DEFINITIONS 1.

Compensation: defense against the feeling of inferiority and inadequacy growing out of personal defects or weaknesses, real or imagined. 2. Conversion: somatic change expressed in symbolic body language. Psychic pain is given a location in some body part. 3. Denial: avoiding awareness of some painful aspect of reality. 4. Displacement: investment of repressed feelings in a substitute object. 5. Association (Anna Freud's altruism): obtaining personal gratification through helping another person who is gratifying the same instincts. 6. Identification: the process whereby an individual becomes like another person in one or more respects, a more elaborate process than introjection. 7. Introjection: making an idea or image part of oneself. Boundaries between self and the object become blurred as object representation is assimilated into self representation. 8. Inversion: aggressive drive or impulse diverted from another person toward the self, operative especially in depression and masochism. 9. Isolation of affect: disconnection of ideas from feelings originally associated with them. A conscious idea is therefore deprived of its motivational force; action is thwarted and guilt avoided. 10. Intellectualization: the psychological binding of instinctual drives in intellectual activities. The adolescent preoccupation with philosophy and religion is one common example. 11. Projection: attribution of a painful impulse or idea to the external world. 12. Rationalization: an attempt to give a logical explanation for painful unconscious material, thereby avoiding feelings such as guilt and shame. 13. Reaction formation: replacement in the conscious awareness of a painful idea or feeling by its opposite. The unconscious material remains along with the conscious presence of the opposite. 14. Regression: retreat to an earlier phase of psychosexual development. 15. Repression: the act of obliterating material from the conscious awareness. A unique defense,

repression is capable of mastering powerful impulses. 16. Reversal: a form of reaction formation aimed at protecting oneself from painful affects. 17. Splitting: viewing external objects as either all good or all bad. Sudden feeling shifts about an object may move it from one category to the other. 18. Sublimation: deflection of the energy from instinctual drives to aims more acceptable to the ego and superego. 19. Substitution: replacement of one affect with another. For example, rage can be used to mask fear. 20. Undoing: ritualistic performance of the opposite of an act recently committed in order to cancel or balance the evil that may have been done. 21. Identification with the aggressor: by introjecting some characteristic of an anxiety-evoking object, a child assimilates an anxiety experience which he has just undergone, thus transforming himself from the person threatened to the one who makes the threat.

Dan Levinson postulated that development continues all through life. He delineated the stages of adult development as follows: Basic eras of adulthood: early (20-40) middle (40-60) Late (60-80) Late-late (80+) He also theorized the concepts of alternating life structure changing (Transition) and life structure building and maintaining (stable) periods within and between eras in the life cycle. Each lasts approximately 5-7 years, during which developmental tasks are addressed independently of marker events. The primary goal of a structure building/maintaining period is to form a life structure and enrich life within it based on the key choices an individual (or family) has made during the preceding transition period. In a transition period one weighs different possibilities for personal and family life, eventually deciding upon and drawing up blueprints for the next phase. Although the actual possibilities may be very different, depending on issues of race, class, and gender, Levinson's research shows that all of us undergo these phases and certain common processes.

A preoccupation with getting and using drug of choice is one of the significant indicators of probable dependence. Tolerance, withdrawal and loss of control are also significant indicators.
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Cognitive dissonance

Cognitive dissonance occurs when what is being advocated and brought to one's cognitive schema does not harmonize with previously assimilated cognitions.

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Freud's model consists of the id, the ego and the superego. In a healthy person, according to Freud, the ego is the strongest so that it can satisfy the needs of the id, not upset the superego, and still take into consideration the reality of every situation. Not an easy job by any means, but if the id gets too strong, impulses and self gratification take over the person's life. If the superego becomes to strong, the person would be driven by rigid morals, would be judgmental and unbending in his or her interactions with the world. Freud believed that the majority of what we experience in our lives, the underlying emotions, beliefs, feelings, and impulses are not available to us at a conscious level. He believed that most of what drives us is buried in our unconscious.

The ego is the force in the personality responsible for feelings of identity and continuity. Freud identified the 3 aspects of the human psyche: the id, the ego and the superego