Canyxos F.C. a PeMOHT MUKPOBONHOBbIX neuen “CONOH” Mocxea 1998 yCanyxoe I. C. PeMOHT MUKpOBoNnHoBbIx neve Cepua “PemouT”, Bbinyck 19 DR Gite e comnrpnon copie nanoxevas ocooeniocrs wincposonnoscro vanyevinn ero anne sive Ha BeulecTEO M uoNorMueckHe O6veKTE. MonpOGHO PaccMOTPEHEI YCTPO!ICTBO M NPMHUMN Aer CTBMA MMKpOBOnHOBOH ne4n M cocTaBnaIOMMX ee KOMMOHeHTOB. MipmsoguTcR Gonee 70 ‘SN1EKTPMYECKIMX CKEM MAKPOBONHOBEIX Neel C KpaTKHM OnMcaHMeM xapakTepHEIx HeMonpasHocTel w MeTonos Wx yoTpaHeHWa. Kura paccuTana Ha YMTaTenelt, CTpeMAUlAXcR CAMOCTOSTeNLHO OCBOUTE PeMoHT M¥KpoBON- HoBeix novel, ‘OreercTeeHneil 3a abinyeK: * C. Vsanion Koppexrop: A NeGenesa Maker 4 seporka: A. Munson, O6noxxa: A. Maxnses Hatop cxem: 7. Canyxos ISBN 5-85954-076-0 © “COMIOH” 1998 © Canynos I. C. oot vaeer Bepo nyt aKa, 6uiT0 eit nox Apo wan} Maan mupe actro Bn anne ee 70 Hoctelt ‘poson- 1” 1998 B.C. Npeaucnosue 3 Npepucnosue Kax orpemontwponart mukposonHoByio neve? Dna MHOrAx none” sTOT Bonpos Npespatuncs 6 ro RoBhy!o Gonb. HiT He BEYHO Non NyKOM, H BPeMA OT BPEMeHH AoporocToAMIMe HERENHA axe CaMbIX waBecTHbIX (pMPM-NPOHABOAUTENGH, CNABAUIMXCR CBOMM KAYECTBOM, NepecTa/T yHKUMOHMpOBATE. Kak, BePOATHO, HOrAABIBACTCA YMTATENE, NPOAYKUMA OTEYECTBEHHEIX NPEANPMATHA — HE MCKMIOYEHHe. Ho ec- i yor Wik Naxke TeNeBHSOP MOXHO CHECTH B MACTePCKYIO, TO NPI MoMOMKe MUKPOBONHOBO! Neu Bo3- wakalot HeNpenEMTeHHeIe NPOGNeMbi, B HaCTORUIee BPEMA faflekO He KaXaR MacTepcKaR No PeMoHTY BulToBOM TexHuKs GepeTcR 2a PEMOHT MUKPOBONHOBEIK NEUEN. M 9TO HECMOTPA Ha AOBONLHO BbICOKME eH, YoTAHOBMAWHECA B STON crhepe AeATeNLHOCTA. MexAy TeM B TAKOM PeMOHT@ HET HAYETO CBOPX- ‘cnoxnoro. Bo BCSKOM cny¥ae, 3TO He CnOKHee, 4eM peMOHT TeneBHgopa. MapectHo, 470 nio6y!0 BeUyb MOXHO OTPEMOHTHPOBATS, Ech NOCTaTOYHO ONTO BepTeTe 8 P/KaX. NoowwTas oty Kinry, Bb B 99% cry4aes CMOXeTe NORTBEPAUTE ChpaseANMBOCT> BTOrO BbICKASbISAHMAA ‘a npaxruke, oTpeMOHTuposas C9010 Nee CamocTORTeNbkO. OCTABUUMIICA NpOUeHT OTHOCHTER K TeM Chy- amt, Korna inh peMoHT TpeGyeT Gonee myCoKMx nosHaHNi, vn TIeYb Npoule BIGPOCHTS, Hem peahn- Mupozate. SaeM, K NPHMEpy, MsiTATKCA BOCCTAHOBHTE NeMb, cnyuaiiNO nonaBwWyO oR GpoHenoesA? Tou xXenalivil, BOXHOBMELIMCL NEpELIMA YcrexaMA, MOXHO OTKPLITE CBOE feNIO M BOCTONMATs 6:0KKOT, YACTH4HO PacTpAYeHHLIM Ha faHHy!o KHATY. PaayMeeroa, Ana Toro 4ToOu! GpaTscA 3a PeMOHT TaKOH Npocrolt Boul, KaK MMIKPOBONHOBAsI Neu, ‘TpeOYIOTCR HEKOTOPHIe S/leMEHTApHEIe NOSHAHMA B SNeKTPOTEXHMKE M BNEKTPOHHKE, OfHAKO HM He Muy Ce6R Hanexno!, NTO STy KHMTY C yNOeHMEM OynyT YitTaTe AOMOXOSAMKM. Tak YeM >Ke BbIgBAH REMUMT yonyr No OKAsAHHIO “MAKPOBONHOBOK NoMoUIH"? Ha Moll Bsrnsa, UMeIOTCA TPH OCHOSHBIE NPMMWHEI, Mepsoe — STO NPaKTHYECKH NonHoe OTCyTCTEMe & NpoRaxKe sanuac- Tel k MUKPOBONHOBLIM nevaM. 1 Ha Nepabil BBrNAA MOXET NOKAgATKCR, HTO slaHHAR KHITa sNleCb BAA 1m 4em noMOxeT. OfHakO 9TO Ke COBCEM TaK. Bo MHOTHX chyanx BRIEALME 3 CTPOA seTANA MOKHO BoccTaHOaHT, M pM 9TOM OHH eUle AONTO NpocAy;xaT. A HeKOTOpbIe AETANM MMNOPTHEIX MiKPOBONHOBLIX Neue MoxHo Ge9 NOTepH KavecTRa 2aMeHMTb Ha OTEYECTACHHbIC, CyUleCTBYIOT axe TaKMe cny'aH, KOr- a Beck PeMOHT sakmiouaeTCA B TOM, YTOGKI NpocTO yflaniiTs HeCNpABHy!O eTaMb, HuYETO He NocTaSNB azameH. Vi 9TO He 3K30T#KA, a YaCTO BCTDeYaloulasics NonoMKa. Bropas chepxMBaiowar npnuItHa — 3T0 lonkoe oTcyTCTEMe TexHHYECKOIT nuTepaTypEI M10 AaHHOMY Boripocy. HemHoro Nepedpasupya ManecTHoe BulpaxeHife, MOXHO CKagaTb, 4TO 9Ta KHATa — "ny4 CBeTa 6 TeMHOM WapcTBe”. KoHe4HO, B paMKaX On: Holt KHNTH Henge AaTk UCHEpNbIBAiOUlyio MK(POPMAWMIO NO BCEM BoNPOcAM, KOTOPHIe MOrYT BOSHMKHYT pi PeMOHTe MMKPOBORHOBLIx Never, HO ABTOP CTapanca OTOOpats HanGonee BaXHBI MaTepMaN, KOTO- pull MoxeT NpeACTABNSTb MHTepEC Mc NosHABATENLHO!, MC NPaKTHYECKO!A TOUKH SPeHHA, V1, HakoHey, TopMoaHT ne4Hok Cepenc cneuMdnKa MuKpoBoNHoBOrO HanyyeHnA, Haxe cneuManM crbi no SneKTpOHUKe 2a4ACTyio ONEHb CMyTHO NpemcTasnaloT, TO TaKoe MUKPOBONHbI H KaK C HAMM GO- poreca. Kak npasnno, cneuWansHaa nuTepatypa no faHHol TeMe no Takoit creneHn HawinvroBaHa TpyavonepeBapneaemumu (opMynami, 4TO xKenaHne 2aKPbITs KHUITy BOSHMKAeT ropasno Panbule, YOM Hatlew 4TO-HAByAb NOHAMATE. B TO Xe BPOMs Ges SHAHMA OCHOB M/KDOBONHOBOM TEXHMKK NPM peMoH- ‘Te nevelt HeBoaMOxHO OBo/TACS. MosTOMY B Nepsod rnase NaHHOit KHMrt ABTOP nonbiTanca 8 nonynsp- Holt @opMe USNOXUTE Te Pagflenbt M¥KPOBONHOBOM TeXHUKH, KOTOPHIe HEOBXOAMME! AIA NOKAMAHIA ‘ocobeHHOCTe! paSoTs! MAKPOBONHOBOA TeNM, MpocTeMMMe POpMynEI NPUBORATCA TonbKO TaM, re Ges Hix He OGoRTHCS. B TOM Xe CTéne BbIEpAHEI H nocneAyIOUWe MaBbl. Kuwra coctour 3 Tpex OCHOBHEIX paspenoe. Mepabit ycnOBHO MOXKHO HasBaTb TeOpeTHYECKHMA ockOBaMA ne4HOro PeMecra MMniA, MOXeT GuITb, HECKONEKO CKPOMHEe — MuxGes ANA HaYnHAIOWWMX. BTO- poli — 370 MeTOREI ¥ CCOBEHHOCTH PeMOHTa MUKPOBONHOBEIX Nevelt. Sgeck NogpoGHo onucaHa paboTa HeKOTOpbIx THNOBBIX SNEKTPHYECKHX CXEM HM NSNOKEH BEC HAKONNEHHEI ABTOPOM ONbIT, KOTOPBIM, HA~ fect, 6yseT NoneseH He TonkKO HAYNHaIOUAM, Ho M npopecckoHanam. ocneAMM pasnen BkniOwaey B ce6n pasnasHoro pona CnpaBoUHyl MHcbopMayiNo.4 A3bI MUKpoBonHoBOn TeXHHKK 1. A3bl MAKpOBONHOBOU TexHUKN 1.1. UTo Takoe MuKpoBonHb! MuxposonHosoe uni, nave, caepxabicoKo¥acrorHoe (CBY) HanyonKe — 9T0 aneKTpomarHHTHbie BOnHEI ANAHOH OT OBHOr MuNnuMeTpa No ORHOrO meTpa. Cibepa NpAMeHEHMA MUKPOBONHOBOM TOXHUKH B HaCTORU\ee BPEMA JOCTATOMHO WMPOKA HNO Mepe PASBHTHA HAYKM M TexHONOrHM BCE Gonswe BHEAPS- eTcA 8 HaWly NOBCERHEBHyO xHSHb. KpoMe PaCcMATPHBASMBIX B STOM KHUTE MUKPOBONHOBEIX Ne4eh MoXxHO OTM@THTS Takme OONACTH NPAMeHEHIA, KAK PAUONOKAUMA, PanMOHABHTAUMs, CHCTEME! CNYTHAKO- Boro TenesNAeHKA, TeneoHHaR COTOBAA CEASE M MHOroe Apyroe. B nocnepHee EpeMA HAYT MHTeHCHA- Hble M HeGesycneulHbie vccnenoBalis no McronbsoBaHKIO MKPOBONH B MeAMUAKE M GvONOrMM. ‘Onsnveckaa npwpopa MuKPosoNHOBOrO WaNyYeHMA TaKaS Xe, Kak y CBeTa MnM panMosonl. OTM ve TOMbKO B YACTOTe, ¢ KOTOPOH NPOUCXOAAT sneKTPOMATHATHBIE KONEOAHHA, NM B AME BONHE, TO — To .Ke caMoe, NOCKONEKy NocneAHAR CBsaaHa C YaCTOTOH COOTHOWEHMEM i f re 2 — Anuna sonHil, c— cKopocTe pacnpocrpaHeHus sonHel, f — YacToTa, he Yacrora, ¢ KoTOpOH nponcxoAsT KOneGaHiA sneKTPOMarHMTHOrO Nlons, & aHAMHTeNLHOH CreneHn anuser Ha ero BHeWHMe CBoiicTaa. Boe sHaioT o cywlecToaaHnn panMoBOnH, wNdbPakpactoro wn Tenno- Boro W ynbTparpHOMeTOBOTO MaNyHeHINR, PEHTTeHOBCKHX Ny4ax M BI*AUMOM cBeTe, HO ace 9TO PasHwie TposBneHns opHOrO mM Toro xe ABNeHKA — sMeKTPOMATHATHbIX SONY. PasnH4He SakmO4AeTCR TONbKO B ‘OHOM — B HacTOTe Kone6aHinlt (pyc. 1.1). V, TeM He MeHee, CBOMICTBA NepeYMCNeHHEIX ABN MOryT OTHMMaTECA Kak fleHb OT HOUN. MpmMinHa aaKMiouaeTcA B COKSMEPAMOCTH ANH BONHEI C pasniMtHeimn cpvanveckumn oOtekTamn. HanpyMep, cBeT vil PeHTTeHOBCKOE Many4eHMe Merk MPOXOAAT Hepes KPM- ann, y KoTOporo PaccTOAHe MexAY aTOMAMM MeHbUIe NniAHB! BONE! H, HAOSOPOT, ANMHHOBONHOBOE Wa TyveHve He CMOXET NPOHMKHYTs, ONYCTHM, 8 MeTANNH4eCKy!O TpyOy axe ONEHE Gonbilloro AMAMeTpA Mostomy, nonas KakuM-HuGyAs saranoNHbiM O6pasom & UeNbHoMeTaNnMueckMl TOHHENG C TPAHSMCTOP- HbIM npHeMHMKKOM, He MeITaMTeCe FO TPACTH M OMT O CTEMY 8 HaNLeXNE MSENeMb 3BYKH, OTRMYHEIE OT TPe- kam waneHis. yi Mie Yacrora, Ty Toit or toe so ig 0 0 9 402 gM Apuna sonits, m tor 10° 10% 10 40 107 10% 0% 10% 10" 10% 10% 10° km AatmA—tom Ant ym tam um = miorometr im = nanometr Puc. 11. Ulkana snexrpomarnrHeix Bonk Eon p Hn3KOMACTOTHOM snexTpOHANke NpMHATO OnepHpOBATS NOHATHAMM TOKOB M HANpAKEHIT, TO B MAKPOBONKOBOM AMANASOHe B GONbWAHCTEE cny¥AaeB UcnONbAyIOTCA BENMMMHbI, XApAKTEpHSyIOUME SneKTpoMarWiTHoe none. [nasHwle Wa HX — 3TO HANPAXeHHOCTE aneKTpHYecKoro ona E W HaNpAKeH HocT MarHuTHoro non H. Ina HarnanHocTh SneKTpHYecKMe K MArHATHEIG TONA NpMATO HsO6pAXKATS B BRE CHMOBLIX MMH, CHNOBbIE NHHKK HE ABNAIOTCR PeANbHO CYUIeCTAYIOUIAMA HSMMECKHMK BeNAMHA- Mu, a nile noMoraioT rpaguHecKH OTOOPAsHTs To, HTO He HMeET HM OPM, Hi UBeTa, HM Sanaxa. Ka- ‘caTenbhaa K CHNOBOM NMI yKasLIBaeT HANpABNeHHe CML, AelICTEyIOUIeA Ha SNeKTPMMECKMA 2apAn MAA MaFHMTHBIIt AMNONS, a MMOTHOCTS PACNONOKEHHA CHNOBLIX MHI — Ha BeNKYNHY HANPAKEHHOCTH Ons, Hany o6pa eck axnk Has Tope aywe Texit Tene wan act ipwx cno» Koe | Puc. ep, net ws. Tope ‘nex aan orp Hee pw k pate ens ect Kup: na « went Oma nang He 0 orm KOM pent orpe Hus ‘Kok une Mex Abi,arauriie HTexnnKt » sHenpA- ak ne4oit mnyTAVKO- ITeHCnE- nH. Orne- ‘81, «to i crenenn a Tenno- 9 paaHnie TombkO & anit MoryT inayHeinan pea KpH- HoBoe H3- Mamerpa. aHawcTop- 16 oT Tpe- se ent, TO owayioune lanpaxen- Spaxats 8 senasinna- inaxa. Ka- sapra wna dcr non. A3bI MMKpoBONHOBON TeEXHNKH 5 Hanpymep, Ha pic. 1.2 noxagaHo MarHiTTHOe None BOKPYr NPOBORHMKa C TOKOM M sNeKTpHYECKoe None, o6pasopahHce Aaya TOYEYHLIMM sapAnaMi. Anwa sonkes muxposonHoBoro nons — senK\nHa Toro Ke NOPAAKA, HO M KOMNOHEHTE aneKTpAR- YecKix cxeM, NosTOMY rocrenHWe ONeHs cinkHO BNMAIOT Ha ero pacnpeneneHue. Ecnn 8 CBY yons BKTIONEH pe3MCTOP, TO ero OpHeHTaLNA B NPOCTPAHCTSe, pasMeps! M AINMHA BLIBOAOE UMEIOT TAKOS xe shaveHHe, Kak HM HOMAHAN, a 6 HEKOTOPLIK chyaRX h Oonee BAXHO®. TAKE KOMNOHEHTEI, KAK KOHACHCA Topul M MiNYKTABHOCTH, BOOGWO BLINOMHAIOTCA Ha CBM nnaTax B BME YTONWeHAA Mn Cy>KEHHS TOKOBE- Ayuiero nposontinka. B 9TOM ecTb HEKOTOPOE NPeMMyWeECTEO, NOCKONEKY MHOrHE NACCHBHLIe SNeMeHTé! TeXHONOTHMECKH MOXHO BLINONHATE ONCHE NETKO HC MHHMMaNbHEIMK SaTparamn. Hanpamep, Kone6a- Tenbhaa cyoTeMa MarHeTpOHa, UcronbsyeMoro & MUKPOBONHOBLX NeYax, NpencTasnaer co6oM MeRHyIO ramnosannyio Gonealiky Co cheuManbHibiMM OTBePCTAAMM, ANaNOrHMHAR KOHCTPYKUMA Ha BONee HASKHX acrorax norpeGosana O11 He OnHoro flecaTKa KOHAeHCaTOpOS mM UHAYKTHBHOCTER. Ho 3a aCe & xHSHH npmxonuTca nnaruTs. B nakHOM cny4ae HeKOTOpAA NpOcTOTA g Har OTOBNEHMK ¢ nAXBOH NopeKPLIBAeTCA cnoxHocr#Wo Ha oTane pacteTa m KOHCTpyMpoBaHus. STO OHA MS MPHYMH, KOTOPHIE CREAMBAIOT IAPO- Koe pacnpocTpaHeHve MAKPOBONHOBOA TEXHUKH. Eth 4 ApyrHe, He MEHES BAXHEIG. Puc. 1.2, Cwnopbie nunuu snexrpuyeckoro nons E, o6pasosannute AByM® pasHOMMEHHLIMM TOWeMHEIMM 3a PRAAMM M MArHMTHBIe CHNOBEIE AAHMM BOKPYT NOBCRHAKA C TOKOM H. Bontwyio cnoxvocTb npenctasnaeT nposeneHMe HaMepeHtit Ha CBepxsLICoKHx HacroTax. Hanpw- Mep, BonHOBOE CONPOTMBNEHNE, XOTA OHO M MaMepAETCA B OMAX, HEBOIMOXHO HZMEPHTs OMMETDOM. SnexTpH4eckHe NapameTpsi SleMeHTOB MAkKDOBONHOSOM TexXHMKA HOCAT pacnpeneneHHeIl xapakrep. EC- nn 6 pagnoTexiMueckom KoneGaTenbHom KOHType SMlekTpHYeCKaS SHeprisA COcpeqOTOYeHA B KOHAeHC- Tope, a MarHuTHas 8 KaTYUKe MHAYKTHBHOCTH, TO B CBU pesoHarope, BbINOMHAIOUIEM Ty Ke YHKUMIO, SNEKTPHMECKHE M MATHMTHEIG NON NepenneTeHui MeXAY COGOH M OTAENHT EMKOCTE OT MHAYKTMBHOCTH, 38 NOKMIOYEHNEM OTHENLHEIX CneLINdMHECKHX ChyYaeB, HE NPEACTABNseTCA BOSMOXHEIM. [MPOXOK, NO- DOrPEBAEMBIA B MMKPOBONHOBOA Nei ¥, COOTBETCTEEHHO, ABNAOWINTICA HarpysKon CBY Ueni, BHOCHT B Hee