SDH & SONET commonalities and differences

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Overview of SDH and SONET overhead processing commonalities and differences.

The SDH information is based on ITU-T G.707, G.783 and ETSI EN 300 417-x-1 (x=1..7,9) The SONET information is based on ANSI T1.105, T1.231 and Telcordia GR253 If you find errors or have additional information or remarks, please notify me: hhelvoort@chello.nl

A AIS AISS APS AU BIP C DEG ERDI EXC F_EBC F_DS FOP LOF LOP LOPS N_EBC N_DS NDF NIM NPJC OFS PJE+ PJE-

Adaptation function Alarm Indication Signal AIS Seconds Automatic Protection Switch Administrative Unit Bit Interleaved parity Connection function Degraded Enhanced RDI Excessive Far end Errored Block Count Far end Defect Second Failure Of Protocol Loss Of Frame Loss Of Pointer LOP Seconds Near end Errored Block Count Near end Defect Second New Data Flag Non Intrusive Monitor function Negative Pointer Justification Counter Out of Frame Second positive Pointer Justification Event negative Pointer Justification Event

PDI PLM PM PPJC PT RDI RDIc RDIp RDIs REI RFI SD SEFS SF SPE STS TIM TU UNEQ VC VCAT VT

Payload Defect Indicator PayLoad Mismatch Performance Monitoring Positive Pointer Justification Counter Path Termination function Remote Defect Indication Remote connectivity Defect Indication Remote payload Defect Indication Remote server Defect Indication Remote Error Indication Remote Failure Indication Signal Degrade Severely Errored Frame Second Signal fail Synchronous Payload Envelope Synchronous Transport Signal Trace identifier Mismatch Tributary Unit Unequipped Virtual Container Virtual conCATenation Virtual Tributary

OH byte

Direction Source insertion defect - LOF

Process

Location

SDH Regenerator Section RS-0/1/4/16/64/256

y OOF: 5 frames LOF: 3 ms with filtering n y y y y y y n, under study in G.829 n n #1..#N y 16 byte string y y y n/a n/a y (N-1) Z0 bytes y y y y y y y y

SONET Section STS-1/3/12/48/192/768

y OOF: 4 frames LOF: 3 ms y y y y y y n y, based on BIP8 violations n n #1..#3N y 1 byte string (64 byte string is under study) n n n n/a n/a y (3N-1) Z0 bytes y y (but not used) y (but not used) n n y y fixed stuff

A1A2 - frame alignment signal

Sink

Source B1 - BIP8 Sink

C1 - OBSOLETE

Source Sink Source

PM (OFS [SEFS]) PM N_DS consequent action - AIS consequent action - RDI protection switching - SF calculation defect DEG (in regenerator applications) PM N_EBC Protection Switching - SF Protection Switching - SD insertion ignored insertion defect - TIM PM N_DS consequent action - AIS consequent action - RDI protection switching - SF acceptance & reporting insertion -fixed stuff ignore insertion - external extract insertion - internal or external extract insertion extract insertion - fixed stuff or external

J0 - section trace identifier

Sink

Z0 - growth E1 - Order Wire F1 - user channel D1-D3 - RS DCC NU - national use

Source Sink Source Sink Source Sink Source Sink Source

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SDH & SONET commonalities and differences

Sink Source Sink ignore insertion - fixed stuff: all-0's ignore

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y y y y y y

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unmarked

OH byte

Direction Source

Process
calculation defect EXC/DEG or DEG PM N_EBC Protection Switching - SF Protection Switching - SD insertion - external extract insertion extract insertion extraction

Location

SDH Multiplex Section MS-0/1/4/16/64/256

y dDEG based on 1 second PM info y y y

SONET Line STS-1/3/12/48/192/768

y -x dEXC/dDEG based on 10 algorithm y n y

B2 - BIP24N (defect and PM based on BIP24N violations) Sink

E2 - Order Wire D4-D12 - MS DCC

Source Sink Source Sink Source

y y K2[6-8] not used K2[6-8] not used y y y y min 1 frame y y y y y y y MS-0: n/a MS-1/4/16/64/256: y MS-0: n/a MS-1/4/16/64/256: y y y SDH code set SDH code set n.a. n.a. y y

