‘GOOD

MORNING’

What is narration ?
The way of reporting a person’s speech either directly by quoting
his actual words or indirectly by giving the substance of his speech is
called ‘Narration’.
e.g.:- Ram said, “I am a boy”.
Ram said that he was a boy.

Reporting Verb
The verb that introduces the actual words is called the Reporting
Verb. It is placed outside the inverted commas.
e.g.:- In the above sentence ‘said’ is the reporting verb. It can be in
any tense i.e. Present, Past, Future.
Reporting Speech
The actual words of the speaker which are put within the inverted
commas are called Reporting Speech.
e.g.:- In the above sentence ‘I am a boy’ is the reporting speech.

Form:-
e.g.:- He said to him, “you are ill”.
He told him that he was ill.

In the first sentence, the actual words of the speaker have

been quoted. These words have been put in inverted commas (‘’). It is
called Direct form of Narration.

In the second sentence, the actual words of the speaker

have been reproduced in the words of the narration. It is called
“Indirect form of Narration”.
Rules for change of Narration

(i) First Person (I, we, me, my, mine, us, our, myself, ourselves)
changes according to the subject of the reporting verb.

(ii) Second Person (you, your, yours, yourself) changes according

to the object of the reporting verb.

(iii) Third Person (he, she, it, they, his, him, himself, her, hers,
herself, their, theirs, them, themselves) does not change at all.

e.g. I said to him, “you are going to Delhi”.

Subject Object IInd person

Change in Tenses

1. Present Indefinite changes into Past Indefinite.

(V1, s or es) (V2)
(does not / don’t + V1) (did not / didn’t V1)

2. Present Continuous changes into Past Continuous.

(is/am/are + V1 + ing) (was/were + V1 + ing)

3. Present Perfect changes into Past Perfect.

(has/have + V3) (had + V3)

4. Present Perfect Continuous changes into Past Perfect Continuous.

(has been/have been + V1 + ing) (had been + V1 + ing)

5. Past Indefinite changes into Past Perfect.

((V2) did not / didn’t V2) (had + V3)

6. Past Continuous changes into Past Perfect Continuous.

(was/were + V1 + ing) (had been + V1 + ing)

7. Past Perfect does not change.

8. Past Perfect Continuous does not change.

Change in Words showing Nearness

This That
Here There
Ago Before
Hence Thence
Next The following
Tomorrow The next day
These Those
Now Then
Hither Thither
Last The previous
Today That day
Yesterday The previous day
By:-
Prem Singh Sandhu
(Computer Teacher) Phase - I
Govt. Sen. Sec. School Tahli Sahib, Amritsar

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