ONOAHMTENGHY!O.CMKOCTS, a TaKXKe MAAYKTABHOCTE H CONPOTHBNeHH. MepeMeECTHE MApOXOK BHYT- Pi KaMepti, MbI NOMeHREM COOTHOUIeHHE MeXDy STHMM NapaMeTpaMH, NosTOMy GeccMbICNeHHO MaMe- PATS ANPOXKH 8 MAKPOapanax, NaKe ech Gbi OHH XOpoUO NoAXOAWAK ANA vcnonesoBaHMA B CBY ensx no ppyrum npaanHaM. Ewe onvio npensroreve Ha nyTa mukposonvoBoi TexiNKH next 8 nnocKocTH Teopmu. B KNaccH ecko 9NeKTpOTeXHMKe CyUeCTAyeT pAQ (PyHfaMeHTanbHbIX 3aKOHOB, TAKMX, KAK 3aKOH Oma, 3aKOHbI Kypxropa wap. c Nomouieio KOTOPLIX MOKHO paccunTaTb sNeKTPUNECKyW LleN, VINOrRAa STO NPOGTO, HHO fa oveHe npocTo, a MHOTa CBEPXGNORHO, HO TeM HO MeKee MOXKO. OnHaKo @ CBM ananasoHe npMMe- Heme sTHx BaKONOB B YACTOM BIMIe, KaK NPABHNO, HeBOSMORHO, Kak, HanpMMep, HCNONbsOBaTe 3aKOH Oa, yeranaenneaioulnit cooTHOWeHe MEXAY TOKOM Mm HanpmxenHeNs, Bcni OTCYTCTBYET CAMO NOHSTHE anprixenina? Boe sakonbi knaccu¥eckOl anekTPOTEXHMK” HMOIOT OrpahiAUOHGIA xapaKTop. Sr BoBCe fe o3HavaeT, WTO OMM HeBePHHI, HO OhiA crpABEsVIH—L TONEKO TaM, THe OTCyTCTAyET vany'eNME, PaKee ormevanoce, TO pamHOBONKG! H RUAMbIA CBET HMEIOT ORY H TY XB dusKuECKYO NpApORY. HO Bene HH- omy He npiineT 8 ronoay vaMepATe sipKocTe conkeXiHoro caeTa 8 BonbyaX und annepax. B CBO O¥e- pee 2aKOHbI ONTAKM TRXENO VCNONGAOBATE NPM KOHCTPYKPOBAHIIN MeKTpHNECKOrO valHAKA. B OrpanivenHont npAMeHEHMA MuSUMECKHX saKOHOB HET HMeFO HeOBbIAHOrO. B NpAPORE NloAOBHLIG nane- vuim acrpeyaio7Cr Ha KaxkROM ulary. K NpyMEpy, B MEXaHHKe 8 CECB BPEMA BbIMO O6HAPYKeHO, TO NPM exopocTRx, GnHaKHX K CKOPOCTH CBETA, He BLINONNAIOTCR GaKOKI HbIOTOHa, AMMTeNsHO® BPEMA CHHTAR- umecs HesbiGnembimu. Vl TonbKO focne NOsBNeHuA TeopHAK OTHOCHTENbHOCTH SiHWTeMHa, LOONHMBUIEH exannky HisoTona, ace crano Ka caow mecTa. Okasarnocs, «ro cywecrayer Sone OGulnit 2aKon npupo- fi, BkniOwaIOUIMA B ceOA 3aKOH HuioToKa Kak CocTasHyio WacTb. TlonoGHan xe ciTyalnA cnoxAnach 86 Abi MHKpoBsonHoBon TexHMKH ‘snekrponutiaminke. CywecTayioT ypasHeHita Makcsenna, Gone nonlo onvcsiBaloune npouecch', caRsaH- Hble © 3NeKTPOMATHMTTHEIM NONeM BO BCeM CNeKTPe snekTpoMarHMTHbIX KONeGAHNH. SaKOHb! KNACCHYEC- KOM SMEKTPOTEXHNKK, KAK M SaKONBI ONTHKM, MOKHO CHHTATR YaCTHbIMM cnyYasMM yDaBHeHHit Makcaenna, B cBolo ovepent, 4 ypasHeHNA Makcsenna Ho AanaioTCA yHMBepcanbHuimA. Mp oneKTpO- MarHUTHbIx B3aMMORENCTAMAX SneMEHTAPHENK HACTHY BCTYNAWT 8 CNY 3aKOHbI KBAHTOBOM MEXAHUKH, RononHsioume ypasHeHns Maxcsenna. Bronte 803MOXHO, HTO Yepes HEKOTOPOE BPEMA H 3aKOHb! KBAH- ‘OBO MexalVKM Take NPMAETOA PaccMaTpHEATs Kak HaCTHbiM cny¥ai Gone OOule Teopwm. Yxe nas Ho yweHble MiTaoTeA BLIBECTA enMHyIO TeOpMiO Nona, OBLEANHAOUYO BCE WSBECTHEIE BMA! BSAKMOREHCTBNI: rpaBHTAyWOHHOS (ONMCHIBAOUSE CHILI NPATAXEHHA), INEKTPOMATHHTHOE, CHNbHOE M cnaGoe (nocnenuine NpoABNATCR Ha YpOBHE aTOMHOrO RADA). MOXET BOSHHKHYTs PESOHHBIit BONDOC: 3a- Hem Boo6we vcnonbsoBaTe GonbwOe KONMYECTBO HACTHEIX ZaKOHOB, He NPOUWE NM NONSOBATECR OMIM yrnsepcanbiti? Ho npo6nema 8 TOM, 470 Hem Gonee o6uMit XapAKTep HOCMT TOT MNK HHO 3aKOM NpMpoALI, TEM cnoxtee ero npakraveckoe ucronssoBaHne. K NPAMEpY, CaMbii OTHeTEIli TDOEMHAK, MMeR TOR PyKOM HyAHule @opMynsi, 6e3 Tpyna BbIUCHHT MOWHOCTS, TepAeMyIO B pesHicTope Np NpOXOxAeHAK oneKTpH- eckoro ToKa. Ho onpobyiire pewwrs Ty xe sanayy © NoMoWLo ypaBHeHHMl Makcgenna, Bes BCAKMx Ha- TwKEK 9TO NPEAMET AINA NOKTOPCKOA AUCCEpTAUNK. VicKMIOMiTTeNbHO ANA HNMIOCTPAUMM HNxe NpHBeReHA cuctema ykasaHHbx ypaBHeHHi ANA MSOTPONHOM M OnHOpOAHOH cpent 4 ES tH = of + ee, = rot ar ze afi rote He ae div(ee,E) = 0; div (up) = 0. ro Gyner @ cny4ae aHNZOTPONHOA H HeORHOPORHOM cpenbi, WHTATeN MoXeT AOMBICNHTE CAM, Ecnu 661 snexrpoTexHinkam, 8 CBOsit paboTe, PMXOAWNOCE NoNbIOBATECA UCKNIONHTENbHO aH! MM ypaBHeHAMM, MbI, CKOPee BCerO, NO CHX Nop YKTANH Obi NPM cBeNaX. K CHacTbIO, NpApofa pacnops- Rwnact wHa4e. Tak 8 HM3KOYaCTOTHOM SNeKTPOHMKE, UCNoNLsyWTCA HaMHoro Gonee npoctbie (Pusu4eckKe 3aKOHbI, KOTOPHIe MOXHO TeOPeTHMMECKM BLIBECTH M3 ypaBHeHHi Makceenna, xoTA papn CnpaBeRAMBOCTH CNeAyeT OTMETHTE, TO SONLWHHCTBO U3 HMX ObINK 9KCNEPHMEHTANHO OTKPHITbI 10 TO- ro, Kak Makceenn coafan CBOM ypaBHeHaa. Takoe YNpoweHie BOSMOXHO, Kora pasMepe! SNeKTPOHHEIX KOMNOHEHTOB HaMHOrO MeHbUIe ANKHE! BONHB!. B 9TOM cny¥ae WaNyYeHMe PaRMOBONH NpAKTAYECKH OT- CYTCTBYeT 4, NOSTOMY, MOXKHO CUMTaTb, YTO BEA SHEPIMA NepenaeTcA BON’ NPOBOAHAKOB, B BLE SNeK- ‘Tpwueckoro Toxa', B Ka4ecTBe NPMMePA, NpeRCTABUM, 4TO Ha NyTH NPOBOBHMKA C TOKOM uMeCTCR pesucrop. Ech usny4eHie orcytcTaye’, TepaeMylo B HEM MOUIHOCTS MO>KHO flerkO BBINCHMTe No Npo- Tom cpopmyne: P=PR Ho, ecnn ator x@ pesicTop RocTaBHT Ha NYTM pacnpoctpaHeHinA sneKTPOMarHHTHOM BONHEI, TO pesynbtat OyneT He CTONb oNesHNeH. Kak y2ke oTMe4anocs, MUKPOsONHOBEI AMANasOH — BTO Ta YACTb BnekTPOMaArHMTHOrO cneKTpa, Mme Knaccn4eckan SneKTPOTeXHMiKa ye He PABOTAET, a OTHOCHTENLHO MPOCTHIC JAKOHL! ONTHKA ewe HE pa6oTaior. ostomy npv peuleHMn snekTpopMHaMMUeckHx npobNeM 8 ykasaHHOM AMANagOHe NPAXOsMT- cA nvGo M3OUIPATEGA, NpMCrocaSnMBAA SaKOHbI ONTHKM M KNACCHYECKOH oneKTPOTEXHHKKM K CBY, nitGo bTaThos PeulaTe ypaBHeHnAa Maxcaenna, 4TO & HEKOTOPBIX cnyyasx NpMHOCMT CBO Nnonsl. Cmbicn STHX ypasHeHnit cocrour 8 cnenyioujem: Tlepace ypasverme rosopiT HaM 0 TOM, TO MCTOUHNKOM MarHHTHOTO Nona MOryT cAyKHT’ NiO ApoTeKaIOUM TOK, AGO MEHSIOWBECA BO BPEMCHM 9NIEKTPAYECKCE None. B HEKOTOPOM cMbicne 3TO a canow fene we STOM chydae SHepraa nepenaeToA nocpencrTsoM anexTpowarniaTHoro Hons, TIpOBOHa NMile yKa ‘suimaoT none Mapupyr. B KasiecTae fokasaTenscraa MOKHO NABECTA MpocTol npuMep: OObIHAA Tene@oHNas canst Moxny Cankr-Tletep6yprom 4 BransocToKom ocywecranaerca to nposonam. Ecnh 6x1 Heprun nepenasa- Nac Ho NONOM, a HOCHTONSMAM TOKA — S;IOKTPONANMM, CKOPOCTE KOTOPLX SHAYHTENSHO MeHBUIE CKOPOCTH CBETA, TO ovper Ha “Tipper!” xnjatl npruinoce 6ei vacamn oxor ara 26 SiH HyTo nex aac Tbew none Flo HuTH Hak Korb Anoe ‘Teka wane Tp ane wa cma mare nuit CoG onus Ren apyr apy He T nonk ent peny 80M 380 eH poct Ha 0 Teep nae pect noce Mon cre on ute Bod Tel, 4 Ho?heanaan- vaccmuec- vapnennin ‘aneKTpo- vexanukn, 2b KBaH Ye nas- sie eA vnbHoe po: ga- on opHHM Dogs, TEM ton pyKon snexTp i conkux Ha pusenena cam, Ho AaHHE- | pacnopa- npoctete xoTa pap 2ITb1 90 TO >kTPOHHBIK s4eckH OT- suge sneK- 1 mmeetoa Th no npo- Boni, TO. 2 onextpa, Ika ewe He npaxonar- BY, nnGo uch 9THx 2xuTe HBO wuicne 90 jana yrar renegonwan a nepenasa- A3bl MUKpoBonHOBON TexHHKK 7 CxoAHbIe BeUIM, NOCKONEKY sneKTPHMECKHA TOK NpencTABNAeT COOH ABMKeHMe SNeKTPHYECKHX sapAnOB, a Kaxoil ReMKYUWTCR SAPAR MENAOT OKPYKAIOUIee SNeKTPAYECKOE None K TEM CaMBIM CoamaeT BOKPYT ce6a MarHitTHoe None. STO COBACHAeT CyWECTBOBAHHNe MarHATHOTO MONA BOKPYT NPOBOAHMKOB Ha nocTO- AHHOM ToKe, OHO COsRaHO COBOKYNHOCTHIO BCEX ABIYUNXCH NO NPOBORHMKy SapAnoe. Vis sroporo ypasienins cnenyer, 4To MeHsIOUIeeCA BO BPeMeHM MarH¥THOe None NopoxAaeT aaMK- Hyroe aneKrpuveckoe none. OcTaHosiMca Ha STOM cnencTeMM 6onee noApOBHO. B HviaKo¥acToTHO! snekTPOHUKe NPMHATO CHHTATS, HTO CTOMHHKOM snlekTpAecKOro Nona chyKaT snekrpnueckue sapsil. B 9TOM cny4ae CMNOBLIG MMM MONA MCXOAAT C NOBEPXHOCTH SapAnA WNW CxO- atom Ha Hem. CvicTeMa ypasHeHiit Maxcsenna 370 He OTBepraer, yKasaHHoe CBOMCTBO OTPaXGHO E Tpe- TeeM ypasHeHnn, OHaKO MOMMMO STOrO MOXKET CyUeCTBOBaTe Takaw KOHCMrypAUMA oneKTPAYECKOO ons, Korfa eFO CMAOBBIE NMHMH SaMKHyTb! CAMM Ha CEOs, ANaNOTMYHO MarHATHBIM CHNOBLIM TAMMAM. TlonobHoe none MoxeT cywecTeOBaTb TOnbKO B AVHAMNKe, H NEM ObICTpee NPOMCKOAMT HEMeHeHHE Mar- hurHoro Nona, Tem GriaronpHATHee YoNOBHNA ANA BOSHNKHOBEHMA anexTprvecKoro. MMeHHO NosTOMy Ha uakux YacTOTAX NonesbIe SpheXTEI NPAKTHYECKH HE NPOABAAOTCA M MMA MOAKHO NpeHeOpers. Hanhune Konb\eBOrO SNeKTPHYECKOTO NOMA COZAACT BOIMOKHOCTH AANA BOSHNKHOBEHMR M PacnpocTpaHeHnR pa- AwoBonl, Nocito 970 Ha chepyiowem NpHMepe: AONYCTHM, y HAC MMeETCA NPOBORHAK, Mo KOTOPOMY Mpo- TexaeT BLICOKOYACTOTHEII TOK. BoKpyr 3Toro NPOBOAHNKa, CreqOBATeNbHO, GyReT CyWeCTBOBATS 6LICTPO MaMeHAOUeecA MAarHATHOE NoNe. STO, 8 COW ONepERD, NPABEAET K BOSHAKHOBEHMO KoNbYeBOrO SNK TpxYeckoro nons, MeHAIOWerOCR ¢ TOM xe YacTOTOM, MocneRHee NOPORMT MarHHTHOe None, M TAK NO Gec- KOHe4HOCTH. VICKOBHEI NPOBORHNK ¢ TOKOM, ABNAWUIMIACA AHTeHHO!, TOMbKO KHMUMKpYET MPOUECc, a anwe BCe NPOMCKODMT camo COOH. SHepria ameKTpMMecKOrO MONA fepeXOAUT B MarHATHY!O SHEPTMIO, WHaoSopor. Fpnvem sech sTOT npouecc He CTOMT Ha MecTe, a PACnpOCTPaHAeTCA c MaKCAMANLHO Aony- ernmaii cxopocTbIo — 300 000 KmiceK. M1, HakoHeu, nocnenlee ypasehMe MakcBenna ykasuiBaeT Ha OTCYTCTEMe & NpMpone OAKHONNEIX MarauTHaix sapamoe. MocnepHee oScTORTeNbcTao BHOCHT HeKOTOpy!O ACHMMETPHIO B CHCTEMy yPaBHE sini. JevicTenTentHo, ecw 6 SNekTpocTaTuKe MMeIOTCA NONOKMTENbHbIE M OTPAYATENbHEIe Sapsbl, CNO- cobuble cyuecTBoBaTs HeaasicuMo Opyr OT Apyra, TO MarHMTHBIe Monloca HepaanenvMbl, KaK CHaMCKHe GnusHeust. Ha Kakme Obi MenkHe YaCTM MbI Hi ADOOMAM NOCTORHHGIA MarHIT, MBI HHKOrga He Nony4AM OT neneHo $ uni N nionioc. MogoOHas acvMMeTpHA, Kak Ob! EMOHCTPHPYIOUAR NpMOpHTeT ORHOTO Tons Hap ApyrMM, CMylana MHOTHx hMSHKOB ¢ MOMeHTa HORBNeHI'A PaccMaTpHBAeMbIX ypaBHeHuit. MonbITKM O5- HapyKHTe OTHEMLHbIA MATHMTHBIA Nonivc HAKOrAa He NpeKpaulanuce W npennpwHuMalTeA AO cAx Nop. M. He Tonsko 3 npagnHoro Hay4Horo MoGontiTcTBa, Ecnit Gti yRanoce Ha NpaKTHKe pagent MarHATHEIC onoca, 810 COBEPWMNO Ob! TAKYIO PEBOMIOUMIO B TEXHKE, MACUTAOL! KOTOPOM TPyAHO Aaxe npencTa- are, Sakanunean c pas6opom ypasHeHui Maxcaenna, cosepulmMM HeGonbuol akcKype B HCTOpHIO. B ce pesuHe npownoro BeKa, Kora Gein MonyHeHb! 