the remarks section of the daily Operational Reports. Laporan Kapal tidak dapat memeriksa rentang atau tidak mampu membangun komunikasi dengan MSF akan membuat komentar yang sesuai di bagian komentar Operasional sehari-hari. (2) (2) Ships with installed systems may not decline check ranging . Kapal dengan sistem terinstal tidak akan menurun mulai memeriksa. b. b. Maintain ship's Degaussing Folder. Mempertahankan kapal Degaussing Folder.

12.4 12,4 SUBMARINES WITHOUT TANPA kapal selam INSTALLED DEGAUSSING SYSTEMS . Dipasang DEGAUSSING SISTEM. The submarine force shall maintain all units in the best degaussed condition within expected areas of operation. Kekuatan kapal selam harus memelihara semua unit di degaussed diharapkan kondisi terbaik dalam bidang operasi. Expected areas of operation include zones .22, .33, .44, and .55 as shown in reference (d). daerah yang diharapkan operasi termasuk zona 0,22, 0,33, 0,44, dan 0,55 sebagaimana ditunjukkan dalam referensi (d). Operations in zone .55 will necessitate additional treatment, since presently used flashing procedures are designed to provide protection only in zones .22, .33, and .44. Operasi di zona 0,55 akan membutuhkan perawatan tambahan, karena saat ini digunakan prosedur flashing dirancang untuk memberikan perlindungan hanya di zona 0,22 0,33,, dan 0,44. Normally, ships are automatically ranged by degaussing facilities as they transit channels

between the hours of 0800-1600 weekdays only. Biasanya, kapal secara otomatis berkisar oleh degaussing fasilitas sebagai transit saluran mereka antara jam 0800-1600 hari kerja saja. Weekend ranging can be arranged with the MSF on a case basis. Weekend mulai bisa diatur dengan MSF berdasarkan kasus. Reference (a) mandates check ranging for ships. Referensi (a) mulai memeriksa mandat untuk kapal. To meet minimum requirements, a satisfactory check range is required annually during peacetime or semi-annually during war time. Untuk memenuhi persyaratan minimum, berbagai cek memuaskan diperlukan setiap tahun selama masa damai atau semi-tahunan selama waktu perang. Other requirements for check ranging of ships are as follows: persyaratan lain untuk memeriksa mulai dari kapal adalah sebagai berikut: a. a. Before and after Post Shakedown Availability (following new construction). Sebelum dan sesudah penggeledahan Post Ketersediaan (berikut konstruksi baru). b. b. CNO. After a CNO Maintenance Availability. Setelah Ketersediaan Pemeliharaan

c. c. After a major shock to the hull from a nearby explosion. Setelah kejutan besar bagi lambung dari ledakan di dekatnya. d. d. After grounding or collision. Setelah landasan atau tabrakan.

NOTE: CATATAN: THE ABOVE ARE THE MINIMUM RANGING REQUIREMENTS. YANG DI ATAS ADALAH PERSYARATAN MINIMUM mulai. EVERY SETIAP OPPORTUNITY PELUANG FOR RANGING SHOULD BE USED TO ENSURE EARLY IDENTIFICATION AND CORRECTION OF MAGNETIC SILENCING DEFICIENCIES. Mulai UNTUK HARUS digunakan untuk memastikan AWAL IDENTIFIKASI DAN KOREKSI kekurangan silencing MAGNETIK. 12.4.1 12.4.1 Responsibilities . Tanggung Jawab. 12.4.1.1 12.4.1.1 Immediate Segera Superior Unggul In Command . Dalam Command. a. a. Ensure that ships check range as required. Pastikan bahwa kapal cek jangkauan sesuai kebutuhan. b. b. Schedule ships with unsatisfactory magnetic signatures for flash deperming at the earliest opportunity. Jadwal kapal dengan tanda tangan magnet memuaskan untuk flash deperming pada kesempatan paling awal. 12.4.1.2 12.4.1.2 Ship Commanding Officer . Komandan Kapal. a. a. Ensure ship's magnetic signature is minimized by periodic check ranging. magnet tanda tangan kapal Pastikan diminimalkan dengan cek berkala mulai. b. b. Inform the ISIC upon receipt of an unsatisfactory ranging. Menginformasikan ISIC saat penerimaan sebuah mulai tidak memuaskan.

c. c. Degaussing.

