Denise Bui December 10, 2010 Period 5 AP EURO UNIT 4 IDS 1.

Philip II Who: son and heir of Charles V; Most Catholic King What: greatest advocate of militant Catholicism, first major goal: consolidate and secure the lands he had inherited from his father; expanded royal power in Spain; tried to be the center of the whole gov and supervised the work of all departments When: 1556-1598 Where: Spain Why: to make Spain a dominant power in Europe Significance: reign ushered in an age of Spanish greatness, both political & culturally 2. Battle of Lepanto Who: holy league vs. Turkish encroachments in the Mediterranean What: battle; stunning victory over the Turkish fleet by Spanish; largest navy battle in history of 16th cent; When: 1571 Where: Lepanto: Ottoman Empire Why: Victory because of Spans leadership of a holy league Significance: helped enforce King Philip IIs power; ended the Ottoman threat in the Mediterranean 3. Sea Beggars Who: Dutch pirates/privateers, anti-Spanish exiles, criminals What: mounted growing resistance to Spanish Rule When: 1566-1573/1576 Where: Spanish Netherlands (modern Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg) Why: didnt like Philips way of trying to strengthen his control in the Netherlands Significance: revolted; added to King Philips misfortunes 4. Elizabeth I Who: half sister of Mary; daughter of King Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn What: ascended into the throne in 1558; intelligent, cautious, and self-confident; religious policy was based on moderation and compromise-didnt want England to be torn over religious matters; her religious settlement worked to smother differences; foreign policy: caution, moderation and expediency When: 16th century Where: England Significance: during her reign, England rose to prominence as the kingdom became the leader of Protestant nations of Europe, laid foundations for a world empire, and experienced a cultural Renaissance 5. Mary Queen of Scots Who: cousin of Elizabeth I, next in line to the English throne What: ousted from Scotland by rebellious Calvinist nobles in 1568; fled to England where she was under house arrest and was involved in many plots designed to kill Elizabeth; when she became more involved in a serious plot she was beheaded When: 16th century Where: Scotland, England Significance: one of Elizabeths greatest challenges 6. John Knox

Who: John Knox What: the Calvinist reformer of Scotland, leader of the Scottish Reformation and founder of Scottish Presbyterianism; spent four years preaching in England, where he influenced developments in the Church of England. When: early 1500s to 1572 Where: Scotland Significance: founded Scottish Presbyterianism-one of the most important people who introduced and establish Presbyterian Calvinism in Scotland 7. Treaty of Edinburgh Who: the Commissioners of Elizabeth I, assent of the Scottish Lords of the Congregation, French representatives in Scotland What: to formally conclude the Siege of the Leith and replace the Auld Alliance with France with a new accord, but still maintain the peace b/w England and France; agreed that France and England would withdraw troops from Scotland When: July 5, 1560 Where: Edinburgh Significance: turning point in Anglo-Scottish relationships 8. William of Orange Who: William of Nassau, the prince of Orange known as William the Silent What: wished to unify all seventeen provinces under his leadership; mounted growing resistance to Spanish Rule When: late 1560s-early 1570s Where: Spanish Netherlands Why: resisted Spanish rule because Philip tried to strengthen his control of the Netherlands in such ways like attempting to crush Calvinism Significance: leader of the provinces under the Pacification of Ghent which eventually led to emergence of Dutch Republic? 9. Pacification of Ghent Who: involved William of Orange What: this agreement stipulated that all the provinces would stand together under Williams leadership, respect religious differences, and demand that Spanish troops be withdrawn When: 1576 Where: Spanish Netherlands Why/How: because of Williams wish to unify all seventeen provinces Significance: united the provinces for a period of time 10. Union of Arras Who: duke of Parma; people of the provinces What: southern provinces of Netherlands formed this Catholic Union; accepted Spanish rule When: 1579 Where: Southern provinces of Spanish Netherlands Why: formed because duke of Parma split the united front of the Spanish Netherlands Significance: played a role in the independence of the Union of Utrecht and the emergence of the Dutch Republic because they opposed them in war until 1609 11. Union of Utrecht Who: William of Orange organized this