9TH ypaBHEHIAA, O CyUIeCTBOBAHM BeKTpoMArHMTHLIX BonH lye HUKTO He NOAOSpeBAN. STH yOABHEHMA KAK Ob! OGOGUANM M CBOAUNH BOEAMHO BCE, HTO 6xiNo \W3BECTHO (PUSMKAM Toro BPEMeHH 06 snexTpaMecTBe M MarHeTMaMe. FIMWL B PegynbTaTe aHanusa nony- Volbix ypagHeHnit Makcenn nipMwen k BKIBORY 0 HaNMHiK 8 NpMpOHe SfleKTPOMArHHTHLIX BONH HO CKO- ocr wx pacnpocTpaHeHHA, B TOYHOCTH CoBNaRaloUleh ¢ MSBECTHOM K TOMy BPeMeHM CKOPOCTEIO CBETA. Ha ocHoBaxwm sToro Gbina BbIcKagaHa THnoTesa OG afleKTPOMArHUTHO NpMpone BAAMMOrO cBeTa, Non TeepAReHHAR AaNbHeMUIMMM MCcnenOBAHKSMN, Fipmepxo Takan xe cuTyauKA BoaKHKna NpM oTKpsITHN MeHeneessi ero TepwonMeckoli Ta6- muysl, NpeRCKASABWeM CyleCTAOBAHNE B NPHpONE MHOTHX xMMUYECKHX sTeMeHTOB, AO TO! Nopki HeMS- BeCTHLX WayKe. YMe@cTHO B STOR CARSA NpBECTH cnoBa HeMeLKOr dasHKa TeHpHxa Tepua, NocenweHnble Teopumt Makceenna: “Henson Nay¥aTe STy YANBMTeNbHYIO Teopiti, He VCnBITEIBAR No Bpe- Menam Taxoro uyacTea, GynTo MaTeMaTuveckHe opMyNsi xMBYT COOCTBEHHOM HSHEIO, OBNANaIOT COb- CcTBEHHBIM pagyMoM, — KAXETCR, TO STM POPMYNb! YMHEE HAC, YMHee fake CaMoro aBTOpa, KaK OysiTO ‘onl NaloT Ham GonbWe, HEM B CBOE BPEMS ObiNo B HHX sanoxeHO". M neicTaMTeNsHO, Mor ni npeAnono- >xiTs Makcaenn, Kakoh nepeBOPOT s xMSHK hioneH COBBPUIMT NpAKTHYECKAA peannsa\mA HEObpETeHl, B OcHOBe KOTOpHIX NexkaT HeTbIpe ero ypaBHeHns, 1.2. SnemeHTbI MUKPOBONHOBOK TeXHUKK Bronte novaTHo, ro cneympnka CBY wany4eHia HaKnanuiBaeT CBO OTNeYATOK M Ha KOMNOHEH- ‘Tol, M9 KOTOPBIK CTPOATER SMeKTpMMECKHE CXEMEI. MI PACCMOTPMM TOMKO Te M3 HIKX, KOTOPbIE B TOM ANA WHOW Mepe BCTpeYaloTCA 8 MHKPOBONHOBEIX Newax.8 Asbi MUKpoBonHoBoli TexHUKH ; Bonnosonst pee t ins nepenaun sheprn or reHepatopa x Harpyake 8 CBY mmanazoHe McnonbayiorcA BonKosontl. —_KPEIB BontoBox npenctasnaeT coGoH nonylo, MeTANnAYECKyIO TpyOy, Kak NPaBANo, Kpyrnoro Wn NpRMOyront: Horo cevenna (puc. 1.3). — yront pus ‘rant ne ne Pyem | { 1 Puc. 1.3. BHeWHni BHA NPAMoyronbHoro M KPYFMOro BONHOBOROS ShextpomarhnTHaa sHeprna NepenaeTcA No BONHOBORY NpMMepHO Tak Xe, KaK soma No BoRONpO- eontiom tpy6e. B npwiunne, BonoNpOBOAHAA TpyGa, eonM ee TWATEM’HO OMMOTHTL OT rPAGH M HAKHNM, Bnonke Moxer GbiTb HCNONLsoBaHa WANA TpalicnopTHMpoakm anekTpOMaTHITHbIX BOnH, MpoRoMKaR atia- lori, MOXHO GaMeTHTb, TO B MOCTAX NPOTe4KA SOR’ MOKET NpocayMBaTeCA M sMekTDOMArHKTHAR SHepriia, NOSTOMY COMNeHEHMe OTPEIKOB BONHOBOADS HEOOXOAMMO NPOKSBOAMTS KAK MOKHO nnoTHES Ha stom, noxkanyi, XORCTRO SakaHumBaeTca, M HAHHaIOTCR pasnin4na. [MsiQA Ha PHCYHOK, HETPYRHO NO- | Hate, TO MaroTOBNeHHe BONHOSONOS Sells He NpocTaa H Noporocroswas. B OTAMMMe OT PKABHIX BHYT- PeHHoCTeM BORONPOBOAHOK TpyOb BHYTPEHHAR NOBEPxHOCTe BONHOSOROE YacTO onmpyerca M UEM ROKpLIBAeTCR TOHKHM cnoeM cepe6pa. ONEBMAHO, TO nepexon ¢ OGLINHOR ABYxNpOSOMHON NHK Ha OT * BonHosonsi Npowsoulen He C YeNbkO SKOHOMMA CpercTB. OcTaHOBMMCA Gomee NOAPOOKO Ha NpHMAHaX Ta- BEIM Koro nepexona. Kak yxe OTMe4anocb, ¢ NOBLIWEHMEM YacTOTb! BOAPAcTaeT AONA MOUIHOCTH, TepAeMon ha msnyenne. Kpome Toro, 470 970 MNOXo camo NO cee, 370 NpMBORMT K SAcOpeHMIO stbHpA PARMONO- aay MexaMi W OTPMUATeNbHO CKaabIBASTCA Ha SLOPOBLE PanvlO- M OMEKTPOHHEIK YCTpoHICTB. [losTOMy YRe Be MeTposom avanazoHe nepenava cirHanos OcyulecransieToA No KoaKcHanbHOMy KaGenlo, npencrasnnio- Hel E wemy coBoi peyxnposoRHyIo NMKMIO, y KOTOPOM ORKH NPOBORANK BLINONHEH 8 BITE akpaNMpyioueh on — NOME neTKA, NpenoTepaliaoWeH HaMyeHHE oHepraK. OnHaKO NA AansHOMUeM noBsiWeHAA vacroTs — SIA Bo3pacraioT NoTepn, CBAZAHHbIe ¢ SaTYXAHMeM cHrHana B MaTepwane, sanonHAIOUeEM NPocTPAHCTEO MeXxAy LIeHTpANLHO} >kuNOH M ONNeTKO! KABens. [pH OCTATONHO BBICOKOA HacTOTe W GonbWwoH nepena- , BOM! BaeMoi MOUHOCTH 970, npHBORMT K Neperpesy KaGens M BLIXOAY ero MS CTOs. HanpuMep, KoakcHaneHeIlt | kaGent PK-75 ¢ nonwaTaneHoBbim HanonHeHnem W AnAHon 10 M Ha HacToTe 8 [Tu TepaeT 84% nepena- | oc: BaeMoh MoulHocTH. MenHbidt NpsMOyrONbHbIA BONHOBOR NPM Tex Xe YCNOBURX TepAeT Bcero OKONO 5% pani Mouiocra. Vcnonbaya 8 Ka4ecTse HanonkuTena MaTepuantt ¢ ManbiM saTyXaHWeM, MOXHO foBbicMTs cra YPOBeHb AonyCTAMOM NepenaBaeMol MOWHOCTH, a NOCKONbKY HaMMeHbUIMMM NOTepAMA ONanaeT BOS H-T1 AYwHoe sanonHeHme, To KaGenb ecTecTBeHHbiM OOPasoM TPAHCPOPMMpyeTCR 8 KOAKCHANbHbIi BONHOBOR. sbi KovoTpykTHako nocnenHnit y2ke HNYeM He Nowe BONHOBONOB, AZOOPAKeHHEIK Ha pic. 1.3, cKOPee AKe og, Ha060por, nosToMy Bbi6op Tana BonKoBONa ONpeReNseTCA yKe He SKOHOMMMECKOIT tleneCOOOPAsHOCTHNO, a pasnusiient 8 wx xapakTepvcTaKax. MOxeT BOSHUKHYTS BONDOC, OTKyfa BOOOUe GepyTca NOoTepH B BON HowoRe, ecni* On MarOTOBNEH Ha Men C NnoWANLIO onepe4Horo ceMeHus 8 ecATKA MunnMMeTpOB? Or- BON Ber JaKniowaeTCR B TOM, NTO TOK TEKYT HE NO GCeMY CoveHMW) BOMHOBONA, a MMU TaM, KynaNpoHHKaeT AEN anekTpOMarHATHOe None no Tak HagbIBaeMOMy CKMH-cnowo. PhyOMHa CKMH-ChoA 3aBMOMT OT HaCTOTE! M YhenbHok nposonnMocTA MeTanna, 43 KOTOpOrO MaroTOBNeH BONHOBOA. OHA BLIMNCNAETCA NO PopMyne: | Yeo xe f[FTu}-oft/Om-na} K npwmepy, Ha Yactore 2.45 Fru my6una nporHKHoBeHMA nons cocTasnser oT 1.3 MKM Ans Meni fo 10 MKM ANA Hepxasetoulelt CTanu. MosTomy O6wam nnowanb NonepesHoro Ce¥eHHMA, no KOTOpOMY APOXORMT TOK, OTHOCHTeNbHO HeBeNnKa. Bonbulde sHa¥eHKE KMeeT KAYECTEO BHYTPeHHeI! NOBEPXHOCTA BonHoBona. YeM Bbive WepOoxOBaTOGTs CTeHOK BOMHOBOAa, TeM nnMHHee NyTh CBY TOKOB M TeM OsicT-onvosont. amoyront sononpo- aw waKATA, man aia: saninmian ? rntiee, ‘PynHo no six BHYT- pyeren inn a ssmiax Ta Teprewoit panvono- amy yxe B acrasnnio- owe on- ‘iacroro! erpanotso wi nepena- cenanehoit Ye nepeaa ‘oxono 5% noskicne anger 803- sonkoBon apee nae aaiocTs, ep 8 800. nrpo8? Or- npovnkaer sactorel opmyne: tana MenH koropomy BepxHocrit Tem Guicr- j Aabi MuKpoponHoBoi TexHMKn 9 Pee npowexonMT saryxaHne BONHEI. [OSTOMY ANA CHIKEHKA NOTepb BONHOBOAb! MHOrHa NoNUPYIOT M no- kpbisaior TOHKuM cnoeM cepe6pa, Ha rnyOMly CKMH-cnoR. B CBU Texnuke scrpeNaioTer sonHoBORe! ¢ pasnaYHLiM npodHneM nonepe4Horo ceeHHA: M-06- pasitie, H-o6pastitie, Kpyrnbie, oBanbitie W T.A. B MMKPOBONHOBENK Ne4ax MCHOMLSyIOTCR TONbKO NpSIMO- Yronbibie BONHOsON!, NOSTOMY Mul MMM Ht OrpaHASAMCA. B Wenom KoHdurypauna MONA 8 BONHOBOAE MOXET HMETp O4eHE CROxHYIO (PopMy. K cHacTbIO, TeO- pia naeT MexannsM, nosBonAIoUIMA CBECTH CNOXKKY!O CTPYKTYPY Nona K HaGOpy OTHOCHTeNsHO NpocTEX ‘Tano8, WS KOTOPHIX, MPH XeNaHAM, MOXKHO BOCCOSRAaTS MoBylo KOHDIUTYpALIMIO CYWIECTBYIOUIMX B BONHOBO- ne none. Mpexne em HaYaTb aHanns THNOB, CyulecTAYIOUINX B NPsAMOyToNsHOM BONHOBOTe, cipopMynit PyeM HeKoTopsie NpaBHna, KOTOPbIe BEITEKAIOT M3 TeOPHM SneKTPOMATHHTHEIX KONeSAHMA. 1, Shekrpnueckwe # MarHUTHbie CHnoBbie AMMA 8 SMekTPOMaTHMTHbIX NonsX BIaMMHO NepneHaR- kynapa 2, MarHuTHble CHnOBbIe HMA SaMKHYTE! HM OXBATEIBAIOT NPOBORHAK C TOKOM «NM nepeMeHHoe snekrpaveckoe none, 38. OnexTpHeckne CANOBBIE NMHMN nM MAYT OT ORHOTO SNeKTpHMeCKorO Sapsna K APyTOMY, AnH TOQOGHO MarHATHBIM MIAHASM SAMKHYTH! HM OXBATHISAIOT NepeMeHHOe MarHATHOS None. 4, VameHeHue anekTpomarHuTHoro Mons BO BpeMeHH MB NpOCTpAHCTBE, BON» NpoHsBONLHOTO Hanpasneniaa, 8 ONHOPOAHOM cpene, NpOMEXOAMT No CHHYCOMAE HANH KOCMHYCOMnS. 5. Nov HopMantHom oTpaxeHMn Bont OT npoBOAAWeh NoBePXHOCTH (7.6. Kora HanpasneHHs na- Aaoulel W OTPaXxXeHHOM BONH NpAMO NpOTHBOTONOKHH!) ee basa SMEHAETCA Ha 180°. 6. MarHuTHble cHnoBbie nAHAn Y NOBEPXHOCTH NPOBOAHAKa BCerna NapannenbHbl STO! NOBepXHO- om. 7. SnekTpndeckKe CMNOBLIE NM He MOTYT HATH BN|ON’ NOBEPxHOCTH NPOBOAHANKa, a Bcerna Nep- NeHAMKynapHe! STOM NoBepxHOCTA. flea nocnenHix caoiicTea onpenensiot CTpykTypy nona y NOBEPXHOCTH NPOBORHNKA, T.e. Ha TpaHh- Ue MexAy NPOBORHAKOM m OBNacTbio pacnpocTpaHeHMA SMeKTPOMarHMTHON BonNHbI. MosTOMy Wx Haabiea- Wor “rpainusbimn YcnosnaMn". SneKTpoMarHHTHoe none Bceria WMEeT TaKy!o CTPYKTYpY, Mp KOTOpOH abinonAaloTcA 3TH ycnoBHEs. Mipw pacnpoctpaHeHiM Bont 8 BonHOBoAe BON’ NonepeUHLKX KOOPANHAT yoTaHasnHaaiorca Tak hagulg2emble CTossie Bondi. B slaHHOM chy\ae HaaBaHHe rosopHT CaMo 2a ceOA. XOTS CTPYKTYDa BOM HI 8 nonepesHoM HanpaBneHAn MOXeT Obit» TONHOM KONWel CTPYKTYps! GONHE! 8 NpoRON’HOM HanpaB- revit, Mexay HAMA, KaK rOBOPAT 8 Onecce, ects Ase GonkuMe PasiMubi. B epsom ciyuae none CraTHNHO MW HIKAKOTO ABWKEHIS BAM NONEPENHEIX KOOPAMHAT HE HAGNIONAETCR, MEHACTCA NM Aner ruryja non, a 80 STOpOM chyvae Kapruva nons BCE PEMA CREHTaeTER B CTOPCHY pacnpocTpaNeHAA Soni CO CKOPOCTHIO Vv. Pacnpoctpaliiemsie no BonHoBOAY SnekTPOMArHHTHBIe BORK! YCNOBHO MOxHO PasneniaTe Ha nea ocHosksix Tana. Boni, umeloulve cocTaBnsiouyio sneKTpyYeckoro nona BfoM HanpaBnesinA pacnpoct- PAKEHIA H He HMEIOUE MarHuTHO!, OTHOCRTES K E-Tuny. 1 HaO6OPOT, SOMH, HMEIOUIE MarHUTHYKO CO Craonsiouyio Bons HaNPaBNeHnA pacnpocTpaHeHHA M He MMEIOUIAE 3NEKTPHMECKOH, OTHOCATCA K H-tuny. Kaxnbid Tn Bonk: O6osHavaeToR CooTBeTCTBYIOUIe GyKBOH ¢ KHLeKCOM 3 ABYX UMcp, OKA SbIB@I0UAM VICNO CTORYMAX NOYBONH EON GonbWelk H MEHbUIEM CTOPOH NonepeuHoro CeYeHKA BONHO- ona. TakHM O6paaoM, No HasBaHio Bone! MOXHO CNpeNeMMTs COOTBLTCTAYIOUIyIO elt CTPYKTYPY Nona, Ecnn pasMeps! oGeMx nonepesitix KOOPAMHaT MeHbulIe, Hem KAKA TlonyBonHel, To Yepes TaKoit BonMoBOn BONKa pacnpocrpanaTscA He MOXxeT. B STOM chy'ae FOBOPAT, HTO BOMHOBOA ABNAETCA sanpe- AensHuim RAIA AAHHOrO Tana BonHb! HavGonbuiaa nina sonibl, KoTopan MoxeT pacnpocrpaHaTbcA Mo BONHOBORY, HagbIBAeTCA KPHTA- ecko. Mp ukeupoBanHeix paaMepax eonHoBosa KpMTHMeCKAA ANMHa BONHEI saBhoHT oT ee Tuna, Hit xe npusenena dbopmyna nna ee pacsera. Iyo= Kak siqHo 3 bopmyntl, 4eM BbIue MHAeKCI mH n, TEM Gonbive NOMXHEI OBIT Nonepeunsie pas MepsI BonHOBORA, NPM KOTOPLIK BOSMOKHO PacnpocTpaHeHHe AaHHOTO Thna. ITO OBcToRTeNbcTBO oOner-I 10 Abi MUKpOBONHOBON TexHUKH, ‘yaer cenekumio THno8, nockonsKy Ha paSoNell ANKE BONHE BCOrMa MOMHO Tak NoROOpaTe pasMepHiak Te, b, 4700s! pacnpocrpaannce TONEKO HYKHbIe TAH! Bonkl. Ha NpAKTUKe B KANeCTBe paBo4ero OBLINHO YM ncnonuayeToR Tun Hic, us00paxeHHEil Ha puc. 1.4. Dna Gonbwel HarNsAHOCTH Ha PACYHKE TaKxeNpHBe- fare eNbi rpacukw pacnpemenenns sneKTpANecKOrO M MArHATHOTO none BAONb WHPOKOM CTeHK, PaseHcT- — Kall 80 Hyflo BTOPOTO MHfIeKCa B HASBAHMM BONMb! FOBOPHT O TOM, MTO BRON: YSKOM CTEHKH NONE HE MEHRETCR. —_gaKe Obpature BkUMaHne, TO OTCYTCTAYeT He CAMO NONe, a NMWe ero MaMeHEHMe. TaKWM OOpasom, pasmep b He BnumeT KM Ha CrPyKTypy PacnpeneneHHA Monel 8 SONHOBOAE, HK Ha ero KpUTHUECKYIO YacTOry. Npakrwveckw 3 store cnepyer, 470 RAKE ONeHE ysKaR WeNs, WHPAHOK Gonee 2/2, MOxeT paccmaTpH- BaTicA Kak BONHOBOR, NposoRAUIMA CBU oHEprio G MMHAMANLHEIMA NOTepAMH, Puc. 1.4. Crpykrypa anexrpomarsrHoro ons 6 npaMoyronbHoM sonHosone Ana BonHe! THna Hie Crone TwaTensHoe paccmorpeHe sToro Tra He cny¥aiiHo, NOCKONEKY OH AENAeTCA OCHOBHBIM Ana npAMoyronbHoro BoNHOBOAA. MOxKHO fake CKAgaTb, OCHOBHLIM & KBANPATe, NOCKONEKY, BO-NepBLIX, 370 pa6ouni THN BONE! ANA NOAABNOUIeTO GONbWMHCTBA dasla4, B HACTHOCTA MMeKHO STOT THN Hcnone- YETCA 8 MMIKPOBONHOBLIX NEYAX, a BO-BTOPHIX, OM OCHOBHO! no onpeneneHiio. [Ina BoNHOBOROB NpoMs- BOMLHOFO NONepeHHOrO CeMEHHA OCHOBHLIM HaSbIBACTCA HaMGoNee HMGKONACTOTHEIA THN BonHbI. Boe OcTanbHble — 970 BLICWKE THNbI, Kak NpABHMNO, HBNAOWMECA NapasMTHEIMK. OcHOBHEIE NpeMMyulecTea RaHHoro THna Bonkel cocTOsT B cnenyol\eM: Pre 1. HavmeHbwine pasMepb! sonHoBona, np aanaHHO AAMAHe BONHLL. Pai 2. Mpocras KoHdurypauma rons 4, Kak cnefcTsMe, NpocToTa Np ero BoSGYKAeHHM MH Npu corna- ‘copaHnn sonHosona c HarpyaKoi unw pyran yorpovicTeaMn. j . 