Maintain the ship's Degaussing Folder. Mempertahankan kapal itu Folder

d. d. Undergo flash deperming as directed by the ISIC or TYCOM. Mengalami flash deperming sebagaimana diarahkan oleh ISIC atau TYCOM. e. e. Before flash deperming prepare ship's equipment and off-load/protect material in accordance with references (b) and (e). Sebelum flash deperming's kapal mempersiapkan peralatan dan bahan off-load/protect sesuai dengan referensi (b) dan (e). Additional guidance can be obtained from the MSF. bimbingan tambahan dapat diperoleh dari MSF.

USN Ship Degaussing

Author layman.historypolitics... USN Ship Degaussing Comment Lead [-]

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Posts: 1 ( 5-Aug-2008 17:01:25)

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Hello. I have a question that's been on my mind for a while and I hope that people here can help. I've seen pics of PLAN ships like the 054A and the 052C with degaussing cables wrapped around the ship, but I've never found similar pics of USN ships despite searching. I've come across some references that state USN ships have degaussing equipment in the ships, but then the USN also operates many degaussing facilities. So I have a couple of questions:

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1. Are there degaussing equipment in USN ships? 2. If yes, Can they be used while underway, or does the ship have to be stationary? If there are degaussing equipment, is there still a need to put the ship through a degaussing cycle in a degaussing facility? Thanks.

Gunnersmate04 Registered Member

I seem to recall

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When we left Norfolk, we would have to run up the channel in front of or near Fort Drum? right before we crossed the first bridge-tunnel to degause, the "equipment" as you said was in my impression under the water and ships ran over it to degause as we would leave port. I was a GM, so I had no involvement in this evolution but they would pass the word about the degaussing in process. Does that make any sense? Perhaps another shipmate could elaborate? GUNNER

My Recent Posts Neutalizing a ship's magnetic signature... Done two ways in the USN (or was) 1. Deperming: Wrapping the entire ship with cables, from keel over the main deck and back. Seems to be done primarily with carriers, at least the photos I've seen. Cables energized to neutralize the signature of the ship's magnetic material semi-permanently; done when the ship is newish. May have to be renewed (don't know). Not sure if these ships also have..... 2. Degaussing: Cabling installed inside the ship, energized from a degaussing switchboard. Several cable runs ('coils') with names. Different cables engergized differently depending on ship's course. The ship's structure is not affected; the cables generate a neutralizing field. Turn off the cables, protection goes away. #2 [-]

jlyons97

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Comment The efficacy of the latter is tested by 'running the degaussing range' entering or leaving a naval port, with degaussing turned on. Degaussing facility monitors result via a grid on the channel bottom and sends a report. Pre-WW II ships had external cables installed that are visible in photos of the time. At some point after magnetic mines became an issue, they got into new construction. They went into merchant ships as well.

layman.historypolitics... Registered Member

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Posts: 2 ( 8-Aug-2008 18:27:52)

Thank you both for your replies. Sorry for the late response, was away.

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Posts: 1 (13-Nov-2008 22:39:33)

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Sorry for the late post. Just came accross the site. Degaussing is still used and getting better. The deperming is a new ship procedure and also when major structural changes are made. Submarines are done entirely by deperming. The degaussing stations are up and running. There is a requirement to run the range each time a ship enters or leaves a port with a range. The degaussing system really messes up a magnetic compass. Not used in US warships anymore but the MSC support ships still have them. There are degaussing compensating coils attached to the compass binnacle to reverse the effect in the vicinity of the compass so it will work properly. I adjust compasses and am one of a few qualified to adjust the compensating coils too.

Author Mike B degaussing

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Posts: 13 (11-Feb-2009 03:50:19)

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We depermed USS Kilauea AE 26 at the deperming pier in Norfolk Harbor back in 69. The QM's had to remove all the mechanical clocks, the compasses, and anything else that could be magnitized. I think we also took all our wristwatches off and sent them with the QM's. This was an all hands evalution, and we had to hand pull these deperming cables all the way over the ship,although they had a floating crane to pick them out of the water and raise them above the bridge, and we took it from there. They were about 3 inches dia and covered with slimy harbor mud. The ole man was pissed because we weren't making enough progress and called the wardroom and turned out all the officers to get lend a hand (poor babies). Once the cables were hooked up, it seems to me it took several hours to fully deperm the entire ship Mike b