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General Science

Grade: XI
F.M. 50 (40+10) P.M. 14+4 Teaching hours: 75

I.

Introduction

General science is a broad-based science study course which integrates theoretical and applied aspects with general popular interests in modern science. It fulfils the need for general science knowledge which is expected of every literate person of modern time. It offers basic knowledge of physics, chemistry, biology and earth science which are essential for laying foundation of modern life. II. General Objective

On completion of this course the students will be able to demonstrate knowledge and understanding of: a. scientific phenomenon, facts, laws, definition, concepts, theories; b. scientific vocabulary, terminology, convention, including units, and symbols; c. scientific quality and their definition, and d. scientific, and technological processes, values and movements. III. Specific Objectives

On completion of the course the students will be able to: 1. understand the basic principles of motion and acquaint themselves with the main ideas of forces of nature, 2. understand characteristics of wave and their application, 3. appreciate the importance of random motion and thermal energy in physics, 4. gain basic ideas of ray optics and its application, 5. appreciate current as a flow of changes and its direct relation with magnetic phenomena, 6. understand the structure of atomic model, advantage and disadvantage of radiation. 7. state and apply fundamental facts and principles of chemistry while dealing with the nature and properties of matter, preparation and the physical and chemical properties of chemical substance; changes that occur in chemical reactions, 8. perform simple chemical calculations, 9. understand chemical patterns and principles, 10. apply knowledge and understanding of chemistry in familiar and unfamiliar situations, 11. record accurately and clearly the results of experiments; draw conclusion and make generalizations from experiments, 12. appreciate the scientific, social, economic, environmental and technological contributions and applications of chemistry. IV. Course Contents A. Chemistry Unit I: Introductory Chemistry - Matter - Pure and impure substance 5

Atoms and molecules Symbol, valency, empirical and molecular formula Chemical reaction and its types Chemical equation, its significance and limitations Balancing chemical equation (Hit and trial method only)

Unit II: States of Matter i) Gaseous state: - Properties - Postulates of kinetic theory of gases ii) Liquid state: - Properties of liquid - Types of solutions: unsaturated, saturated and supersaturated - Solubility - Solubility curve and its application - Numerical based on solubility iii) Solid state: - Properties of solid - Crystalline and amorphous solids. Unit III: Atomic Structure (in brief) Dalton's atomic theory Rutherford's atomic model and its drawbacks Bohr's atomic model and its drawbacks Electronic configuration of atoms in terms of orbit and orbital (1 to 30) Unit IV: Chemical bonding Ionic, covalent and co-ordinate bonds Lewis structure of ionic, covalent & co-ordinate covalent compound. Comparison between ionic and covalent compounds. Unit V: Acid, Base and Salt Properties of acid, base and salt Bronsted-lowery concept of acid and base Lewis concept of acid and base Definition and types of salts (neutral, acidic and alkaline) Concept of pH Indicator Unit VI: Equivalent weight Definition Equivalent weight of elements Determination of equivalent weight of metal by oxide formation method Equivalent weight of acid, base and salts Unit VII: Periodic Table Mendeleef's Periodic Law Characteristics and drawbacks of Mendeleef's periodic table Modern periodic law

Classification of elements on the basis of electronic configuration (s, p, d and f block elements) 2

Unit VIII: Avogadro's Hypothesis Statement and explanation Avogadro's number Mole concept Applications of Avogadro's hypothesis Molecular weight = 2 x vapour density Unit IX: Oxidation and Reduction Introduction Electronic interpretation of oxidation and reduction Oxidation number Redox reaction Oxidising and reducing agent (definition and example) Unit X: Acidimetry and alkalimetry Introduction Strength of solution Titration Methods of expressing the concentration of solution Normality Molarity Gram per litre Parts per million (ppm) Unit XI: Electrochemistry Introduction Electrolysis of CuSO4, H2O Faraday's laws of electrolysis Arrhenious theory of ionisation Unit XII: Chemistry of non-metals Manufacture of NH3 by Haber's process Laboratory preparation of properties and use of CO2 and CO gas Unit XIII: Materials used in our daily life (Introduction with few examples) Cement Soap and detergent Glass Chemical fertilizers Insecticides Plastic Unit XIV: Chemistry of Metals Comparison between metal and non-metals Important process in metallurgy (crushing, concentration, rusting &

calcinations, smelting, purification) Extraction of the following metals from their principal ore Copper Zinc 4