3, OtHocuTenbHan ynaneHHocTe OT APyrix TunOB, 4To OGnersaer ero ceneKuMto, Kak wasectHo, sce noshaerca 6 cpasHeHin, NosTOMy He NMWHAM GyneT eKpaTue paccmoTpeTb mF KO Hexoropsie Apyrie Tunk! BONH. Ecni nocteneHHo yeenmyusare YacToTy, uany4aemyio Hepes BonHoBOR, TC muopel aH 068I4Ho onprae- Pagencr- enaercs. pasmep \vacrory. ccmarpi- > z | — ocHOBHIM o-nepabix, rn wenonib- >gos npows- gonti. Boe swmyuiecTea ‘npn corna- comoTpeTe 9 somoson,, | | | A3bl MUKpOBONHOBOM TexHuKY 11 1.8. YMEHbWATE AAKAHY BONHBI, TO B ONPeAeNeHHbI MOMEHT BAONb WHPOKON CTeHKM BONHOBOAa CMOXxeET yMecriTsca nse CTossMe nonysonisl. Torna cosfanytcs yonoBMA ANA BOSHNKHOBeHAA TANIA Heo. Mp AanbieiiueM yaenavenna YacToTal NORBATEA Tank Her, Hn, Ess WT. Crpyktypa Monel Ana TANOB, 67 >xalnx x OcHOBHOMY, NOKaaaNa Ha PMc. 1.5. AHAnHaHpYs STA TANK, HE TPYRHO BbIABHTs ONpEAENEHHBIE 2akoHOMEpHOCTH B CTPYKType Noneit M, nH xenaki, NOCTPOMTb Tank c 6onee BLICOKIMM HHZeKCAMN En Pvc. 1.5. Crpyxtypa Gnwxaiwnx x OcHOBHOMY THNOB BonH 8 pPAMOYFONLHOM BoNHOBORE Hio 0 1 2 dla Puc. 1.6, KpuTHYeCKHe AAKHE! BONH NpRMOyroNsHoro BoNHOsORA (cTPeNKm yKasKIBAloT OGNACTH, 6 KOTOPHIX ykaaannble THN BON MOryT pacnpocTpaHaTkcR No BonHoBoAY) Ha pnc.1.6 npencrasnewa nmarpama pacnponenenns KpuTAYECKHX AnH Bonk, HaMBoNee CNH3KiX KocHosHomy Twny. Y cranapTHtsx BONHOBOROB, KaK NPasHno, BbiNONNAETCA cooTHOWeHHe b/ac0.5, NO- sToMy OnisKaHLIMM K OCHOBHOMY ABNAETCA THN Heo. MIpm STOM PACCTORHME MEXAY KPHTAYECKHMM fIMHa uv Sond OcHOBHOFO Tina K BCeMM NocnenyOUWMM yaenMunBaeTCALQ, { 12 Asbi MUKpoBonHoBol TexHuKn SaurTpuxoBaHHbit y4acToK noKasbiBaeT O6NACTE ANMH BoNK, PEKOMEHAOBAHHEIX K MCnONbsOBAHHIO, Rockonbky 8 STOM cny¥ae 6yfeT pacnpocTpaHsTECA eAMHCTBEHHEIA THN Hic. HlaHHbI y4ACTOK He NpMMEI- kaeT HenocpencTseHHo K OONacTh OTCeNKM. STO He Chy4aiiHo, [leno & TOM, 4TO pacnpoctpakeHhe si1eK- TPOMAFHMTHLX BOM GB 3aMKHYTBIX CMCTeMAX, KAKOM HM ABNAGTCA BOMHOBOR, OTAMYACTCA OT wx PacnpocrpaneHus 8 cB06onHom npocrpalcTse. Sto, 8 YaCTHOCTH, NPORBNAETCA 6 TOM, YTO CKOPOCTH PacnpocrpaveNna snektpoMarHMTHOM SHeprHn B BONHOBOAe MeHbWe EM CKOpOCTL CBeTa. Pasnnune Ha- GONE OUIYTHMO B OKPECTHOCTH KPUTHYECKOI ANIHHE! BONHEI. SaMepNeHMe CKOPOCTH SNeKTPOMATHATHEIX BOnH yeenunBaeT NoTepH SHepru B CTeHKax BoNHOBOAA. Ha PMc. 1.7 Nokasaka SaBMCHMOCTS saTyxa- Hits B BONHOBORE OT HaCTOTHI, Hs KOTOPOM BMHO, 4TO NpM YaCTOTAX, GAMSKMX K KPHTAMECKOII, NOTEpA BospacraloT a0 Moro pas. 0 KP 10. 20 30 40 £,1Ty Puc. 1.7. 3aBMcnMocTs noTepb 8 CTeHKaX npsMoyronLHoro SonHoBOnA OF YacTOTE! (UTPHxOBOH NMHMeM OT- MeveH KoaKchanbibili BONHOBOR C TOA me MnoWaALIo Nonepe4Moro ceveHHs) Tlonytio aameTim, sro poct noTepb NpH YBenMYeKHMM HaCTOTHI CBAGAH C YMeHBWeHMEM TOnKMHE! ‘exiit-cnos. FIYHKTApHOM MunNeH ANA cpaBHeHis NoKasana aHanorn4HaA aaBMCHMOCTe ANA KOAKOMANLHO- To BonHoRopa © TO! xe nnowanbio NonepeNHoro ceveHs. Kak BUIMM, CbasHeHNe He ® Nonbay nocnen- Hero, ecni We CuHTaTk y3KOR NONOCKM BONHIM KPMTHMECKOM HACTOTH. IMEHHO NOSTOMY STOT YHACTOK ne ucnonsayerca Ha mpaxrHKe. Ania eontis 8 sonHoBoRe Ae Gonewe MMH! TOR Xe CAMOH BoNHB! B CBOBORHOM npocTpancrEe. ‘97a pasha TeM OulyTAMe®, Hem OninKe he pacrionoxeHa k Jer. Hanke npHeeneHa ¢bopmyna pA pacie- Ta ha, KoTopam MOXeT ObiTe NonesHa Nn pacseTe m aHanwse pasnM4Nbix BONKOBOANLK yorpOIICTB. a He) Npw Bospyuiom sanonHenn BonHoBORa — ey dy = v4 opmyna enerka ynpowaercs. Bos6yxneHne sonHoBonoB Bos6yxneHne Bonk 8 BONHOBORe MOXHO OcyWeCTEHTS ¢ NoMoWLWO yCTpORCTBa, CosmaloWero B HE- KoTOpoM CeMeHAM BONHOBOAA NepeMeHHOR SMeKTPAYECKOE MAM MarHATHOS None, COBRaNAWiUee NO KOH- Qurypaumn canoesn nuknit c none Bone! TpebyeMoro Buia. BOs6yxRehWe BONH NPOMCXOAMT TaKKE pv coantannn B CreHKax sonHOBOna CBY TOKOB, COBTaMaIOUINK c TOKAMM BOnHbI KenaeMoro Tama. Cpa- sy OroBopHMeR, 4TO nioGoe YCTPOHICTSO, onyxKaulee AINA BOS6YxXNEHHA BONH, © TAKMM KO YCNeXOM MOKET wcnonssoBaTsca ANA wx npmeMa, Tip nepenave sHeprux or reHeparopa K Harpyake, Gonbuloe sHaYeHne uMeeT cornacoBaHne Ne- Penaiowero tpaxra. Mon coracosaHnem NOHNMaeTCR cnocoOHOCTS Nepenaiowen nmHMn OGecre4iTs | non 3 Hi om Harp Hin rene Bony (pue Puc coun vac Hui Bon wot Bor Hai Ke rma wn nee Ha: ma ck By" ote net “n fou Ho ve 4e ce 50 va Oe anrosannio, 2 npHM- we anex- 8 OT WX cxopoct®. sue Wa rau » saryxa- 4, nore. ‘Mined oT- | Tonuie! KowansHo- vy noche yuacTox pancree. ia pace fiers. wero 8 He 28 N10 KOH UT TaKOKE tuna, Cpa- Kom MOXET panne ne- )SecneMMr rrr eile _— ————$$—— — A3bI MUKPOBONHOBOH TeXHMKK 13 onHoe NPOXOxAeHMe K Harpy3ke afekTOMYECKOM MOUWHOCTH BbipaGaTHIBaeMo! reHepaTopoM. Sto OAH 3 HavGonee ChOKHEIK 3af1a\ NPM NPOeKTMPOBANINK MMKPOBONHOBLIX CHCTEM, OcoGeHHO GonbuWOl MOUIHO- crn. MoGwie HeEoAHOPORHOCTH B TpAKTe, K YICHY KOTOPbIX OTHOCATCA M SNeMeHTE! BOSOY-kNeHMA, McaMa Narpyska, COcoGHEI NPHBECTH K OTPAXKEHHIO MOUIHOCTH OpaTHO K reHepaTopy. MoMAMO Toro, 470 9TO chinxaeT BaixonHy!O MOUHOCTS W KITA cucTeMbl, OTPaKeHHaA SHEpria HeGharonpHATHO BOSAeAICTEyeT Ha TeHeparop 1 npM GonbuloM paccornacoBakinn MOXeT BbIBECTA ero M3 CTPOA. O6sisHo, sHeprus oF reHeparopa nloctynaer no KoaKCMANsHOH nik. NopKNioNeHHE Ge K BONHO- Bony ocywecTBNAeTCcA N¥Go B BHAe MarHHTHOM MeTNM CBAs, NMGO B BAe SNEKTPHYECKOrO WTLIPA (pc. 1.8) = Puc. 1.8, EMKocTHoi (a) M MHAYKTABHEIA (6) cnocobs! Bos6yasieHHs sonniosona Marautias nena caaau, Kak npaswno, pacnonaraetcs & MecTe, re MarHHTHOe none HanGonee CinbHo, npuYeM ee NNOCKOCTS NepneHAMKyNspHa MarHHTHEIM CHNOBLIM AMiEM. MOROGHEII BHA CBASH, B YacTHOCTH, McTiOnbayeTCA BHYTPM MarHeTpOHa Ana oTGopa SHEprin OT ero KoNebaTenbHol CHCTeMBI SnekrpHeckwit WTsips paaMeulaeToA B MaKCHMyMe SfleKTPHYECKOFO Mons, BRON eFo CUNOBLIK NA- ini, Bo mHorMx chysaax WTEIpeM CRYKUT NPoROMKEHME BYTPEHHErO NpoBOAa KOAKCHaNbHOH MMH Mn suison SHeprin reHepaTopHoro npuBopa, Takolt THN BOSByxNeHKA McnOnbsyeTCA 8 GONbUIMHCTEe MMiKDO- BonHOBLIX Ne4eHt, OBSIYHO B HUX MOWHOCT OT MarHeTpoHa nonagacr B paGouylo KaMepy Yepes HeOoN- ol oTpesOK NpAMOyronsHoro BONHOEORA. OKasbiBAeTCA, MPOWe COrnacosaTh warHeTpoH eOnHOBOROM, @ daTeM BONHOBOR ¢ paGovelt KaMepol, YeM HeNOcpeACTBeHHO MarHeTpOH c KAMepOH, BoabyxneHne eonHosoma He TAKA npocTol Gonpoc, Kak MoXeT nokasaTEcA Ha Nepsbi seran. HavGonewne cnoxHocTH BOSHAKAIOT MPH COrmacoBAHMM, B MAKPOBONHOBLX Nevax B OCOFEHHOCTH, O- CKOmbKY Harpy3ka 8 9TOM chyae MOXeT MeHRTECR B WMPOKMX Npemenax. MpakTMeckM HEBOSMOXHO CO- mmacoBaTk MarHeTPOH c pabo4ed KaMepoit TaKMM O6pasoM, HTOOEI H Np MaKcHManbHOM Garpyske Nes Wnpa npakruveckn nycTO KaMepe OTpaxaeMas MouIHOCTe KaxoquNace B AonycTHMEIK Npenenax (He 6O- nee 25 — 30%). Mostoy 80 BCeX pyKOBORCTEAX K MAKPOBONHOSbIM NevaM oroBapMBaeTcA MMHUMANL- nan sarpyaka Kameps! (oKONO 200 r). AHanorMMHiIe CNOXHOCTH BOSHMKAIOT NPA NonBITKe gaMeHb! MarHeTpoHa onHoro Tana Ha APYTOM, ake ech OcHOBHLIe SNeKTPAMECKHe NapaMeTpbi y HMXX NpaKTH4E- Ck OMHAKOBE. ECNM UMEIOTCR OTAKYUR & TEOMETPHHECKHX PaSMepAX BoIBOsIa 9HEPrHi, MOryT BOSHMK- hyre npoBnems!, HenpenBAneHHHIe ANA HenocBsUleHHEIX. FINA NocBAWIeHHLIx NpOGIeMbi OcTAHYTCA, HO craryc Wx uaMeHnTes, OHM CTaHyT OXHAaeMbIMH M BO MHOFMX chy4asX yCTPAKMMBIMH. PaccMoTpHM 6o- ee AeTaNLHO BOABYKNEHME SNeKTPOMArHHTHEIX BONH & BONKOBOAe. TMNMYHAS KOHCTPYKUWA NonKMONe- Hut MarHeTpOHHOTO reHeparopa K BoNHOBOAY NoKasaHa Ha Puc. 1.94, Bulaon aHeprnn MarHeTpoHa no cBoeH cyTA — 970 alTeHHa B Bue SNeKTpAYECKOrO WITEIPA, ANA nuerocn NponOMKeHNEM BHYTPEHHEM AHN! KOAKCHanbHOrO BoNHOBOAA. NPAMOYTONeHbIA BONHOBOR C OR Holt cropoHbi SakopoveH MeTANnH4eCKOH CTEHKO, PachonOKeHHON Ha paccroARUM NpAMEpHO B YeTeepTe AnH BOMHE!. PasMepbt LTBIPS M PACCTORHME NO KOPOTKOSAMEIKAIOUIEM CTEHKH ABNAIOTCA KNiO~ easimu npw cornacosannn reHepatopa ¢ MarHeTPOHOM. MI38eCTHO, HTO ONTHMANbHAA AAMHa AHTOHMb! B ca06onHoM npocrpavcrse pasa 2/4. B Hawem cnhyuae oO HyTs Gonee 3 cM. nia akTeHHet B BONHO- Boze NONAHa OLITb HOCKONBKO HINKE OTOFO IHAMHMA, NOCKONbKY SNeKTpMHECKAR EMKOCTE, O6pAsoBAH- aa BepXHeM KPHILKOR BONHOBONA W TOPYOM AHTeHHEs, YBeNHMMBAeT ac>deKTHBHYIO ANAAY MocnenHeM. Aoyramn cnosamn, yBennNeHHe TOpyesol EMKOCTA AHTEHHE! SKBMBANCHTHO HEKOTOPOMY YBeMMEHMIO Ce snes. Nocnenit sapnanT MeHee npennouTaTenek, NOCKONKy, BO-NepabIX, cOSAaeT y OCTPHA AHTeHHL14 Asbi MuKpoponHosoii TexHAKH BLICOKy!O HaNPAXEHHOCTE NoNs, YTO MOKET NpMBECTA k SNeKTPUHECKHM NPOBOSM, BO-BTOPEIx, yBeNHuN- BaeT NOKANbHbIM Pasorpes AHTEHHE! M, HaKOHeLL, TpeGyeT OOMbUIE BLICOTE BONHOBOAA. OOLIYHO BLIBOR MarHeTpoHa OKaHYUBaeTCA MENHDIM KONMAUKOM WHPAHOM OKoNO 1.5 CM, OTO yBenKYnBAeT TOPUeBYIO eM KOCTS, NOSTOMY ANlMHa aHTEHHB! MOXET OhiT HECKONSKO HIKE eM 1/4, DopMa u pasMepb! KoNNa4KoB, @ Takxe ANMHa AHTEHHBI Y PASHbIX MarHETPOHOB MOrYT OTHMMATECA Ayr OT APyra. ITO CBABAHO CTEM, TO Kaxqlbifi MarkeTpoH pacc4uTal Ha paGoTy ¢ BONHOBOROM onpeneNcHHeIx pasMepos. [ostomy pH saMe- He MarHeTpOHOs BaXHO 9TO YUHTbIBATb M CTapaTECA NOAOMPATs SaMeHY HE TONLKO @ COOTBETCTBMH C aNle- KTpHuecknmn napaMeTpaMM, HO MC OfMHaKOBLIMM SbIBONAMM SHEprNl Tenepe paccoTpim, Kakoe aiiaveHMe HMeeT paccTosnue L MEXAY TopYeBO! cTeHKO!| BonvioBoRA M BbiBoROM sHeprun MarHeTpoHa. Kak Gbino CkavaHO PaHee, TO PACCTORHNE NpUMEpHO PaBKO N/4. BHa~ Sane, ana npocToTHi, RonycTHM, To BbiBOA sHEprHM He HAPyWAeT CTPyKTYPY Nona s BoNHOBONe. B coOT- SeTCTBHA C rpahNYHsiMN YCROBMAM snekTpHHeCKOe None PacnpensninTcs ® BONHOBORE NO cHHycoMne Wraipb mareTpona 6yaer vanyvare onektpomarnirisie Bont 80 BCex Hanpasneninnx. HasoBeM Bonny, awxyulyioos @ HYKHOM HanpaBneHi, 7.8. K HarpyKe, — NPIMOA BONHO!, a BONK, ABHXYLIYIOCR ® po. TwBononoxKHOM OT xeMaeMoro HanpaBneHAn— o6pariol. O6patHan sonia nocne SepKansHOro Orpaxe- Hus OT MeTanniNecKolt CTEHKK HSMEHUT C801 Gaay Ha 180°. FlocKonbky Ha €@ ABWKEHAA K CTOHKE 6paTHo yiigeT nonosvHa Nepvona, vnw ewe 180°, To B TOT MOMeHT, Korfa OTpaxeHHan BoNHa AOCTHTHET uutbips, ee tbasa, cnenae nonksih o6opor Ha 360° Gyner TaKOM xe, Kak My NPMOM BONHI. MOSToMy OM cnOKATCA H/C YRBOEHHOM MOUWOCTSIO APYAHO YETPEMSTCR B KAMEPY MMKPOBONHOBOM NEU, a) 2 Pwe.1.9. Flonkmouenne marverpoxa k sonHoBony (a) M pacnpeneneHHe HanpmKeHHOCTH aneKTpH4ecKoro ona & BonHoBone (6) Teneps npennonoxkum, 470 paccrosiie L OyneT He M4, a 1/2. B aTOM cnyyae oTpaxKeHHaR OT CTeH: kw Bonia, BOSBPATACe K WTEIPIO, OKAKETOR B NDOTMBOHase C NPAMOM. STH BONHE! BIAMMHO YHUTOXKAT- 8, pacnpoctpaHeHwa SKepriM Bon’ HyXxHOrO HanpasneHna He NpoMsOliNeT, ” NAPOXKH B KaMepe octanytoa xonoptbian. Ho, Kak Bbisen ewe Maxatino SloMoHocos, Hiro He Mc4eaaer OeccnenHo. He cy- MeB npoSiTEcA 8 KAMEPY, MUKPOBONHOBAR OHeprHa OTDABHTCR OBPaTHo 8 MarHETPOH m OyReT TaM BeP- Te caon NepHbie nena, Mut paccmorpenm nea Kpaiinix cnyuaa — HannysuiMl m HaMxyRUMm. ShoG08 APyroe pacnonoxeHNe wruips act npOMeNyTONHUIA PesynbTAT, T.e. YacTs 3HeprMm YAIgeT Ha HarpOB NMPORKOB, a HacTh — Ha varpes marHeTpona. B Hawnx paccyxneHHaX MBI npennonarann, HTO WTbiph He HaMeHRIeT CTPYKTypy Nona. OnHaKO Kak 841, GesycnosHo, orambisaeTecs, 270 MaNeKo He Tax. BHOCHMAR WTEIpeM EMKOCTE HapywaeT cHHycoH nanuuyio opm pacnpeneneHun snekTpHYecKorO Nona BONHaK Hero. Mone GyRleT KOHUEHTPHDOBATECR B OcHOBHOM BHYTPM OTOH EMKOCTH, K wieansHaR CAHYCOMa TPAHCHOPMMpyETCA B peansHyio KAPTHHKY Ha pute. 1.96. Teneps nepefinem K npakriveckMM BbiB0RAM, KOTOPLIe BbITeKaloT M3 NpeAbiRyWero MaTepuana. Ecnw pm sameHe MarHeTpova NpoMcXOAMT HaMeHEHMe EMKOCTH, Wa-3a Gonbuieh nix, HaoGopoT, Melb wet ANAK! BbIBOAA SHEPrHK, TO HeMaGeXKHO NpoMsoAMeT PaccornacosalMe, cnencTaMeM KOTOPOTO MO- XeT OKagaTECA Neperpes MarHeTPOKa 4 CnaObili HArpes 8 KaMepe MAKPOBONHOBO! New. B npMHUWTe, B HeKoTopbix cny'ianx 370 MoxHO YorpaliMTs. HanpyMep, MaMeHME eMKOCTE Hil CMeCTHB MarHeTpOH OTHO- cuTenbHo Topueson cTeHku. Ho nysule 3TOrO He AenaTs, NocKONeKY PesynbTaT NONOOHEIK AeMCTAMI 6e3 CheunanbHoro oGopynoBaHna TpyAHO OTCNeAMTS, a SapaHee SLINMCNUTS HEOBXOAMMBIe KOPPEKTAPOBKM Mpaktaeckn HeBosMOxHO. CaMbilt NPOCTOH M HapexHbili cnoco6 — 9To NopOGpaTs HOBbIM MarHETPOH C ‘TaKOI Xe BLICOTOM BLIBORA SHEPTAM, KaK M y CTaporO. &_ any nase nT ana Mes: gona xe 8 Ment nono ansie ros Anan ann Bepe cBY 06xc wang act ana Rue eH! npn vate men nasi sure ‘9Kpi par ore ayer Ton va + crus rote 48 wwe aw ror) wer Ben eon 60 Koa Hoc Pe: me npc wa. MHyaenaun- io BuIBOA, eRyi0 eM a4KoB, a 2TeM, 470. apy same- sinc ane- ontosona 4, BHa- e. Bcoor- wmuycomne. ‘em Bonny, xea 8 NPO- oorpaxe- cTeHKe octurner sToMy OHM Ww Phweckoro aor cre: awsroxaT~ 8 Kamepe Ho. He cy- 14M Bop- onoxeHne acTe — Ha ako Kak cHiycon- oaarbca & pranky Ha. arepnana. 