K1[1-8] K2[1-5(8)] linear APS

Sink Source Sink Source defect - FOP insertion extraction defect -FOP insertion defect RDI PM F_DS defect -AIS PM N_DS consequent action - AIS consequent action - RDI protection switching - SF insert BIP violation number PM F_EBC insertion - fixed stuff or external ignore insertion extract consequent action - .. insertion - fixed stuff: all-0's ignore insertion - fixed stuff: all-0's ignore

K1[1-8] K2[1-8] ring APS

K2[6-8] RDI [RDI-L]

Sink Source

y y K2[6-8] used for switching type indication K2[6-8] used for switching type indication y y y y min 20 frames y y y y y y y STS-1: n/a STS-3/12/48/192/768: y STS-1: n/a STS-3/12/48/192/768: y fixed stuff (all-0s) y SONET code set SONET code set y y y y

K2[6-8] - MS-AIS

Sink

M1 - REI [REI-L] (PM based on BIP24N violations) NU - national use S1 - synchronisation status message Z1, Z2 - growth unmarked

Source Sink Source Sink Source Sink Source Sink Source Sink

OH byte
H1H2 AU [STS] and TU-3 pointer

Direction

Process
pointer generation consequent action - AIS increment action decrement action new pointer action non-gapped pointer adjustments enhanced wander performance (dithering method to reduce wander) PM PJE+, PJEPM PPJC-Gen, NPJC-Gen, PJCS-Gen, PJCDiff SS-bits pointer interpretation increment detection decrement detection NDF enabled detection defect - AIS

Location A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A

SDH Administrative Unit AU-3/4/4-4c/4-16c/4-64c

ss = 10 250 s y y y y n y n ignore y (see Note) majority of D bits majority of I bits y y

SONET STS-1/3c/12c/48c/192c
ss = 10 (old ss = 00) 125 s y y y y n n y ignore y (see Note) majority of D bits, or 8 out of 10 majority of I bits, or 8 out of 10 y y

Source

Sink

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SDH & SONET commonalities and differences

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A A PT A A PT PT A A y n y 250 s n y y y 125 s y

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y y n y y y MS SPring BLSR, STS pipe limited to the AUs being part Automatic mode default, Fixed of the protection capacity in a mode selectable per STS3 H1H2 AU [STS] Sink MS SPRING ring that are not group. pointer deselected (locked out). Other AUs may only change type on provisioning. insertion - data during justification action A y y Source H3 AU [STS] y y insertion - fixed stuff otherwise A justification opportunity extract data during justification action A y y Sink ignore - otherwise A y y Note - SONET pointer processing is defined by Telcordia where the standard T1.105 is unclear, i.e.: 1. Pass all 1's H1/H2 byte downstream immediately without waiting for AIS declaration which occurs after 3 frames. 2. Declare LOP condition if no 3 consecutive normal or no 3 consecutive AIS H1/H2 bytes are received in an 8 frame window (e.g. alternating AIS/normal pointer will result in LOP). 3. Use 8 out of 10 criteria instead of majority vote for increment/decrement decision (Objective).

defect - LOP PM PPJC-Det, NPJC-Det, PJCS-Det PM N_DS consequent action - AIS (on defect) consequent action - AIS (on AIS indication) consequent action - RDI consequent action - ERDI-server protection switching - SF AU [STS] multiplex structure determination

OH byte

Direction

Process
calculation defect EXC./DEG or DEG

Location

SDH Path VC-3/4/4-Xc (X=4,16,64,256)

y dDEG based on 1 second PM info count errored blocks

SONET Path STS-1/3c/12c/48c/192c SPE

y -x dEXC/dDEG based on 10 algorithm count BIP violations (count errored blocks if ERDI supported) y n/a y y y

Source

PT PT PT

B3 - BIP8

Sink

PM N_EBC Protection Switching - SF Protection Switching - SD NIM PT NIM C PT NIM PT NIM PT PT PT PT NIM PT NIM PT NIM PT PT PT PT NIM A A NIM A A A A NIM A NIM n y y y y, ETSI specification requires extra robustness for bursts of errors y y y y n y y n y n y n n n n y y y (under study) n y n n y n y n