Unit XV: Introduction to organic chemistry Introduction Sources of organic compounds Homologous series Functional group Nomenclature of organic compounds

Unit XVI: Chemistry of some important organic compounds 12 Saturated hydrocarbon: General methods of preparation and properties of ethane Unsaturated hydrocarbon: General methods of preparation and properties of ethene, ethyne Introduction to aromatic compound Preparation and properties of Benzene, Phenol and Aniline

Practical for Class XI


10 Marks 1. Simple Laboratory techniques: (2 practical) Filtration Distillation Sublimation Crystallization 2. Preparation and investigation of properties of gases (1 practical) H2 CO2 3. Preparation of standard solution of oxalic acid (1 practical) 4. Detection of the following acid and base radicals by wet tests: (4 practical) Acid radicals Cl-, NO3-, SO4--, CO3--. Base radicals Fe++, Zn++, Cu++, Al+++, Ca++ 5. Detection elements (2 practical) (Nitrogen, Sulphur & halogens in the organic compounds) Prescribed Text-Books: 1. Introduction to Chemistry Vol. I and Vol. II 2. Foundation of Chemistry Vol. I, Vol. II and Vol. III 3. +2 Chemistry Vol. I and Vol. II 4. Fundamentals of Chemistry 5. Elementary Practical Chemistry 6. Elementary Quantitative Chemistry Dr. C.N. Pandit M.K. Sthapit and R.R. Pradhananga Tej Bahadur B.C. K.R. Pathak M.K. Sthapit M.K. Sthapit and C.B. Tuladhar

Reference Books: 1. Intermediate Physical Chemistry 2. Intermediate Inorganic Chemsitry 3. Elementary Organic Chemistry 4. Conceptual Chemistry Vol. I and Vol. II 5. Pradeep's Chemistry

Sinha Ghosh Sinha Ghosh B.S. Bahl S.K. Jain S.N. Dhawan, P.N. Kapil and S.C. Kheterpal

Types of Questions Very Short Question Short Question Long Question

Evaluations Scheme No. of Questions Mark of each Question 10 2 2 5 1 10 B. Physics

Total Marks 20 10 10

Unit I: Mechanics: Introduction: Definition, scope and applications of mechanics; physical entity and quantities; fundamental and derived units, CGS and SI units; dimensional analysis, dimensional equations and applications. (3 hrs) Scalars and vectors: Definition and distinction, and representation of scalars and vectors; simple vector operations: addition, subtraction; resolution of vectors. (1 hrs) Kinematics and laws of motion: Introduction, displacement, speed, velocity and acceleration, equation of motion, force and momentum, Newton's laws of motion, linear momentum and principle of conservation of linear momentum, principle of moment, center of gravity and mass, Newton's law of Gravitation and acceleration due to gravity. (5 hrs.) Circular motion: Definition, angular displacement, velocity and acceleration; relation between linear and angular velocity, concept of centripetal and centrifugal forces, touque, angular momentum, principle of conservation of angular momentum; Simple harmonic motion (concept, definition, examples and applications). (4 hrs.) Work, Energy and Power: Definitions, effective force and work done, potential and kinetic energy, principle of conservation of energy, conservative and non-conservative forces. (2 hrs.) Hydrostatics: Concept of thrust and pressure, measurement and units of fluid pressure, laws of liquid pressure, Archimedes Principle, law of flotation and applications, density, specific gravity, viscosity, surface tension and capillarity. (4 hrs.) Material properties: Elasticity, plasticity, and Young modulus. Unit II: Waves and Sound: Definition of wave, characteristics of longitudinal and transverse waves and wave motions, travelling and stationary waves, phenomenon of resonance; characteristics of sound waves, intensity of sound, audible range and quality of sound, ultrasonic and infrasonic sound, concept of Doppler Effect; concept of organ pipe. (5 hrs.) Unit III: Heat : Concept of heat and temperature, measurement of temperature and scales, thermal equilibrium; effects of heat: nature of expansion of solid and liquid; linear, superficial and cubical expansions; heat capacity, specific heat capacity, latent heat, principle of calorimetery and calorimetric measurements. (5 hrs.) (1 hrs.)