20, MEH oporo Mo- maT, B rpo} OTHO- cron 603 exTupoekt \rHeTpoH C A3bl MUKPOBONHOBOM TexHMKK 15 Sanpenensusie BonHOBOAM!, AMapparmb! Ecnit nonepeuibie pasMepi! BONHOBOMA MeHbUIe KPMTHMECKOH ANMHBI BONHE, TO TaKOl BOnHOBOR HasbisaeTcr sanpenenbibim. PacnpoctpaHeHina 9Heprin “epea Hero He NponcxomiT. HeoSKoAUMO ro- MilTe, 470 TepMiMH “sanpenenbibil” Berna OTHOCHTeNeH. BesKii BoNHOBOA sBNACTCA aanpeneNbHbM NR ORHUK HACTOT H OBBIHHBIM BHA APyrHX. TlosTOMy, KOrNa roBOpsT “aanpenenbHBiA”, Bcerda nonpasy- NeBaeTCR pAGONAs YacTOTA, ANA KOTOPOIA BONHOBON TaKOBbIM ABNseTCR. C NoMOUIsIO NONOGHOTO BONKO- Bona MoxHO oGecneuInTE ROCTYN K O6IACTM, B KOTOPOH COCPENOTONEHO SNeKTPOMarHHTHOE None, HB TO (xe SpeMa HaGexaTb YTe4KM SHEPrMM, Hecmotps Ha To 4To pacnpoctpaxeHie sHeprum 8 SanpemenbHOM BonHoBORe oTCyTCTAYeT, nepe- MenibIe aneKTPHYECKOe Mt MarHITHOR rons cyulecTayioT. Cunoable naHilM fons KaK Obi STArHBAloTCA B NonocTs sonHosona. AMNnMTYsa STHx Monel yOuIBaeT NO oKcNOHeHTe NO Mepe yAaneHMA OT Bxona. Ko- nuvecTeeHHo CreneHs yOuIBaHAa rons CHMKAeTCA NpHMepHO B 1000 pas NpM ynaneki OT BxoRA Ha pac- crosiite, paBHoe Ake. B CBO OMepelb, KPHTANECKAA AIMHa SONHSI NPAMEPHO BABCe npeBsIWaACT waMeTp Kpyrnoro Bonliosona. MosToMy ecnit, HanPMME, Mbi HMGeM OTBePCTHe BMaMETpOM 1 MM 8 Me~ TannnecKOi CTEHKE TOMUIMHOM 2 MM, TO HANPSKeHHOCTH None Ha NPOTABONONORHLNX KOHUAX STOFO OT- sepctma Oynyr oTnauaTeca, npAMeplo, 8 1000 pas. Ho 970 elle He SHaYNT, TO OnHa THicAMHAR Jona CBY MouwocTn SyneT wsnysatbcA 8 OKpyxaloulee NpocTpaHCTAO. Hna Toro YTobsI 9TO NpoMsOWNO, He O6xORMMO HeNOCPEACTBEHHO y OTBEPCTAA MMETS KAKOV-NKGYAb NPHEMHVK MAKDOBONHOBOTO MaNyHeHAR, HanpiMep KoaKcHanbHbil KAGE C NeTNeh cBRSA Ha KOHUe. MIpH eFo OTCYTCTAAA NWS ONeHE Manan acTb sHeprnn, COCpeROTONeHHO! y BbIXORHOTO OTBepCTAA, OymeT HanyYaTecA Hapyxy. MpaKTHYecki, Ang Tex CooTHOWeHHI pasMepos, KOTOPLIE NPHBEREHL! B HalleM MPMMEPE, MOXHO CHHTATS, 4TO MaNYHE- Hue oToyToTayeT NONHOCTBIO. Kamepa MukposonioBoa neun conepxnT Gonbwoe KoNHYECTBO pasn#ulbixX OTBepeTAA, npenKasHa- VekHbIX Qf OCBEUIEHMA, KOHBEKUMM BOSAYXA, BH3YaNLHOTO HaGMioneHNs VM T.p. MosTOMy BAxHO SHAT, ripe Kaxux yonoBnax oGecnounBaeTca QocTaToMHas oKpaHApoBKa Kamepsi. HacKoNeko NpasoMepHo CuK Tate oTBepcTHE B KaMEPE GaNPeF|eNbHLIM BONHOBOGOM, ECnH ero NponoNbHbIe PasMepbI sHauMTENbHO Menbue Axe? Apennonoxme, To TonulMHa cTeHKH Gnvaka K Hynlo, TakOe OTBepcTHe yxKe NPOCTO HenpH- vsHo Ha3biBaTe BONHOBOROM, NlosTOMy 6yAeM HasbiBATS ero AMatbparMoli, KaK NPMHATO 8 TeXHMMeCKOH nwreparype no CBU. CoorseToTseHHo yonoBve A>/kr Yxe He MOXET 6biTb NOCTATOMHEIM DNA HanexHoI ‘oxpaknpoaxi. Packet Nona NPOHNkaiolero CKO AMAIPPArMy HOBOMbHO CNOXxeH, NosTOMY MBI paccMo- ‘PHM FiMule HEKOTOPLIC GaKTbi, KOTOPBIE NOSBONAT KaK-T0 OpMeHTAPOBATECA B YOBHE MSNyHEHNA CKBO3b oTBepeT#A & KaMepe MMKDOBONHOBOA Ne4M. MpakTAka NOKagbIBAST, 4TO HANYHOHME NpeBLIMAIOUIee s10- AYCTIMUIA yPOReH, BOSHUKaeT, Kora RUAMETP KPYroro OTBepCTUA COCTaBNAeT NpAMepHO 15 — 20 MM. Tone, eosbyxnaeMoe Kpyrnon RuatparMo;, Nponop\yMOHaNsHO Ky6y ee panuyca. MocKoniky usnyeHKe WS HECKONEKINX OTBEpCTMM NPUMepHO MPoNOpyNOKANsHO Mx YMchy, TO saMeHa opHOrO GonbWOro OTBEp- CTAR HECKONBKMMA MANBIMH, ¢ TOR KO NnoUlANbIO Nonepe4Horo ceMeHHA, NMBOAMT K OcnaGneHHO Nona 8 if pas. Stor char vononbayeTcA NpH MPOEKTHPOBAHINH OKOH B MUKPOBONHOBEIX feNax, KOTOpEIE H3- rovasnneaioTes 8 BAe MenkonepopHpoBAHHOA CeTaN. MonyTHo 3aMeT#M, HTO yMeHEUICHMe RHaMeTpa SNGEK COTKM NONORHTENbHO CKAIBIBACTCA M Ha AUSAMIH MUKPOBOMHOBO New Ecru auapparma npencrasniser coGol He Kpyrnoe, a wereBoe orsepcTve, To Gonbuoe sHayeHHe weer ero NpocTpalcTaenHaA OpHeHTaunA. YaKaR wlenb He MSNy4aer, ecm OHA pacnonaraeToR enon iwnit ToKa, KAK 9TO NOKAgaHO Ha PHC. 1.10. VHaYe rOBOPA, MsNYYeHHe CKBOSb WEN’ BOSHHKACT TONEKO Torna, Kona Oa NpepLIBAeT NMHMM TOK Ha NOBEPXHOCTH NpOBOAHMKa, CKAsaHHOS OTHOCHTER K Y3KOH Uuent, Wipyita KOTOPOH SHAYHTENLHO MEHSWe ANAM! BONN! BOS6yxAaWUIMX KoNeOAHH. SkauNTeNbHoe NOBLIUEHKE HANYHEHNA CKBOSE AMaK>parMy MOXeT NpousO‘ITH, eonH HenocpencT- Beno B6nKaN OTBePCTHA pacnonoxKeHe! KaKMe-n”GO NPOBORA MK HHOM NPOBOARLWNA Mycop. OcoBeHHO 2on# exB0%b OTBEpCTHO NPOXOANT OTPEZOK NPOBOANMKa. STO MOXET OuiTb aaGuITAIN NPM PeMOHTE NM cBopxe BHT, wypyn, KYCOK npoBona H T.A. B sTOM chywae AMaM>parMa MOXeT NPeEpaTHTbcA B OTPESOK KoakcnanbHoro BOnHOsoRa, ANA KOTOPOTO He CyWeCTEYeT OrpakMMEHi Ha sMAMeTP, M MsnyYaeMam MOU NOoTe MOET yBenMuATECR 8 COTHM pas. OToIOa BLBOR: 4McTOTa — sanor afopoBeA, Pesonaroppr Ecnu 8 sonkosone Ha pyc. 1.9 Ha nyTH pacnpocTpaHeHia snekTpOMArHMTHO!l BONHEI NoCTAsUT MeTannnYeckyi0 CTeHKY, TO BONA OTPASHTCR OT Hee H ABHHETCA B OOpaTHoM HanpasneHin. Holina NO NpoTwBoNONOXHOH CTeHKH, OHA BHOBL OTPAsMICA, M 9TOT Npouecc 6yneT NOBTOPATECA Ao Tex nop, NoKA ¥9-9a NOTep» IHEprHM B CTeHKAX BONHOBOAA BONNA OKOHATENBHO HE saTyxHeT. Ecnh np sTOM chasbl NHoroKpaTHo OTPAXeHHBIX OT CTeHOK BONH OyAyT COBNaAaTe, TO 9TH BONHEI, BZAKMHO YCHNHBAR APYT RPY-re 16 Asbi MuKposonHosoii TexHnKn Fa, MOTYT 8 COTHH pas YBENMiT HANPAKEHHOCTH ONeKTPOMArHHTHEIX Nonell 8 paccmatpHBaeMol o6na- om. Kak waBecTHo M3 cbwainki, cyMMMpoBaline OnMHAKOBLIX NO YACTOTe M aMnnitTy;e BONH, ABMKYUHX- 8 8 NpOTHBONONOXHEIX HaNPABNeHMAX, NET 8 MTOre CTORUyIO BON. [losTOMy B paccmaTpABAeMOM ‘oGveme crpyktypa none sxton’ npononbHow oc GyRieT MlonoGHa CTPyKTYpe ronem BRON OCTANkHEIK KO- opnintiat. Sto yBepxReHIte HE OMEBMAHO, M HEKOTOPLIM HMTATONAM MOXET NOKASATECR COMHATENIEHEIN, B ka¥ecTae qokasaTenscT8a MOXHO NpMBECTA NpAMep, HACTO HaGnionaembi B MpMpone. CToR y KAMeH- HOlt HABEPEXHO!, MOXHO 3AMETHTb, KAK BONHE!, HANPABNeHHbIe K Gepery, CkKNaNbIBARcb C OTPAXeHHEIMA OT rpannTHEix cTeH, Cosnalor HNNIOSINIO NonHoro OTeyTCTEHa NpORONsHOrO NEMKeHINA. Bonk! NORAKMAIOT- (Of WONYCKAIOTCA, HaXORACE Ha OAHOM MTOM Xe MECTe M Hikysia He ABMFasGD. Mo oTOMy NoBoRY xopOLO ‘ckaaan "Gonswom y¥eHbiA" KosbMa MpyTkos: "Bpocas B Bony KAMOLIKK, CMOTPM Ha KDYTH, uMM OGpaaye- Mule; Mave Takoe Gpocahne GyneT nycTow sa6as0w" Puc. 1.10, Bnhanve opHeHTayAH wenei 8 BoNHOBORe Ha wx HanysaloUlyIo cnlocoBHocTs (pacnpeneneHne TO- OB Ha BHYTPeHHeM nosepxHOCTA BonHOBonA NoKasaNo ANA SOMME! TATA Hie) ‘AlaneHne, mph KOTOPOM ycTaHaBnuBaeTCA PexvM CTOAMMX BONH, HASbIBAETCA PESOHAHCOM, a YCT- oiicTB0, rae BCe STO npovexonMT, — pesoHaropom. TeoMeTpAYeCKOe Teno, O6pasoBakHoe HAMM B Pe- SyNbTATe MaHMNYAAUWA C BONHOBONOM, ECTe He HTO WHOS, Kak NPHSMa; COOTBETCTBEHHO OROCHLIC PesoHaTope! HasHIBAIOTCA NpMSMATMYECKMMM. PasyMeeTCA, NPUSMATHHECKAS opMa He ABNAeTCA ODA. 2a TENGHEIM ATPUByTOM pesoHaTopa. /HOBOM OObEM, OrPAHAEHHBii CO BCEX CTOPOH NpoBoRAUEA Nosepx- WocTblo, MOXT PaCcMATpHBATHCA KAK PeaoHATOP. OAHAXO Ha NPAKTHKE CTPEMsTCA MCNoNsOBaTb ApocTbie (opMul, NOCKONLKY WX NapaMeTPE! MoryT GuiTe NpOCHMTAHE! aHanKTHYeCKH. Bones CNOxHEIE POpMes TPebyIOT PACHETOB C OMOLLILIO CNEUWANBHbIX YCNEHHEX METOROB Ha MOWHbIX KOMNBIOTePAX, ApHueM BpeMs, TpeSyeMoe ANA pacteTa TONLKO PesoHaHCHEIX YacTOT, MOXET MaMepaTEOA YacaMM. HO hanKal onne: aM waere Geer’ ans peo puto. Puc. py«r ry per nate ome non eyuy pop awa car sont pes na ® pu Hol oak 06} HbIe yee Apa xen Hos nytAsbi MuKpoBonHopoii TexHKH 17 soit o6na- BHR MX: BaeMon THK KO" “enbHbin y Kame >xeHHBIMM AKHMaIOT- ly xopowo obpasye- aenenue to- com, a yor- Hain 8 pe- nonobHbIe iaeToR O8- jel nOBepX- nonbsoBaTe fe CROXHBIE wnbioTepax, vacamn. HO HnKaxoli KoMNiIOTep He NloMOXeT, ecnM pesoHaTop MMeeT POpMy, He NoAAaIOUyIocR MaTeMaTHuecKOMY onncannio. B 3TOM Cry¥ae NOMOUE MOXET TOMbKO 3KChepAMEHT, TO OCT Bb MarOTABNMBAeTe PegoHATOP ‘SaMpicnosaTon (PopMl, KOTOPEI, Ha Bau BSTNAT, NOMKEH CONaflaTs NPeBOCXOAHLIMM CROCTBAMM, BKNIO- yaee — He paboraer; sHOcHTe KOPpeKTHBEI, BkmOHAeTe — He paboTaeT. VI Tak AO TeX NOP, MoKA He HO- Geetec Tpe6yemoro peaynbTaTa WMK Noxa He NoNKeT Balle TepneHue W BbI HE peUwWTe, 4TO nysWe ‘SaKATECR BbIpAUIBaHMEM KAKTYCOB. Avanorom pesoWaropa 8 panwoTexHHKe cnyxkuT KoneSaTenbHbit KONTyp. Stank! NocTeneHHorO Npeo6pasosana pesoHaTopa & KOHTYP NO Mepe YBENKYEHHA pesoHAHCHO YacTOTe! NoKAgAHs! Ha pro. 1.11. c L ns << 2 Puc. 1.11. Mlocnegosarensuuii nepexon or KoneGaTensioro KoHTYpa K pesoHaTopy no Mepe yBenAHeHAA Ha- crore Yacrora KoneGarensHoro KOHTYpa BbIsucnAeTeR No dopmyne: 1 2nvLC rae L — WHAyKTHBHOCTS KaTyWKM KoHTypa, a C — eMKocTb KoHAeHCaTopa. C nossiwieHMem pesoHaHicHoli HacToTs! KoHTypa sHaeHiA sennunl LH C yMeHBWaIoTOR. KOHCT- PyKTHBHO 3TO BLITNAAMT KAK PageMXeHNe NNacTHH KOHAeHCATOPA M CHHKEHHE KONAMECTBA BHTKOS Ka- ‘yuki cHaYana AO OfIHOTO, a 3aTEM NO HECKONEKHX, NapannenbHo BKNKOMEHHBIX NONYBHTKOB, KOTOPHIe & penene cnusaioTcs 8 eAMKy!O SaMkHyTyIO NonocT®. Kak MB KOHTYPe, OCHOBHbIMM NapaMeTpaMM pe3o- Naropa RensIOTCR PesoHAHcHsIe acTOTe! M NOPOTHOCTS. PACCMOTPMM KAXABIA M3 STHX NapaMeTpoB 8 oTmensHOcTH NPMMeHMTeNbHO K NpMaMaTHHECKOMY PeoHATOPY, Kak HaMOonee Hac MHTepecyiouieMy, Mil ony4nnh ero M3 BONHOBONA, OSTOMY Bnone EcTeCTBeHHO, TO YacT cBOlicTS BonHOBOAA OyneT NpH- cyuia W NpAOMaTAMeCKOMy PesoNaTOpy. MHOXECTBO THNOB BONH, CyUlecTAYIOUAX 8 BONHOBORE, TpAHc~ opuupyerca 8 cToRYAe BoNHs! PesoHaTOpA, KOTOPLIe OBPaayioT MHOXECTBO BiNNOB KONebaHWiA, To aanorii ¢ NPAMOYTONbHBIM BONHOBOAOM, BML! KONeCAHNt NpHsMaTH4eckoro PesoHaTopa O6osHAHaNT- Ca nyren qoOasneHna K THNY BONHBI eule OAHOTO MHReKCa, yKAsbIBAOUIeT KONHNECTEO CTORYMX ony Bond eflons NPORONLHOK KOopAMHATEI. COOCTBEHHO NOHATHA NpomOMHOM M NONepeHHOM KOOPAMHaT RNA pesonaTopa TepsIoT CMBIcN, NlOCKONEKY CTPyKTypa noneli 6 NloSoM HanpasneHnn 3aBMOHT TONGKO OT BM- a Kone6aHni H reoMeTpHeck™x pasMepoB CTopoH. Hv onHO 43 HanpasneHii HenbaA BbinenMTe Kak ‘ovopmTeTHo8. TIpn aTOM chepyeT NOMHIsT», TO OBosHaYeHNe Bila KONeOaHMl CBRSAHO c ONpeneneH- HK opweHaume npuiaMaTnueckoro pesovaTopa. Hanpimep, ORMH Ht TOT xe BNR MOXeT paccMaTpMBaTe- ca KaK Hite, Hier, Hon 8 SABMCHMOCTH OT BbIGDAHHON CHCTeMB: KOOPAMHAT. f= Kaxnbilt ang KoneSaHuih @ pesoHarope xapakrepwayeTes COCTReHHOM pesoHaHcHo HacToTO M AOGpoTHOCTHIO. AANOFHYHO GONHOBOAY, CaMbI HUSKOMACTOTHI BMA HaSHIBAeTCA