What: 7 northern, Dutch speaking states organized into a Protestant union; opposed Spanish rule; struggled in war until 1609 When: 1609: gained independence, 1648: formally recognized by Spanish Where: Northern provinces of Spanish Netherlands Why: to counter Union of Arras Significance: eventually gained independence as emerged as the Dutch Republic 12. Witchcraft Who: targeted women age 45-60 who were unmarried What: belief in witches; white magic, black magic, contract w/ devil; Catholic Church claimed powers were from God or the Devil When: 16th-17th century Where: Europe Why: women targeted because they were seen as weaker vessels prone to temptation How: religious wars panic environment using witches as scapegoat; patriarchal society; belief in magic Significance: leading reason people used to explain problems of society, turmoil, etc. 13. Thirty Years War Who: various countries What: struggle b/w militant Catholics and Militant Calvinists played a role; failure of Peace of Augsburg; 4 Phases: Bohemian Phase, French Phase, Swedish Phase, and Danish Phase; effect: Germany was destroyed, wars of religion ended, France became dominant power When: 1618-1648 Where: Europe Why: religious and political reasons How: religious difference; dynastic and imperial ambition were more important Significance: ended wars of religion, ended w/ Treaty of Westphalia which recognized Calvinism as an accepted faith 14. Treaty of Westphalia What: Renewal of the Peace of Augsburg but added Calvinism as an accepted faith; 300+ German states became sovereign; guaranteed that Germany would remain divided politically and religiously for centuries; two Habsburg branches were weakened When: 1648 Where: Europe Why: to end Thirty Years War and Wars of Religion Significance: ended Catholic Reformation in Germany; Netherlands and Switzerland gained independence 15. Albrecht von Wallenstein Who: Albrecht von Wallenstein What: mercenary general of the Thirty Years War; Bohemian nobleman who defeated the forces of Christian IV of Denmark When: 17th century Where: Europe Significance: gained important territories and stopped Danish supremacy around the land 16. Gustavus Adolphus Who: Gustavus Adolphus What: King of Sweden; led an army that pushed Catholic forces back to Bohemia When: 1630-1635: Swedish Phase Where: Germany: where 30 years war was; Sweden: his country

Significance: revived Sweden and transformed Sweden into a great Baltic power with a good army 17. Frederick V of the Palatinate Who: leader of Palatinate What: elected as the replace for Ferdinand as the Protestant ruler of Palatinate; head of Protestant union; defeated at the Battle of White Mountain When: 17th century Where: Habsburg territory: fought Significance: actions in the Thirty Years War eventually led to the end of the Wars of Religion 18. Cardinal Richelieu Who: Chief minister of King Louis XIII What: entered France into Thirty Years War; initiated policies to strengthen monarch When: 1634-1642: chief minister Where: France Significance: key figure in the emergence of a strong monarch in France; caused France to go into debt because of his policy to confront Habsburg powers 19. Mannerism Who: artists, painters, sculptors, etc. What: reaction against the Renaissance ideals of balance, symmetry, simplicity, and realistic use of color; unnatural colors, shapes, elongated, twisted, exaggerated When: 1520-1600 Where: Europe Significance: new idea; influenced many people; led to Baroque art 20. Pieter Bruegel Who: painter What: known for his painting of peasants and landscapes When: 1525-1569 Where: Netherlands Significance: influenced by Italian mannerism; created great masterpieces, influenced other artists 21. Baroque Who: artists, painters, sculptors, etc. What: style of art; a pearl of irregular shape, implied strangeness, irregularity and extravagance When: 17th-18th century Where: began in Italy; spread to rest of Europe Significance: art sought to overwhelm; architecture reflected image and power of Catholic Church 22. El Greco Who: Domenikos Theotokopoulos What: greek artist; did great work in Spain: Burial of Count Orgas and Toledo When: 1541-1614 Where: Spainworked there Significance: the greatest of the Mannerists w/ elongated figures and unnatural pigments 23. Peter Paul Rubens Who: Flemish Painter What: worked for the Hapsburg court; emphasized color and sensuality; animated figure and melodramatic contrasts, monumental size

When: 1577-1640 Where: Spanish Netherlands Significance: known for his sensual nudes as Roman goddesses, water nymphs, saints and angels 24. Gian Lorenzo Bernini Who: Italian artist of the 16th and 17th century What: showed strong emotion in his work When: 1598-1650 Where: Italy Significance: greatest figure of Baroque art in sculpture and architecture; personified Baroque architecture 25. Caravaggio Who: Roman painter What: depicted high emotional scenes; used sharp contrasts of light and dark to create drama When: 1571-1610 Where: Rome Significance: 1st most important painter of the Baroque era 26. Rembrandt van Rijn Who: Dutch painter What: painted opulent portraits and grandiose scenes=colorful; prolific, successful; lost public support and died bankrupt When: 17th century Where: Netherlands Significance: one the great Protestant Painters of his time; finest product of Golden Age of Dutch painting 27. Anthony van Dyck Who: Flemish Baroque painter What: leading court painter in England When: 1599-1641 Where: England; Italy; London Significance: painted biblical and mythological pieces; famous for his portrait of King Charles I; painted w/ relaxed elegance that became the dominant influence on English portrait-painting for the next 150 years.