Gas Laws: Boyle's and Charles' laws, ideal and real gases, equation of state, Avogadros' number; statement and explanation of first and second laws of thermodynamics and their applications, kinetic theory of gas. (5 hrs.) Unit IV: Optics: Definition, sources and nature of light, light rays and beams, optical medium, rectangular propagation of light, regular and diffuse reflection, laws of reflection, lateral inversion, deviation of light by plane mirror. (3 hrs.) Curve mirrors: concave and convex mirrors, nature and formation of images in concave and convex mirrors, drawing ray diagrams, curve mirror formula and sign convention, application of spherical mirrors. (3 hrs.) Refraction: Definition, cause of refraction, laws of refraction, refractive index and its application, real and apparent depth, lateral shift, concept of total internal reflection and its effects and application. (3 hrs.) Prism and lenses: Refraction of light in prism, minimum deviation, concept of dispersion of light; concave and convex lenses, nature and formation of images in lenses, construction of ray diagram, lens formula and sign convention, magnification and power of lens. (3 hrs.) Unit V : Electrostatics: Concept and definition of electric charges, basic unit of charge, charged and neutral body, electric field and its nature, electric lines of forces, electric field intensity, Coulomb's force in vacuum, concept of electric potential and potential difference; capacitors and its applications. (5 hrs.) Unit VI: Electricity and Magnetism: Electricity: Concept of electric current, conductors and insulators, convention of direction of current and charge flow, Ohm's law, resistivity, ohmic and non-ohmic conductors, combination of resistors; electric energy, concept of Joules law of heating and power, electromotive force and terminal potential difference, concept of internal resistance, Kirchhoff's laws, simple circuit analysis; conversion of galvanometer to voltmeter and ammeter. (7 hrs.) Magnetism: Magnets and magnetic properties of materials, magnetic lines of force, magnetic field and intensity, neutral point, magnetic meridian, application of magnets. (3 hrs.) Electromagnetic Induction: Faraday's discovery, induced current and condition for generation of induced current, magnetic field and forces due to current, alternating current; concept of transformer and electrical generator. (4 hrs) Unit VII: Modern Physics: Concept of wave-particle, dual nature of light, photoelectric effect of light, photo-emission and photovoltaic cells and their application; nature, effects and uses of x-rays, the laser principle and characteristics of laser light; Millikan's and Thomson's experiment and their importance. (4 hrs.) Radioactivity: Fundamentals of radioactivity, radioactive particles and rays, radioactive materials, absorption of radioactive radiation, half-life, mean-life and radioactive constant, concept of fission and fusion and their applications, radioactive hazards and uses of radioactive isotopes. (4 hrs.) Energy: Sources of energy, renewable and non-renewable energy. Practical Works: 1. Measurements with Vernier Callipers. 2. Measurements with micrometer screwgauge. 3. Measurement of g with simple pendulum. 4. Determination of value of Dip. (1 hrs.)

5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Determination of coefficient of linear expansion. Determination of latent heat of ice. Verification of laws of reflection of light. Determination of refractive index of given prism. Tracing the magnetic lines of forces around a bar magnet (North pole pointing South) Verification of Ohm's law.

Text book: Text book of Physics by J. M. Pradhan. Practical: Certificate Level Physics Practical by U. P. Shrestha Reference books: Advance Level Physics by Nelkon and Parker. Physics for Class XI and XII by Gurdeep and Naurala Evaluation Scheme: Candidate should separately pass the theory and practical courses scoring not less than 14 and 4 marks respectively in the final examination. A. Theory: I. For Numerical Problems: Topics No. of Question to be given Mechanics Heat & Optics Modern Physics Electricity II. Long Questions: Topics Mechanics Heat & Optics Electrostatics, Electricity & Magnetism Modern Physics III. Short Questions: Topics Mechanics Waves and Sound Heat & Optics Electrostatics Electricity & Magnetism Modern Physics B. Practical: & 1 1+1 1+1 Full Marks: 10 No. of Question to be attempted 1 1 1

Marks 4 3 3

No. of Question to be given 2 1 2 1

Marks 4 4 4 4

Full Marks: 16 No. of Question to be attempted 1 1 1 1 Full Marks: 14 No. of Question to be attempted 1 2 1 1 1 1 Full Marks: 10

No. of Question to be given 2 2 2 1 2 2

Marks 2 4 2 2 2 2

Candidate should successfully complete all the ten experiments in the laboratory classes. He/she will be examined with one of the ten experiments in the final exam on the basis of random choice. ---

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