CCHOBHEIM, OCTANs- Hole — BbicUMM” BngaMn, Ha NpakTHke OOLINHO HCTONLayeTCA OCHOBHOM Bi, NO TeM xe NpHUNHAM, MTO ws cnyyae BonHoBona. Kamepa miiposonHosol nen, KoTOpylo MoxKHO paccMaTpHBaTe Kak NpMgMaTH eck peaoHaTop, — 9TO Kak pas To penkoe HcKNIONoHHe Ma NpaBMNa, KOTOpOe NOATBepXxpaeT camo npasino. [leno 8 TOM, 4To pesoHaHcHbie HBNeHMA B KAMOpe, CKOPEe, BbIHYKeHHas HEOGxoAMMOCTE, HEM xonaTensHoe aBneHite. Bonee Nonpo6Ho sToT Bonpoc 6yAeT PaccMoTpeH 8 pasnene “KaMepa MMKPOBON- Hosoi neu". Anwiist Bonk pesonaropHbix BANoB KoNeGaHMl BLINMCNAIOTER NO (bopMyne, HanoMMHaIWeh dopMy- ay Ana pacveTa KPHTH4ECKHX [)IMH BONH B BONHOBOAE:18 A3bI MUKPOBONHOBON TexHuKu Kak # 8 BONHOBONe, B pesoHaTope cywjectsyioT E w H Bunt! KoneSaHwiA. Ho, kak cnepyeT m3 np BoneHHOA opMynsi, pescHaticHan vacroTAa SABHCHT ToneKO OT MHTEKCOB Ba KoneGaHnit, a He OT Tuna Bonk). HanpAMep, KoneGaHua BxnioB Er Hiss OyRyT NPORCKORUTD Ha OFHOM M TO! xe HacToTe. B oTOM enyae roBopst, To fale BURb! KONeGAKM ANAIOTCR BbIpOXTeHMbiMAN. PeansHaa KApTHKa NOR B Pe- s0HaTope 6yfeT NpeACtasnATs COGOM KoKTelinb M3 sTHXx BugoB. MpeobnanaHne KoneOakwii Toro MNM MHO- To ema OyneT caRsaHo TonsKo c ycnoBuaMn BOSbyxNeHHS Panee Guina oTMeveHa aHanoraa MexXny peaoHaTopoM 4 KoneGaTenbHbIM KOHTYPOM. Ho ecTe cy- WecTaeHHaA pasHiua Mexny SugaMM KoNeDaHii 6 pesoHaTOpe M rapMOHHKaMn KOHTYpa. Mipnpona STuK Pasnuunh KpoeTcs B NpoCTDAHCTBEHHOM MopMe KoNeGaHni B pesoHaTope, B TO BPEMA KaK B KOHTYDE anekTpomarHnTHaR SHeprMA MOXET ABMTATECA TONeKO B ONHOM HanpasneHnu — BON» NPOBOAHMKA C TO- kom. Tloatomy rapMoHMki ecerna KpaTHbl OCHOBHO! YacTOTe, a 8 PeaoHaTOpe Ace onpenensteTcA cooT- HoweHWeM wiReKCOB mM, N, P, PASMHYHBIe COMETAHMA KOTOPEIX nlosBOnAIOT nony4aTe Gonbwoe PaskooOpasne BynoB KoneGaHHit, HACTOTEI KOTOPSIX MOTYT pacnonaraTbca Ha MOGOM PaccToRHi OT OC HoBHOM YacroTs!. Ha pic. 1.12a NoKasal CneKTp pesoHaHcHbix ¥aCTOT ANA pesoHaTopa c NonepeYHBiMN pasmepamn 200x300x400 mM, To ecTs npMMepHO CooTSeTOTaYIOUIMM KAMepe MukposONHOBOA now. Kax HeTPYBHO SaMeTHMTS, HEM faNLWe MbI YAANREMCH G CTOPOHY OONee BEICOKMX 4aCTOT, TEM ryule Pacriono- >xeHB! pesoHalichbIe YacroTE. B Nperene OWN cnHBAIOTCA B cnnowWHOH cheKTp. lTpMXOBOH NAsWelt OTM NeHa paGo¥an YacToTa MMKPOBONHOBLIX neYeli. HECMOTpA Ha: To, TO HenocpencTseHHo Ha paboveh YactoTe HeT Hh onHOro pesoHalca, B KaMepe OHM GyAyT BOS6yxKRaTECA B OONLWOM KONMMECTBE. YTOBs! NOHATS, KAKKM 06pas0M 9TO NPOMCKOAHT, HEOGXOAMMO BHAMANe PACCMOTPETb BTOPOM OCHOBHO Napa- Mp pesoHaTopa — nobpotHocts. Jl | Pic. 1.12. Crektp pesoHaHcHbix YacTor KaMepsi MUKPOBOMHOBOH neuN ¢ nonepeuHbiMM pasMepaMi 200x300x400 mm (a), # annnaTyRHo-vacroTHaR XapaKTepycTuka pesoHanca BGnMsM paGoven Hac- ore! (6) Kax y>ke oTMevanocb, npM pesoHalce aMnniTynbi sneKTpHYecKOro M MarHMTHOrO nonel BCOTHH ‘Teicsun pag npesbiualoT aMnnuTyAy BosbyxRaloulero Nona. MakcMManbHoe sHaveHHe amnnuTyy OrpaHit MBaeTCA TM, 4TO C POCTOM HANPAXKEHHOCTH MarkuTHOFO Nona BOSpAcTAlOT M TOKM B CTeHKAX pesoHa- ‘Topa, 470 NpMBOAMT K RONOAHHTeNbHEIM NoTepAM. B KaKOH-TO MOMeHT SHEPriA, TepreMan B CTEHKAX, cpashseTca c sHeprMeli BOS6yAxAHMA M ycTAHOBMTCA CoCToAHMe paBHosecis. ‘Taknm o6pasom, 8 pescHarope sanacaeros HeKoTopan skeprnn. Ecnit 8 STOT MOMEHT OTKMIOMMTS UCTOUHKK BOSEYKNEHMA, TO KONeGAHAA B pesoHaTOpe NPOnOMxaWTCA OTHOCHTeNLHO AoNro, (370 MOryT 6siTe COTHU MepmonoR), NoKa BCA sanaceHHaR sHepriia HE MspAcKORyeTOA Ha Harpes CTEHOK. OeBUAHO, YeMm MeHbule MoTepH & PesoHaTope, T.e. YeM BbIule ero KA4ECTBO, TeM Ha Goee BLICOKOM ypoBHe cTa- una Topa venp Kn pc To waa wn onpe Baio ans pa,! Tave ane pax TA pao Pe i i Mri a 3aifev us np he of Tana, v7e. B aTom ona @ pe- Own HHO fo ecto cy- spona svix 8 KONTYDE: wna ¢ To- rca coor. Sonswoe thm o oc- epeuteimi new. Kax 2 pacnono- weit oTme- 2 pabowel Be. Yro6 Hol napa aamepamit iowed wac- 8 coTHH norpann- x pesoha- crenkax, TKMOMMT: 310 MOryT NweBMAHO, oBHe cTa- Asbi mukposonHosoii TexuKn 19 Gmnwaypyerca amnnuTyna KoneGaknit H TEM onbWwe OHM ByAyT NpoKEXOANTE Noche oTKMIOYeHHA TeHEpa- topa. Ina onpenenenns kavecrea pesoHaTopa aScomoTHbie 3HaveHMR aNINniTyA 4 BpeMeHK 2aTyxaHnA senpArontul, NOCKONLKY OH SaBMCAT OT yPOBHA BXOAHOTO cHrHana. YaObHee B KavecTEe XApaKTepUCTH- vu pesonaropa Wcronb30BaTb OTHOUIGHNE SanaceHHOM SHEPrMM K BENMNMHE NOAEOAMMOM MOWHOCTH Uni, s710 To Ke caMoe, K MOUIHOCTH, TepseMOM 8 PesOHaTOpe Sa ON NepMog KoNeGAHNA, Dro OTHOWEHKE M wasueaeTon Ho6pOTHOCTEIO. Kaxgulit pesonatop cnoco6en paGotars Ha lo6o M3 NpMHaRNExKAWIAX eMy PesoHAHCHbIx YacToT inn Rake cpasy Ha HECKONEKiX, NockoneKy noTeph Ha PasHbix YacTOTAX pasHble, NOOPOTHOCTS Bcerna onpenenseTcA NpHMeHMTeNbHO K KaKOMi-TO KOHKpeTHOlt HacTOTe. OGbIMHO 9TO OCHOBHAA YacToTa, HO Gbi- BaioT cheunpuueckie chyYan, Korna pesoHatop Bos6yxnAeTCA Ha Gones BLICOKOYACTOTHBIX BMBaX KONe- Gann’. Kak ike ynOMMHANOCE, MMKPOBONHOBAR NeY — ORMH M3 TaKMX cny'aeR. eM abie HOSpoTHOCTE, TeM y>Ke Monoca YaCTOT, B KOTOPO!i BOSMOKHO BOS6yxkFeHMe PesoHATO- a, « Tem Gonbwe amnnittyna Kone6aknh sneKTpoMarHHTHoro Nona, CyujectsyeT npoctaa dopMyna, yo- TakaANNBaOWAA CBAIb MEXAY QOOPOTHOCTE!O H WMPAHOM Nonocs! pabouwx 4ACTOT: t of me Af — wapwita nonocti Ha yposHe nonosHHHOM MoUIHOCTH. Ecnit Her noTepe, To Boa6yxkNleHHe pesoHaTopa BOSMOKHO ToNbKO Ha pesoHaHcHolt Yacrore. War snes0, war enpaso — raGens ana KoneGaHini, Ho pesonarop 6e3 NoTeps — ato Hexaa MaeanbHan a6cT- paxura HanonoGne HenorpewnMoro Mncyca Xpucra. B peanbHort KMaHM NOTEpH M rpexA BCOTna ECT, XO- TR Oh MOTYT OnITs ONEHE HesHauNTenbHH. OOPOTHOCTE CaMBIX BLUICOKOKAHECTEeHHEIX pes0HATOpOB, paGoTaIoUWX 8 YCROBMEX CBEpxNPOBOAMMOCTH, MOXKET NpeBLILATs 10 000. B GonsWHHCTaE BAKyyMHBIX mpxGopos CBY no6potHocrs cocTasnaet nopanka 1000. DoSpotHocre nycToH KaMepti MuKpoBONHOBOM neMM Ha pabowNx BHNAX KoNeGaHNi He NpeBBUAeT 100, nosroMy nonoca ¥acToT, Ha KOTOpO!| NPOXCKOAMT 8@ BOAByxAeHKe, Gores 25 Mu. CnenoBarensHo, KaMepa MOXeT BOS5YxAATECA Ha BMAX, KOTOPHIE CMELEHE! OTHOCHTENLHO YACTOTE! MarHeTpOHA Ha 12.5 MTy 8 nio6yio cropony n naxe Gonee. B KaMecrse nmocTpauwm Ha pyc. 1.126 nokasaHa aMnnurynHo- ‘acrorian xapakTepucTaka pesoHanca Ha WacToTe 2.44 (Tu. M3 prcyka BHRHO, HTO, HECMOTPA Ha yaa Tesiiocte pesoHanca oT uacTOTs MarHeTDOHA, OM GyneT ycnewHO soabyxnaTecR. To xe caMoe oTHOcHToR MK APYTMM GniwsnexaulMn BHaM. Q Samepnntoune cucTembi PaGora snekrpowakyyMHbx np6opos CBU (8 ToM wene MarHeTpoNos, HcnonbayeMbXx 8 MiKpO- sommossix nevax) OcHosana Ha BganMonelicTaMA noToKa sneKTpoHos © oneKTpoMaruutrHeiM noneN, 3- tecrnenocrs padoTe! npwGopoe vacro saBNciT oT pnurensHoerH TaKoro szanMonevcrais, Fpy 3TOM BcshakaeT npoGnema, CoNsaHWas C TEM, M70 HiIKAKHM HanpRXEHMEM HEBOSMOXHO Pa2orwaTe aNeKTPO- ts no ckopotTa cBeTa, © KOTOpOR pacnpocTpavinloren anekrpoMarHmTHbIo Bonus. HO ech fopa He AReY WMarowery, atau, Hyxno Maromery usta rope. fina yorpavienian eroro HecoorBeroraiin Guin coana- hs pasniunbie yorpolicrBa, KOTOpLIe NOSBONRIOT NGO SaME/VINTs pacnpocrpaNeHNe anextpOMArHITHLIX 20mm, 1HG0 CosfaTs wMiATa4io Hx saMenneHia. B kavecTse NPOCTEMUEH saMeRNAOUIeA CHCTEMLA MOK vo paccMarpuBarb BOMHOBOA C fWaNeKTpAWeCKHM 2anONHeNHEN. Onwako Takoe peweHne He ECerna NPHEMNeMO 43-34 OTHOCHTENLHO BEICOKHX NoTepl H HEGONEUO- ro KoatouuveHta aamennenus. Hanpumep, eci Tpe6yeTcA samennuTe cKopocTe Bonk! 8 20 pas, TO hnenexipaveckan NpOHKUaeMOcTs MaTepHaa SaNONHeHMlA NOMxHA GbiT» Gonee 400. Takumu napameT- aM orfanaIOT TONKO CArHETONIEKTPMKiK, HO OHH B TO XE BEM MMEIOT H CAMBIE BLICOKHE NoTepH, TO WoknioyaeT Wx vcrionkaoBaHwe. Vis MCnonBayembX Ha NpaKTUKe SaMeRNAIOUWK CMiCTeM HavGonee Npo- c1oW HNOHSTHO ABNAeTCA “cnMpansHaR” (prc. 1.13). Boniia 8 Ke pacnpocrpansiercs axons uaorHyTod 8 elie Chupank UeHTpANsHoH ANB! KOAKCHMaN- Horo gonkiosona, m NosTOMy ee ()asOBaR CKOpOCTb SaMennReTCA. B xaectee SaMennsiowed CHCTEMBI MOFYT ChyxWTS CBRSAHHBIE PESOHATOPEI, HACTPOEHHBIE Ha On- hy Nacrory. PaayMeeTeR, ech OHM CBRSAHEI NoneM, a He Ge¥eBKoK nepen chaveli 8 yTHnb. CBAs Mex Ay pesoHaTopaMu NpMBOAMT K TOMY, HTO BOSHNKHOBeHME KONeGaHM B ONHOM HS HMNX MHMUMMPYET Kone6anns 8 cocenHWX. Ecn 3 HECKONEKHX pesoHATOPOB COBRATS LleNOUKy, TO perynMApOBKO CARH MOxHO Tak nonOGpaTs cbaabi KoNeGaHiNli, 4TO SmeKTPOH, NponeTAOWWh BON’ STOM YeNOYKH, BCe BpeMA 6yner HaxORMTECR B ORHOH u TOH xe (ase,Asbi MukposonHosoii TexHuKn 20 cnctembt 1.13. Konerpyxums cnupansuoi samennsioujenA3bI MUKPOBONHOBOM TeXHMKH 21 B kavecTse HarnsnHoi wnniocTpauMn MOXxHO NpMBECTA aHanorMIo M3 CNOpTHBHOR xMSHM: raBalt- can aopnren, aaknMaioulniicn CephMliroM MOXET NPOROMKUTENLHOE BPEMA NaHTaTLCA BMeCTE C BON- Hoi, HaxonAcs Ha ee rpeOHe. Ha pvc. 1.14 npencTasnes cnyyaii, Korma 3a BpeMA, HeOOXoAMMOE ANA peogoneHins anekTPOHOM PACCTOAHA MEXR COCeHUMM pesoHATOpaMN, (basa KONeOaHnit WaMeHAETCA ha 180°, unit Ha % panwal, TlonoGHar saMennmowan CCTeMa, CBEpHYTAA B KoNbUO, HCnOnbayeTCA B Ka eotae akonHoro GnloKa MarHeTpoHoS. 1.3. MarHetpoup! MarvetpoHoM HaabisaeTcR reHepaTopHbil, BakyyMHbil, RByXaNeKTpoAHLI NpHGOp CBY, B KOTO OM [aHXEHME STeKTPOHOB NPOMCXOAMT 8 CKPEUIEHHEIX SNeKTPHYECKOM M MarHATHOM nonax. [lepen TeM Kak OsHaKOMMTECA ¢ PaOOTO! MarHeTPOHA, HEOBXOLMMO BCROMHMTS GaKOHbI BSaMMONEMCTBMA SNeKTPO- HOB C SNeKTPAYECKHM M MarHHTHBIM NONAMM, HEM MBI 6 RaHHBI MOMeHT M salimemcn. Asnxenne snexrponos 8 anexTpuueckom none Ha pv. 1.15 nokagalib! Tp OCHOBHEIX cnyHas MBiKEHNA ON¥HONHOTO sNekTpOHA B OnHOPOAHOM ane KIpiNeckoM Nome, COSAAHHOM EYMA NAOCKAMM SneKTpORAMM, OOOSHAMEHHEIMM KAK aHoa (+) M KaTOR () +++ + ++ + + ++ + +) a. 6. B. Pwe.1.18. Bapnantbl pBHxeHKA aneKTpoHOS B NlocTORHHOM anexTpHYeCKOM none B nepeom cnysae (pve.1.15a) onekTpoH anevaer 8 none, OTpLBascE OT OTPHUATENLHO SapAKEHHO- ro xarona, [Ins Takoro sflekTpoHa none GyfleT ycKOpmOUMM. OHO flelicTayeT Ha aNeKTPOH ¢ nocToRHHoM cunoiiw 3acTaensier ero ABHTaTECA ¢ YCKOPEHHEM B7!OM> CHnoBLIX NuHiNh Mons. [pw STOM, KMHETHMECKAA snepran snexTpona Bogpacraer. Ecnu oH MlonanaeT B YCKOpAIoUle® NONe, He MMeR HaNantHol cKOpOCTH, To, focTurays aHona, OH npMOGpeTaeT cKopocre, pashyio: v=6-10°U , wicex, me U — Kanpmoxennie Mexny aHonoM H KaronoM. Kax eval, cKopocTe sneKTpolia He SaaNcHT OT npofineKHoro paccrosMs, a onpenenreTcA UCKNIO- nrenbio pashocTbio noTeHuManog. Kak MaBeCTHO, HEPA He BOSHHKAeT M3 HMUeFO. [pMoopeTeKHyIO kieTHMeckyio SHEprHio SneKTPOH OTGupaeT y Nona, MepeMecTas OTpHUATENLHBIA sapsA C KaTOAA Ha ‘Hon, @NeKTPOH CHMSHN SapAA OGOMX SNeKTpOMOB M TEM CaMBIM YMEHEUIN HANPAXEHHOCTe Nona MeExaY inn. Eon anexTpon enetaer # none co cropoxbi akona (pwc. 1.156), HMR HeKOTOpyio HaNanbHyi0 CKO- pocts, To none 6yneT ANA Hero TOPMOsAWIMM. CKOPOCTE MEWXeHMA aNeKTpOHa Mero KHHETHYECKAR SHEP” run 8 TopMOaAWIEM lone yMeHBUIaIOTCA, TaK Kak B aHHOM chy4ae pa6oTa COBEpUIAeTCA HE CAnAMM ona, 4 CaMUM anleKTPOHOM, KOTOPHIM 3a CHET CBOE SHEPrHn NpeononeBaeT conpoTHeneHue crn nonA. OHep- Fue, TepreMan aneKTpoKOM, NepexoaMT