Source

insertion all-0s defect -UNEQ PM N_DS

C2 - UNEQ

Sink

consequent action - AIS consequent action - RDI consequent action - ERDI-connectivity protection switching - SF

n n ? n y n/a y n n n n n n n n n y y y y n y y n y y

Source

creation defect AIS PM N_DS

C2 - VC-AIS

Sink

consequent action - AIS consequent action - RDI consequent action - ERDI-server protection switching - SF

Source

insertion defect PLM consequent action - AIS consequent action - RDI consequent action - ERDI-payload protection switching - SF acceptance & reporting

C2 - payload type

Sink

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SDH & SONET commonalities and differences

Source C2 - Payload Defect Indicator Sink Source Sink Source Sink Source Sink Source Sink PM F_DS Source G1[1-4] - REI [REI-P] Sink Source insertion of BIP violation number PM F_EBC insertion defects - RDIs, RDIc, RDIp G1[5-7] - ERDI Sink

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A/PT NIM NIM A A A A A A PT PT NIM PT NIM PT PT NIM A PT A PT NIM PT NIM n n n n y y y y n/a n/a min 1 frame 5 frames y y y count errored blocks y

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F2 - user channel F3 - user channel (SDH) Z3 growth (SONET)

insertion - number of VT's within STS1 in signal fail defect PDI protection switching - SF acceptance & reporting insertion - internal or external ignore or extract undefined fixed stuff insertion ignored undefined fixed stuff insertion ignored insertion defect - RDI

y y y y y n/a n/a y y min 20 frames 10 frames y y y count BIP violations (count errored blocks if ERDI supported) y y y y y y y

G1[5] RDI [RDI-P]

G1[8] - reserved H4[1-8] H4[1-6] TU multiframe alignment signal H4[7-8] TU multiframe alignment signal

Source Sink Source Sink Source Sink Source Sink Source

PM (RDIs, RDIc) F_DS T1.231 does specify its use for PM, but this is not realy needed; the use of RDI will be sufficient. RDI = RDIs + RDIc insertion fixed stuff 0 ignore insertion fixed stuff / VCAT overhead Ignore insertion fixed stuff 111111 ignore insertion defect LOM for TU1/2 [VT] consequent action - AIS for TU1/2 [VT] protection switching - SF for TU1/2 [VT] insertion insertion unequipped (all-0s) defect -TIM fault cause UNEQ (all zeroes detection) PM N_DS

n n n n n n n

A A A A A A A A PT C PT NIM PT PT NIM PT PT PT PT NIM PT NIM

y y y y y y y y y y 16 byte string y y y y y y y n y y y y

y y y y y y y y y y 64 byte string y y n n (ERDI: y) n (ERDI: y) n? n? y n/a n y y

J1 - path trace identifier Sink

consequent action - AIS consequent action - RDI consequent action - ERDI-connectivity protection switching - SF acceptance & reporting

K3[1-4]- linear APS (under study) K3[5-6] - reserved K3[7-8] 16 kbit/s path data link (details are under study) Z4 (SONET)

Source Sink Source Sink Source Sink Source Sink

insertion extraction insertion ignore insertion extraction insertion ignore N/a N/a fixed stuff y

OH byte
J2 - path trace identifier

Direction

Process
insertion insertion unequipped (all-0s) defect -TIM

Location PT C PT NIM

SDH Path VC-2/12/11

16 byte string y y y

SONET Path VT-6/2/1.5

16 byte string y n n

Source Sink

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SDH & SONET commonalities and differences

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PT PT NIM PT PT PT PT NIM PT NIM

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fault cause UNEQ (all zeroes detection) PM N_DS consequent action - AIS consequent action - RDI consequent action - ERDI-connectivity protection switching - SF acceptance & reporting K4[1] extended signal label K4[2] VCAT overhead K4[1-4] linear APS (under study) K4[5-7] Reserved K4[8] 2 kbit/s path data link (under study) Source Sink Source Sink Source Sink Source Sink Source Sink Insertion extraction Insertion extraction insertion extraction insertion fixed stuff (000 or 111) ignored insertion extraction pointer generation consequent action - AIS increment action decrement action new pointer action non-gapped pointer adjustments enhanced wander performance (dithering method to reduce wander) PM PJE+, PJEPM PPJC-Gen, NPJC-Gen, PJCS-Gen, PJCDiff pointer interpretation increment detection decrement detection NDF enabled detection defect AIS defect LOP PM PPJC-Det, NPJC-Det, PJCS-Det PM N_DS

y y y y n y y y y y y y y

n n

Source

A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A PT NIM A A

y 1000 s y y y y n n n y (note) majority of D bits majority of I bits y y y n y y 1000 s n

n (ERDI: y) n (ERDI: y) n ?check T1.231, GR253? n ?check? y n/a n y y y y y y n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a y 500 s y y y y n n y y (note) majority of D bits, or 8 out of 10 majority of I bits, or 8 out of 10 y y y y y y 500 s y