K onto, MeR qOcTATOMHbI” ganac SHepriil, sneKTDOH MOxET noneTeTt fo KaTOAA, HECMOTps! Ha AelicTaMe TopMosAUIMK orn Nona. Ho ech, He AOneTeB Ao NpoTUBONO- oxHoro SNeKTpoRA, SNEKTPOH MaPACKOAYeT CBO KHNETHYECKYIO SHEPIMIG, Ero CKOPOCTE OKAKETCA pas Holt Hynlo, a aaTeM anekTpOH 6yneT NaMratacR 8 OOpaTHOM HanpasnenWH. Mpv sTOM none sosSpaujaeT emy Ty SHEPIHio, KOTOpyIO OH NOTepAN NpH CBOeM saMenNeHHOM ABMKEHHN, Teneps paccmorpim cnyyaii, Korga anekTpoH eneraeT 8 sneKTpHYecKoe None, AMER Havanbiyio cxopocts, HanpasnenHyto No YrnoM K cHnoBBIM NAMHMSM rons (pwc. 1.158). TloMMMO HsMeHeHIR Benn ‘iiss cKOpoCTH oneKTpOHa, ByAeT MOMeHsITECA M HaNPABNeHHe eFO ABMKEHHA, TAK HTO TPAeKTOPHA ABH: XxeHUR OMeKTPOHA CTAHOBMTCA KPABONMHEMHOM. SneKTpOH oA AelicTBMEM CHN rionA OTKNOKReTCA B Cropovy nonoxitrensHoro noTeHUMana,22 A3bI MUKpOBONHOBOH TexHUKK | _— OGsi4HO Ans ynpomleHHA c4uTAIOT, 470 TOK 0 BHEWHEM YeNK BAKYyMHOrO SNeKTPOHHOFO MpHEopa BOsHHKaeT B MOMeHT Nonagalns aneKTpoHos Ha akon. B ASlACTSHTeNLHOCTH TOK NpOTeKaeT M B Mpouee:- ce ABWKEHMA SNeKTPOHOB OT KaTOAa K aHOAY. YTOGLI 9TO YACHNTE, BCTOMHMM ABNeHKE SneKTpOCTATHYe- CkOM WHnyKUM Tiycte mmeercs snexrpi4eckn HeliTpanbHbl npoBOAHUK (pic. 1.16a), K OAHOMY KOKUY KoTOpOro npwbriakaeTcA orpmuaTensHbin aneKTpHMECKMi Japsn e. Tora SNeKTPOHI, UMeIOUMECA 8 NPOBORHAKE, OTTanKHBARcb sapALOM 8, CMECTATCR B CTOpOHY yfaleNHOrO KOHUa M TAM OSpagyeTcA OTpAYaTeNbHBit apn. Ha OnwKHeM K Sapsity e KOHUIe NONYMATCR HeAOCTATOK anekTPOHOA, T.e. NONOKATENbHBIA sapRA Mipouece nepepacnpeneneiMA sapanos ecte He TO HHOB, KAK SmeKTPHYECKHIK TOK, NOSTOMY Ha OCHORA iti Hauiero MbicneHHOro SKcnepuMeHTa MOxHO ORenaTs OOoSuaIOUMA BbISON: onl OTPHUATENSHI SNe- KTpHYeCKH SapAn NPHONAKAETCA K NPOBORMMKY MK YNMAeTCA OT Hero, TO B 9TOM MpoBORHMKe BosHMKaeT TOK, No HaNpaBeHiNo coBanAWUIM C HaNpasneHMoM AeMKeHIIA sapsima. B aneKTPOHHLX pHGopAX YHKUNO HHAYKTAPYOUIGrO ZaPARA BbINONHAIOT SNKTPOHS!, ABMMYUIMECR OT KATORA K aHORY, @ BOSHMKaIOUKA MIpM STOM TOK Bo BHEWHER WenM HasbIBAeTCA HaBeneN LIM, a. 6. Puc. 116. BoshwxHoseHve HaseneHHuix TOKOB, B anexrporuke CBY HaseneHtiie ToKH O4eHE WHPOKO McronbayloTcA AA BOSOYKAENKA KoNeBaHKi 8 pesovaropax, KOTOpsIe SENsIOTCA CoCTABHON YacTbIO GonsulMHCTea CBY npnGopos. 8 KavecTse pi Mepa paccMorpum snekTpHueckyio cxeMy Ha pic. 1.166, 3necs 8 O6nacTa MexAY AHOMOM M KATOLOM NO- MeuleHsi OOKNaNKM KOHAeHCaTOpa ¢ OTBEPCTMEM 8 UEHTPE, Tak TOOL sneKTpoHs! Mornh GecnpensroTaeHHO NpOXoANTs CKBO3b Hero. Bo BHEWHEH Yer COKNANKH SaMKHYTEI Ha KATYUKY HHRYK TuBHOCTH, O6paays KoneOaTeNbHbIA KOMTYp. MIpeanonOHM, SNleKTPOHBI BLINeTAINT c KaTORa NOOMEpeNHO no onHomy. Torna nepabit oneKTpox, NponeTaiowwit MMO OBKNaAOK KOHREHCATOPA, BbISOBET BO BHEL- Hell Yen HaBeneHHbil TOK MG KOHTYE BOSHHKHYT SNlekTpMMECKKE KONeGaHinA. MoMMMo NOCTORHHOM co- cTasnsiowet snextpyyeckoro nona, Mexny OGKnanKaMM NOABMTCA NepeMeHHaR cocTashalouian. Eoin Noche sToro BHINyCTATE eule OAKH SNeKTPOH, TO B MHTepecyioulell Hac OBNACTH OH NMGO NonysMT RoTON- HuTenbHoe yokopeHie, Korna rlepeMeHHoe none OyAeT CoBraflat’ No HanpaBNeHitio ¢ NOCTORHHEIM, NAO waoSopoT — samennutes cny4ae npoTABONOROXHOM opMeHTaun ronei B TOcnenHeM cnyHae amex: TpoH oTnacT WacTs CBOE BHeprMn KoHTypy, yBenHMas aMnnuMTyny ero KONeGaHii. BRINYCKAR 3NeKTPOHEI Taki o6paaom, #7068! OHM KAXKNBIM pas Nonagann B TOPMOSAWIeS SNEXTPANECKOE NONe KOHTYPA, Mbi MO- xem BO30yAUTS 8 HEM KONEGAHMA NOGA AMNNMTYALI, KOTOPYIO TONbKO OGecneunBaer ero AOGPOTHOCTE, Ecnut xe snexrponst 6yayT BneTate 8 npocTpaHcTBO MexAY OOKNAN|KaMM 8 TOT MOMEHT, KOrfla TaM YCKO- awe None, To BTOpOA sneKTPOH NoracuT KoNeGaHKR, BOSYKNeHHbIE NepabiM, M AanbWue BCE GyneT APOMCXOAMTS & TOM XE AYXE: ORMH sNeKTPOH GyneT coBepwiaTs paGoTy, Apyroh — ee yHHUTOxaTD. Mow TW Kak 8 2XUSHH: ORM HenoBeK, OONMBARCH NOTOM H NPOKTHHaR BCEOOUIyIO TpaMOTHOGTb, OMMulAeT NMg>T oT Hapnicel, BTOpO! c He MeHblMM ynopCTBOM Wx BoccTaHaBNMBaeT. Oa TPYAATCR, HO, paGoTaR B Npo: rene io. were Topt noB! Hay wore. Hore THeodase, HaLMoHANsHOe GoraTcTBO CTpaHel He ysennunsaior. Asmxenne sneKTpoHos B MarHHTHOM none Tlewxyuniics anexrpox npencrasnser coGolt anemeHTapHbili TOK M nosTOMy MCnBITBIBAeT CO CTO POHL! MarHATHOrO NORA TAKOE xe AEIICTENE, KAK H NPOBOAHHK C TOKOM. Vis ONeKTPOTeXHHKH HBBECTHO, TO Ha APAMONMHeHbIM NPOBOAHMK C TOKOM, HAXORAUMTICR 8 MarHHTHOM None, nelicTayeT MexaHM4ec- kas cua, HanpasneHHas MOM NDAMBIM YOM K MaTHATHbIM CHOBLIM NMHMAM MK MPOBORHAKY. Sra cuna PONOpUWOHAMbHa HANPAKEHHOCTH NOMA, BENKYAHE TOKa M AAMHE NPOBORHAKA, a TAKXe SaBNCHT OT yrna Mexny NPOBORHNKOM u HanpasneHMem nona, OHa 6yneT HanBonbulel, ecna NpOBOAHMK PacrionoxeH Nep-0 npu6opa 1.8 npouec- pocramnye- y koroporo DoBoRHKe, arent sii uh sapaa, 4a ocHosa- Hb one posoRHHKe ekTpOHHEIK Kanony, a one6anni aT8e np ‘onOM no a Moran gy many >4epeaHo 50 seu HOH co- an. Eon TT gonon- 2IM, 460 ae aniex- lextponst Mb MO otwocre, aM yoKo- 2e Oyner Th, Mou ser nT 8B Npo- ©0 cto- iBecTHO, anno: ira cuna oryma CoH nep- Aabl MUKpoBonHoOBON TexHUKY 23 Devaynpwo CHROBLIM niAKHAM; BoM XE NPOLORHNK pacNOnOXH BRON NAM NOM, TO cHna paBHa Hy- ne. Kora anexrpoH 8 MarHATHOM none HenOnBAXOH MRA ABHKETER Bronk ero CHOBEDE NAHM, TO HA vero warvirHoe none Boobule He pecrayer. Ha pwc-1-17 noKasaHO, so NPOMEXOIMT © aNeKTBOMOM, KO Topol sreraer c HawansHon cxopocrio Vo B pashowepioe warHmTdoe noe, nepreNiMKynaNo ero oh rosie rina Ton nelicranew cin co croporss Marwumioro nona ero TPaeKTOpKA MCKDNIACTER, OM hasimaer nenratecn no Ayre oKpyxHOCTH lip 970M of CKOPOGTE M KANETHMECKAM SHEprHA HO MSMONS ten. Paye oxpyxwoctn, NO KOTOPOR HeMxeTGA sneKTpOH, onpezenseTen no GopMyne: _ my eH ‘me me — wacca w sapan anextpora, Vo— exopocts snekrpoxa, Fi — HanpmXceHooTs MarHAT- oro non, Pc. 1.17, Bosmeiicreme nocroanHioro MarHMTHoro nona Ha ABHxYUIMiIeR aneKTpOH Koncrpykuna MarHetpoxa Yetporictso MarHeTpoxa nokasalo Ha pic. 1.18. OH npencrasnseT coGoi saKyyMHbiA avon, aon KoToporo ebinonHeN 8 BAe MERHOTO WNMHAPA, Ha BHYTPeHHeM CTOpoHe KOTOpOrO pacnonoxeHO veTHOe weno pesokaTopos. B MarHeTpOHaX ANA MMKPOBONHOBLIK NeNelt HX, KAK NDABHNO, AECATS. DopMa peso- haTopoa MOXeT ObiTs pasNH4HO!, HO NPM STOM OHM AOMKHb! OGNaAATS chenyioUNMN KaYeCTBaMi: 1. Snekrpnueckoe none npenMywectBeHHO CocpenoTONeHO 8 sasope pesoHaropa, 2, Boe pesoHaTopts CHnLHo CBASAHEI Mexny CO6OH. 3, BaicoKan po6potHocts, Bpanstoviuem ana npocToTs! Msi GyneM paccMaTpMBaTe TONLKO ony KOHCTPYKUKIO MarHeTpOHA, Koropas Tania ANA MUKpOBONHOBLIX Neve, PesowaTopbi 8 STOM chyYae NpencTasnnioT Cobo! CEKTO- psi uitntiapa. To cpaBHeHiio c ApyrMMM KOHCTPYKUMAMM 9Ta Gone TexHonoriMua ¥ Oonee SKOHOMMNHA, Uerisie 4 HedeTHEIe MeperoPORKA MexAY PesoHATOPAMM COERAHEHEI MEXily COOH CBASKAMI, HasHaNe- He KOTOPEIX MBI BbIACHMIM nloaXxke. Karon npencTasnseT CO6OH Chnpant M3 BONEypaMA, OBEPXHOCTS KO- Toporo uMeeT WepoxOBATOCTe ANA ysenKeHWA SMMCCHH, BbIBORE: KaTORA Yepes MeTannoKepaMMYECKHi epexon M BbICOKONACTOTHEIA (MALT onKMIONaINTCA K BHEUHEMy pasbemy. [IPOMEXYTOK MOXA aHO- JOM # KATOROM, HASKIBAeMBI NPOCTPAHCTBOM B3aMMOREMICTBHA, C TOPUOB OrpaHMNeH MeTaNnMECKHMM TnactuHamin, npensToTByOUWMM BbIXOAY aneKTpOHOS H CBU rons its atoro npocrpaxcTea. FnA or6opa ever BBNUM ORHOTO M3 Pe3OHATOPOB NoAKMIONeHa MarHUTHAR NeTAR CBRSH, KOTOPAA Hepes OTPESOK KoakcnansHoro BonHOBOMa CoeAMHeHa ¢ Many4aTenem. MarHiMTHoe None B NpocTpaHcTEe BsanMoneioT- Bua COSMaETCA NAYMS KONLLIEBLIMA MOCTORHHLIMM MarHMTaMM M MarHATONPOBOAOM, 8 KAyeCTSe KOTOpO- rocnyxar KOpnyc Mt cprialeu. Ans Conee HTEHCMBHOTO OXNAXNEHMA MarHETPOHA aHORHbIA ONOK OKPYAKeH pannaropom. fa CHOKeHNA NapasMTHOTO WanyYeHMA B MECTe COeAMHEHNS MarHeTpOHA C BHOWHEM Ue ei WMeeTCA MeTannnyeckaR onneTKa. CBY (AnbTp COCTOUT M3 KATYWeK MHAYKTHBHOCTH Ha GeppHTO 80M CepReNHNKe M MIPOXOAHEIK KOHAISHCATOPOS.24 A3bI MMKPOBONHOBON TexHUKA Tipu * sonan lsnyyaTenb (aHTeHHa) cpene ee Vizonstop ' Bix r cTost Rocte nnerka Baa acy! pocrt 10> cyne naet Gone: nou euet ! ‘@eppuroBbilt cTepxeHb Katywika Kppiuka Puc. Pesonatopnt —_— Katoa lena caasn Puc. onel an on Puc. 1.18, KoMeTpyKuia MarneTpoHa mnKposonHosOH new eneHa) KeHb A3bI MUKPOBONHOBOM TeXHHKH 25 Tpnnynn aekicrens marneTpona Paccworpim aHavane ABIKeHHe aneKTPOHOB 8 MarHeTPOHie, Npennonaras, To KonebaHMii 8 pe- sokaropax Ker. Aina ynpoweHnA Ha0pasKM aHon Ges pesonaropoe (puc. 1.19), KaK Gyflro Hx sa6LinK onenare, log snake ycKopsioujero sneKTpAYeCKOro NOMA aNekTPOHE CTPEMSTCA NeTeTe BAONb ero CHRO Bunx MAMA, T.€. NO panuycaM OT KaTOAa K aHOAY. HO KaK TONBKO OHK HAGMPAIOT HEKOTOPYIO CKOpOCTS, No- CTORHHOe MarHMTHOe None HauWHaeT CKPMBNATe Wx TpaekTOpAK. Tak KAK CKOpoCTb arleKTPOHOS ocreneHHo Hapacraer, To pamMyc sTOro MCKPMENeHMs NocTeneHHO yeennuMBacros. MosTOMy TpaeKTo- ia snekrpoHoB npenctasnaeT co6o He ayTy OKPYKHOCTM, a Gonee choxHyIo KpMayIO — uMknoMAy. Ha Plcyhke NOKaSaHbI TPaeKTOMA SNeKTPOHOB, BEINETEBUINX C KATOMA C HANTOXHO MANO HAYANSHOM CKO- Pocrsio np pasHolt HanpaxeHHocTH MarHuTHOrO mons H. ANORHOe HANpAKEHHE Bo BCEX cNy¥AAX OHO W170 xe. Eon MarHMTHOe None OTCyTeTByeT, TO INekTPOH NETUT cTporo No papiycy (rpaeKTopHs 1 Ha pH cyske), Npli wanpAXCHHOCTH None, MeHeUleM HeKOTOpOro KpUTHYEcKOrO 3HaHOHHA He, aNeKTPOH Nona- Baer Ha aon no KPHEONMHeMHOM TpaeKTopun 2. KpvTMecKas HanpAXxeHHOCTE fons CooTBeTCTAyeT Gonee WeKpuEneHHOK TpaexTopun 3. B TOM ciy\iae SneKTpoH NponeTaeT y caMolk NoBEPXHOCTH axona, NowTh Kacasct ee, K BosBpaliaeTca Ha KaTon. HakOHell, EChM None Bbile KPTHYECKOrO, TO aMeKTPOH ewe Gonee Kpyro NoBopayneaer OOparHo (KpMBaR 4). Puc.1.19, HawxKeHwe anexrpovos 8 npoctpalcTse esaMMonelicToMs NPM PasNMMHOM MNAYKUMK MarHMTHOrO ons Puc. 1.20. Bpawjatoujeecs snexrponioe o6naxo & npoctpancrse ssammonencTEHA Marnerpoxsi paSoraior npn HanpaxeHHocT nons, HecKonsKo Gonbulell KpHTAYeCKOH. MlosToMy snekrpowsi npu oTcyTcTaHH KoNeGaHiNl nponeTaloT ONKSKO K NOBEPXHOCTA aHOnla Ha PasnissiK PaccTO- nNsX OT HeFO B 3ABMCHMOCTA OT HaNanbHolk cKOPoCTA, TOCKONbKY OAHOBPEMCHHO ABHXeTCA O4EHb Gonswoe KonMMeCTEO SNeKTPOHOB, MOXHO CMMTaTB, HTO 8 NPOCTpaHoTBe BsaMMOREVICTAHA BpawiaeToR ‘anekTpoHHoe O6naKO 8 BME KONBia (pHC. 1.20).Ckopocrs spaweHia snektpoHHoro oGnaka saBlicuT OT NPKNOXeHHOTO HANpSHKeHHAM NOSTOMY Mo [los >keT PerynuposaTica. UTOBRI NPM ee YeenMNeHHiK sfleKTPOHEI HE NonapaN Ha AHOR, OAHOBPEMeHHO He ocr 26 A3bI MUKpOBONHOBON TexHMKK oGxoAMo YeennuneaTe 4 HaNpaXKeHHOCTE MarHMTHOrO Nona, coor Tenept BepHeM Ha MeCTO Hal pesoHaTopel. Boe OHH CHNLHO CBASAHE! MeXKny COOH, TAK KaK Mar mee HuTHOe None Kaxforo Us HHX saMeiKaeTcR, MpoxonA Hepes CMExHEIe pesoHaTopE! (pUC. 1.21). napa A } Puc. 1.21. Casa mexay pesovaropamm marHeTpoHa c NOMOUILO MarHUTHOrO ons Mepementioe anektpneckoe none 8 MarHeTpOHHiix pesoHaTopax cocpenoToNeHo & OGNaCTH We 1M, NpHiem sHaunTenbHaR ero YacTs NpoHMKaeT B OlacTe BsaMMOReMICTEMA, YTO MMeeT pHHUMNAN- Hoe sHaveHWe 6 paGoTe marHeTpoHa. [ewxeHKe sneKTpoHHoro oGnaka 8 npocTpakcTse BaaMMonelicTA OyneT HaBOAMTE TOKH 8 pesoHaTOpAX. OpHaKO & HavaNbHuih MOMEHT YBeNMMeHNe aM. AuTygs! KoNeBaHnl OyReT CAEPXMBATSCA TeM, HTO [BME SNEKTPOHOS HE CMHXPOHMSMPOBAHO, MB TO SHEprMn, sipyrHe OyAyT 9TH KoneGahna racuTs. KpoMe Toro, ecii cABér das B CoceAHHX pesoHaTopax He BpeMa, Kak OnhM oNexTpOHE! ByAyT BOSBYARAT® KONeDANMA, OTASAN HM YaCTs CBOEH KMHETANECKOM CHHXPOHIESMPOBAH CO CKOPOCTHIO SNEKTPOHOB, TO ONMH TOT XE BNIEKTPOH, OTRABAR SHEPrMIO OAHOMY pe SoHaTopy, OyneT ee Tyr xe OTOMpaTe y npyroro. OSwi¥Ho nna HOpMansHoft paboTE! MarkeTpoHa TPeGyeT- Con, 4706bi 9b! COCEAHMK pesoHATOpOR GLiNH CMEWIeH! Ha 180°, T.e. Ha x pagwaH. MosToMy TaKOH BMA KoneGaknit HaswieaeTeR x — BOM. YTOOs! cnocoOcTEOEAT® Bo36yxTeHMIO TOTO eva M NpenaTCTSO- Bath BOS6yXx,eHWO OCTANbHENX, B MarHeTPOHE HCNONLaYIOTCA MeTANMMMeCKHe CBASKH, KOTOPEIe SNeKTpH Mecku coenmHsioT Mexy COBO! HeTHBIe M HeNeTHsIe pesowaTopLi Npennonoxim, To 8 KaKOi-TO MoMeHT BpeMeHH B pesoHaTopax cny'aiiHbIM OOpasom BosHHKMA KoneGalia HyxHOrO HaM enna (pic. 1.22), Tlonsiraemcs AOKasaTS, HTO NPA NPaBANbHO saNaHHbIX DEKH Max MarHeTpona 9TH KoneGanus ByRyT YCHNABATECA 3a CHET ABTOMATAMECKOH rpyNNAPOBKM SNeKTPOHOB. B nio6o7 Touke npoctpalictaa ssaMMonelicTans Mui MOxKeM paccMarpwaaTs CBY none Kak cymMy foc QByX COCTABNAIOUIMX: PalanbHon — HaNpasNeHHOl No pannycy OT UeHTpa MarHeTpoHa, 4 NepneHAUKy- nes DapHO! et KacaTenbon cocrasnaloulelt. Paccmarpusan pyc. 1.22, MOxHO saMeTHTb cnepyloU\yio Xapak- Ged TepHyo OCOBeHHOCTE: BO CEM NPOCTPAHCTRE, HAXORAWIEMCA NOA OTPHYATeNbHbIM CerMeHTOM, oe PanwanbHan CocTasnalowar nona Hanpasnena k KaTOAy, @ BO BCEM NPOCTpakcTBE Nog NONOKMTENbHLIM par CermeWToM oa HanpaBneHa avony (none cuTaeM HanpaBneHHeIM B Ty CTOPONY, KYAla ABWxETCA ane KTpOH nog pevicTaneM atoro Nona), FpaHnyamu, pasfensiou\MMN 9TH NpOCTPAKCTBa, ABNAIOTCA nocKO- nw CTH, NPoxoAAUIVe Hepes cb MarHeTpoHa M CepeAMHE! WenelA. OGOsHAUNM OAHY US TaKHX MocKocTelt ww Gykeamu AA. Cnesa of stoi nnockocTu pannanetan cocrasnswouar GyneT YCKOPATS 3MeKTPOHEI, NO ra oKOIKy OHa COBNanaeT NO SHAKY C NOCTORHHGIM aHORHbIM HANpAKEHMEM. Tak Kak MOA enMAHKEM Mar: HuTHOro Nona Hanpasneke CKOPOCTH MEMEHReTOA, TO Yepes HeKOTOPOE BPeMA YBENMNEHHE CKOPOCTH B PapvansHom HanpaaneHin npespaujaeTos 8 yBenneHMe CKOpOCTH no HANpaBNeHMlo K ANOCKOCTH AA.‘sToMy Mo- Meio He- Kak Mar- lerh We- wnvane- raHcTEe ye am 1,8 TO WecKon opax He ony pe- peoyer: coh BR, aTcTBO- nekTpH SHAK (Pex ponoe. cymnay Ky xapak- sHTOm, nbHBIM, :4 9no- nocko- cocreih bl, no- «war octa 8 mm AA, Asbi MUkpoBonHosoli TexHuKn 27 Tostomy snekTpoHb!, HaXORAUIMECA NOR NONOXWTENLHbIM CerMeHTOM, ROOHAIOT SMeKTPOHEI, HAXORAUIA- e018 nflockocTH AA. SnekTpoHsi, HaXOARUIMECS MOA OTpMLiaTeNbHbIM fonkocoM, TOPMOaaTCA panvansHoMk coctaansioueh CBY nons, NosTOMy Mx CKOPOCTS B HaNpaBNeHNi ABIXKEHK'A SNeKTPOHHOTO OGNaKa CHH- xaotca. B peaynisrate o6pasyioIca OOnacTh sexrpoHHbix cKonIneHih, no PopMe HanommHaloulne chitbl Koneca, Kak 9T0 NOKasaHo Ha PAC. 1.23, STH crii4bi BPaUlaIOTCA ¢ TaKOM CKOpoCTbIO, TOG! sa NonoBHHY nepwoma npoxonMTs paccToRHMe OT ONHOK pesoHATOpHOM wens NO APyrOM. E, pagmanbiaa cocrasnaioujaa CBU nona Ej; kacaTenbHaa cocraanaioujan CBY nona Ex None, cosqarHoe aHopHbim HanpsKeHMeM Puc. 1.22. Pacnpenenenne cunoabix Nunn nepementoro sneKrpH4ecKoro nons 6 npocrpaNcrse BsanMonel- crena Pvc. 123, @opma spaujaioujerocs anexrponNoro o6naKa & paGoraloujem MarHeTpoHe B sTom cny'ae snekTpoHel, HaXORAUIMECA B CnMUaX, NponeTaR Han UensIMM pesoHaTopOB, MOryT ocroriHo nonagats 8 TOpMOsAUIee None KacaTeNbHoM CocTABNAIWel M OTAABATS eMy SHEprHlo, KaKON- eNiylo 80 BPEMA RAMKEHMA NO PanHansHOA COCTasnsioujell. Takum o6pasoM, OCHOBHAA Pont KacaTenb- Holt cocrasnaiowen CBY nona saknioyaeTca 8 npeobpasoBaHnn KHNeTHMECKO! SHEprun ONeKTPOHOB B ‘oHepriio KoneGaHN, a OCHOBHAR Pon panMANbHoK cocTasNsiouel saKmoYaeTcA B npeoOpasoBRAHMAK pasHoMepHoro antekTpoHHoro GnaKa 6 Koneco OT Tenerv. Pacemotpum Gonee noppoGHo ABWxeHME OTAENLHOrO SNeKTPOHA B ABYX CNysAsX: KOrMa OH HAXO- uroa 8 chvue W Korna OH BHE ee. Kak yxxe OTMe4anoc®, Np OTCyTeTaHM CBY rons anekTpoH, abineTes- Unit ¢ KaTORa CO CKOPOCTHIO, PAHO HyNlo, COBEPUIMT KPyr NoYeTA BONMGH AHORA M BHOBS BEPHETCA HA KaTop. Mpusiam cKOpOcTh & KOHLS NYTH OyAET TOM xe, 4TO M6 Ha¥ane, T.. 8 HalJeM cnyyae Kynesor. IpM Hanwuuw CBU rons BosMoxHbI ABA chyHas: 1. lonyctum, snexrpox HaxopuTca 8 OGnacTa cnMubi. Torna, BbINeTes c KaTOna, OH 6yneT pasro- HATECA aHOMHBIM HANPAXEHNEM M 3a CHET MarHHTHOTO Nona NOCTeNeHHO WEMeHAT HanpaBne-28 Asbl MMKpOBONHOBOA TexHHKH — Hne newKeHns. Bnetes 8 TopMossujee CBY none, oH oTAacT eMy YacTb ceoelt KMHETHYecKoR —- POBONF SHEprMn, M ero CKOPOCT CHMBHTCA. B pesynbTaTe eMy He XBaTHT OCTAaBWeNICA SHEprMM, YTOGb cemele RonetTeTb O6paTHo No KaTONA. B KaKOll-TO MOMEHT OH OCTAHOBMTCA, a 3aTeM BHOB HAYHET JBM pact xeHie K aHORY Non BOSfericTBMEM aHonHoro HanpaXKeHNS. Boe npenbiayuWe Npoueccti nosto- | XBT. PATCA, 3a UCKMONEHMeM Toro, ¥TO TOYKOA Hayana ABMxKeHMA GyfeT He KaTOQ. B 9TOM >Ke AYXe ax. Ad GypyT NPOWCXOAHTS Mi NocNepYIOUMe UNKNEI, MOKA B KOHLI KOHUOB SNeKTPOH He pOGepeTcR no ge NANPA aliona. Takam O6pasoM, oflekTpOH Ha NYTA K aHony NPOXORMT NO CNOXHOR TpaekTopHM 1 (puc. 1.24) HeoKonsKo pas, oTRaBAA cBOW sHeprnig GBH nonio. pucTHr Bosmoxes, OnHako, 4 fpyrof cnywalk. Ecnk npM Npounx paBHbIx yenoBMsX SnekrpOH BbineTen.c } MOUIMC kaTona 8 MOMeHT, Kora OH HaxOAMAICS MexAY CNHUAMM, TO OH NonaneT B yCKopmIOWee CBY no- | opal Ne, w nosTomy eMy noche npasoro passopora 8 MarHTHOM None BNonKe xBaTAT aHeprum Bpe- | — aHORH gaTbca 8 KaTon. Va6biToK KMHETAMECKOl SHEprHM BbIeNMTCA B BHHe Tenna, NPMBOAA x | AorlonnuTensHony pasorpeay Katona. 7 paxr I- Soo Sot oo beet I I wanyk Hote. uray ware npn 9 Ms xa eck ro Ha 1 Hanps Puc. 1.24. Tpaekropan anexrpona, Haxonsuerocs & “cnHUe”, NPM ABHKeHMM OT KaTORA K aHORY Manes goa pwc Hon v even HeKor cBo10 w HEC 8 pee Tepe Tepe, anak ware 5 Ho pw anp cry (ca 0 I; al 1 HB Puc. 1.25. PaSoune xapaxrepucTukn marerpoHos nae koe Xapaxrepnctuxn marneTpoHos OchosHuim napameTpama MarHeTpoHOB ABnmoTcA: paGouaR YACTOTa, BEIXORHAA MOUIHOCTS, KO- Be ‘acpipuuneHT nonesHoro peiicrans (KMA), pa6o¥ne TOKH H HanpAxeHNA. acToTa MarHeTpoHos nA MMK- | OTB!A3bl MAKPOBONHOBOM TexHAKH. 29 Yetmeckon | PoBonloBtix evel cocTasnaeT 2450 Mu, OrknoHeHMe OT STOM YacTOTHI 8 Ty Ani MHyIO CTOpoHy MOxeT nan, rou) J SbiTb 8bI982H MOMEHEHKEM aHORMOrO HanpAXxeHMA UNH NapaMeTpaMM HarpyaKK. BenMunna cMeweHiA lauwer men. | \acToTs! coctasnseT HeCKonEKO Merarepy. MoUu\HOCTS MarHeTpOHOB NexuT 8 npenenax oT 500 Br, 10 1 ceutnosro. | Br, a KIM cocrasnser oF 50% y afiekTPOHHbix nNHOSaBpOB AO 85% B HanOONEe YRaUHuix KOHCTpYKUM- omxe ayxe | %. ANOnHbil TOK MarHeTpOHO ANA MMKPOBONHOBLIX neve OBBIMHO Cocrasnset 250 — 300 mA. PaSoune Seperce no |} saNDRKeHMA HeKOTOPHIX THNOB MArHETPOHOB NpHBeReHb 8 TaGNHUe 2.1. Paekropan B npakruke skcnnyaraynik MarHeTpoHos WMpoKO onbayioTCR rpagMeCKHMM paSOnMI xapAkTe- cuneron gf BMCTIKaMH, NoaBOnsIOWMMN 8 2aBNCAMOCTH OT KOHKPeTHLIX yenoBMl yoTaHOBHT® TpeByeMuie shasinAR eceune wowkocr# w KMD. Twnwunbie paSoure xapakrepcTakn npwiBeseHti Ha puc. 1.25. To BeprHKanbHolt Ko- ee opguarHolt ocM OTMOXeHe! sHaNeHUA aHORHorO HaNPAKeHKR, NO TOpHSOHTaMbHOM ocM — sHaveHHA avonHoro Toxa. Phonak [na auipaxeHns BsaNMHOM JaBMCHMOCTH HECKOMBKMX NapaMeTpoB MarHeTpoHa Ha pabowne Xa- PakTepwcTHKi HAHOCAT PAR KPMBBIX, BRON’ KOTOPLIX OnHa M3 NPERCTABNAEMBIX BeNMYMH OOTAeTCA HEMS- eHHOl. OTH KDMBBIe HASHIBAIOTCR COOTBETCTBEHHO NKHKAMM focTOsHHOK MoUMOCTH, KM] M MarHATHOR wunyKuiin, Ha pHOyHKe AMKMM NOCTORHHO WAAYKUAM CrnoWHble, NKKK NocToAHHOTO KMD] — nyHKTap- se. Eco waMeHsTs HanpsKeHKe Ha MarHeTPOHE OT sHaveHHA U1 no U2, ocrasnaa HeKsMeHHOM Mar- HiTHyio wHnyKUW B3, TO paovaR TouKa, ONpenensioulaR pexHM paGoTE! MarHeTPOHA, GyneT Nepeme- lwaTses agonb nuKKK NOCTORHHOA MiuAyKUINK. BcnencTene cna6oro HaknoMa MMH NOCTORHHOM MAYKLMA ‘pu sTom Syner HaGnionATSCA CHMbHOe H3MeHEHME TOKa, npoTeKaioUlero Hepes MarHETpOH (OT Ir AO Ie) Wa xapaxTepwcTik BigHO, HTO 8 Npefenax onHOM NAHKM NOCTORHHOM MHAYKUMN TOK HaMeHROToR NpAKTH cei oT Wns lo CADET MaKCHMANbHOro SHAYeHKA MPM OTHOCHTENbHO HEBONLUOM HSMEHEHHM AHORHO- ro HanpsxeHna. TlosToMy Ha NpakTvKe PexHM PabOTsI MarHETpOHA YnOCHEe KOHTPONMpOBATb He NO HanpaxeHiio Ha MarHeTPOHe, a NO aHOAHOMY TOKY. B o6nactax o¥eHb Manbix W oNeHb GonbuIlKX TOKOB MarHeTpOH paGoTaeT HeycTO4NEO: 8 OGnacTH anki ToxOB HaOMonAeTCA HHSKAR CTAOKMbHOCTE YACTOTE MarHeTPOHA, a B OONACTH GonbuMx TOKOB 802MOKHO NORBNeHHe “ACKPEHIIA” — KPaTKOBPEMEHHBIX aNeKTPH4ECKIx NOSES BHYTPA MarHETPOHA, pHBORSIUMK K BICTPOMY PaspyweHNO KaTORA, KTM marketpoxa eospacraer npx onHoBpeMeHHOM yBennYeHHH aORHOrO HanpsKoHMn K MarHAT- ol veaykuin4, ecrA npH 9TOM He HapyulaiOTCR yCnoBMA cHHXpoHMaMa. KM MarHeTpoHa HanpaMyo 3a- SyGHT OF NoTepb, KOTOPKIE NPONCKORST ABYMA nyTAMM. acs MOWWHOCTH TepAeTOR NOTOMY, TO HeKoTopble aneKTPOKSI MPHOMIBAIOT Ha AHOBHbIA ONOK MarHeTPOHA C GOnbwWHMM CKOPOCTAMM 1 TpATAT e800 skepraio Ha ero Harpes. Bcnencrane 9Toro MarHeTPOH PasorpeBAeTCA f1O BLICOKOH TeMNepaTyPAt H HeobxonUMO NPUKHMATS cneynANbHEIe MEDEI ANA ero OxRaXREHNR. FIpyraR YacTs MOUWOCTH TepRETCR a peaokaropax MareTpova, TAK KaK B Hix BOaHAKaloT CBM ToxN Sonbuiol CANE. LNA CHHEKEHHA OTHX NO- “Tepe Heo6XORVMO NoBbiaTs AOBPOTHOCTe PesoHaTopos. CyWeCTBYIOT H HeKOTOpHIe APYTHe BHA NO- eps, HO x yeNIbHBITA Sec HEBENHK. 1.4. Bsaumopeictene MUKpOBONHOBONU 3HeprHu C BeLIeCTBOM Dia Toro 4To6b1 NoHATs 2a CHET Hero NpoMEXOAMT Harpes 8 ikKpOBONHOBOH Ne4K, HeoGxOAWMO No- avaKoMiTECR © MEKOTOPLIMIK CBOHICTEaMM seulecTea. SreKTpOMarHHTHOe None NpoaBNaer ceGA M KaK MariiTi0e, 1 KAK S7eKTPAYECKOe, HO, NOCKONKY NPOAYKTHI, NPATOTABNMBAeMBIG 8 MUKPOBCMHOBOH Ne- sis, nROTER ANOReKTPHKAMM, BOAAHICTNE MarHMTHOFO NON HA HHX NpeHEOPEXUMO MaMO H ero MOX- Mo He yu#TbipaTs. FluanexrpnYecke CBOMCTBa MaTepvanos MOTyT MHTepecoBaTs Hac nO AByM pwsivam. Bo-nepabix, npHroTabnnsaeMsie NPOAYKTsi HOMKHEL MaKCHMaMBHO NlornowaTs CBY aHeprino, ' npoTHBHOM cny\iae BOSMOXHO ee OTPAXEHNE OOPATHO B MaTHETPOH CO BCOMM BEITeKALOUWMMH NOGA retain, Bo-BTOpsIx, 8 KAMEPE MKPOBONHOBOM Te4A UMEIOTCA AMaNeKTPHMECKHe AeTANH KOHCTPYKUMM (CB4-onra, noggons! w T.2,), KOTOpble He OMxH! NonBepratecR HarpeBy NOR BOSAelcTEMEM MIKPOBON- Hosoi axepri. Avonexrpukamu npnisTo HasbisaTe BewecTEa, OCHOBHEIM S/leKTpH4ECKIM CBOFICTBOM KOTOPEIX AB- rngeTea cnocoBHOCTs K NONAPHZAUWN M B KOTOPLIK B0MOXHO CyWeCTBOBAHNE SNlekTpHYECKorO ona. Ta- oe fone MoxeT ANHTeNLHO COXpaHATECA Nis B CPeRAX, MNOxO NPOBOARUIMK afeKTPHYECKHi TOK. SnextponpoBonHocTe — enocoSHocTs nposoAMTs aneKTpH4eCKMN TOK — oGycnosneHa HaNMAnEM ® pewecTee CAODONHEX HoCMTeneM sapAna — sMekTPMHECKM SAPAXEHHLX YacTHL, KOTOPLIC Non BOSAeM- cTeHeM BHeWHETO SneKTpAMecKOrO MONA HaNpasneHHO epeMeUiaioTcA cKBO3 Tony MaTepuana,