V1V2 TU [VT] pointer

Sink

consequent action - AIS (on defect) consequent action - AIS (on AIS indication) consequent action RDI PT y y consequent action - ERDI-server PT n y protection switching SF A y y Note - Although pointer processing differences between the SONET and SDH standards may be hard to find, Bellcore does impose additional requirements where the standard is unclear. SONET is supposed to also meet the additional Bellcore requirements, i.e. 1. Pass all 1's H1/H2 byte downstream immediately without waiting for AIS declaration which occurs after 3 frames. 2. Declare LOP condition if no 3 consecutive normal or no 3 consecutive AIS H1/H2 bytes are received in an 8 frame window (e.g. alternating AIS/normal pointer will result in LOP). 3. Use 8 out of 10 criteria instead of majority vote for increment/decrement decision (Objective). insertion - data during justification action A y y Source V3 TU [VT] insertion - fixed stuff otherwise A y y justification opportunity extract data during justification action A y y Sink ignore - otherwise A y y Source insertion fixed stuff A y y V4 reserved Sink ignore A y y PT y y Source calculation -x PT dDEG based on 1 second PM dEXC/dDEG based on 10 defect EXC./DEG or DEG info algorithm NIM PT count errored blocks count BIP violations V5[1-2] BIP2 PM N_EBC (count errored blocks if ERDI NIM Sink supported) Protection Switching - SF NIM n y PT y n/a Protection Switching - SD NIM y y Source insertion of BIP violation number PT y y V5[3] - REI [REI-V] PT y y Sink PM F_EBC NIM y y V5[4] VC-2/12 [VTSource insertion fixed stuff 0 y y 6/2] reserved Sink ignore y y

Huub van Helvoort

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SDH & SONET commonalities and differences

V5[4] VC11 [VT1.5] RFI Source Sink Source insertion defect RFI ??? PM ?? insertion defect -UNEQ PM N_DS Sink

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PT PT PT C PT NIM PT NIM PT PT PT PT NIM PT NIM PT NIM PT PT PT PT NIM A A NIM A A A A NIM A NIM PT PT NIM PT NIM A PT A PT NIM PT NIM y y y y, ETSI specification requires extra robustness for bursts of errors y y y y n y y n y n y n n n n y y y (under study) n y n n y n y n min 1 frame 5 frames y y n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a y y y y

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V5[5-7] - UNEQ

consequent action - AIS consequent action - RDI consequent action - ERDI-connectivity protection switching - SF

n n ? n y n/a y n n n n n n n n n y y y y n y y n y ? min 20 frames 10 frames y y y y y y y y y

Source

creation defect AIS PM N_DS

V5[5-7] - VC-AIS

Sink

consequent action - AIS consequent action - RDI consequent action - ERDI-server protection switching - SF

Source

insertion defect PLM

V5[5-7] - payload type if value is 101 use extended signal label in K4[1] Sink

consequent action - AIS consequent action - RDI consequent action - ERDI-payload protection switching - SF acceptance & reporting

Source V5[8] RDI [RDI-V] Sink

insertion defect - RDI PM F_DS

Source Z7[5-7] ERDI (SONET)

insertion defects - RDIs, RDIc, RDIp

Sink PM (RDIs, RDIc) F_DS

In general VC [STS] NIMs are used in the following applications: 1. provide detection of connectivity and error defects for SNC/N protection switch; e.g. in dual node ring interworking and (linear) path protection applications. 2. be used as a "work around" for tandem connection monitoring when TCOH processing (N1 bytes) is not supported 3. aid in fault localisation within a VC [STS] trail 4. performing single ended maintenance of a VC [STS] trail by monitoring at an intermediate [midspan] node.

Huub van Helvoort

Version 0.1