Flowering Plant Life Cycle

Flowering Plant Cycle. Flowering plants (angiosperms) belong to the vascular plant division Anthophyta. Like ferns, the diploid sporophyte consists of a herbaceous or woody plant with roots, stems and leaves. Unlike ferns, flowering plants produce reproductive organs called flowers and seed-bearing fruits. The term angiosperm is derived from angio (vessel) and sperm (seed), referring to the seed-bearing vessels (containers) called fruits. Flowers may be unisexual or bisexual, depending on whether they contain only one type of sex organ (the male stamen or female pistil), or whether they contain both stamens and pistil in the same flower. Species with separate male and female flowers on the same plant are termed monoecious, including oaks (Quercus), alder (Alnus) and walnut (Juglans). Species with separate male and female flowers on separate

individuals are termed dioecious, including willows (Salix), cottonwoods (Populus), date palms (Phoenix), some figs (Ficus) and marijuana (Cannabis). The following illustration shows a typical bisexual flower:

In the above illustration of a bisexual flower, the "female" pistil is composed of the stigma, style and ovary. A simple pistil is composed of one carpel, while a compound pistil is composed of several carpels fused together. Carpels are actually modified leaves which can be readily observed when certain fruits dry and split open. For example the fruit or seed capsule of cotton is composed of five carpels, while yucca capsules contain three carpels. Some botanists prefer to use the term gynoecium instead of pistil. This term also applies to flowers with multiple pistils, each composed of separate and distinct carpels. The "male" stamen is composed of a pollen-bearing anther and a filament (stalk). Some flowers, such as species of eucalyptus and cactus, have literally hundreds of stamens. Unisexual flowers are either staminate (with one or more stamens) or pistillate (with one or more pistils). The variation in size, color, number and arrangement of floral parts in blossoms of different plant families is absolutely staggering.
See Remarkable Diversity Of Flowering Plants

Microspore mother cells in the pollen sacs of the anthers undergo meiosis to

produce haploid microspores. Each microspore completes meiosis I and meiosis II resulting in a tetrad of four microspores. These haploid microspores become pollen grains. The haploid nucleus inside each microspore divides into a tube nucleus and generative nucleus before it becomes a mature pollen grain. The pollen grains are released at this binucleate stage and are carried by wind, insects or water to the receptive female part of a flower called the stigma. Some pollen grains are shed at the 3-nucleate stage, after the generative nucleus has divided into two sperm nuclei. Note: According to Peter Raven (Biology of Plants, 1992), the pollen grain of a lily (Lilium) is composed of two cells, with a spindle-shaped generative cell contained within the cytoplasm of a larger tube cell. According to Raven (1992), mature pollen grains of rosinweed (Silphium) contain two filamentous sperm cells which are suspended in the cytoplasm of the larger tube cell. The sperm have a only a small amount of cytoplasm and no flagella. Dr. Raven has some convincing photo images to show the cellular configuration of pollen grains. During the process of pollination, pollen is transferred from the anther to the receptive stigma at the top of the pistil. In self pollination, pollen is transferred from the anther to the pistil of the same flower or between flowers on the same plant. In cross pollination, pollen is transferred from the anther of plant A to the stigma of a different plant B. Pollen is transferred by insects, wind and water. Insect-pollinated flowers are typically strongly-scented with showy petals and sweet nectar. Flowers are not always sweet-scented, especially in the case of carrion flowers which smell like rotting flesh and attract fly and beetle pollinators (see stinking flowers link below). Wind-pollinated flowers typically produce prodigious amounts of pollen and are responsible for the hay fever of allergy sufferers. Surf grass (Phyllospadix), the marine angiosperm that grows in the rocky intertidal zone of southern California, is a dioecious species with ribbonlike pollen grains carried by currents and crashing surf. The stamens and pistil of bisexual flowers often mature at different time intervals. This strategy favors cross pollination. Flowers in which the female stigma is receptive before the anthers release pollen are termed protogynous, including wolffia (the world's smallest flowering plant) and figs. Flowers in which the anther releases pollen before the stigma is receptive are termed protandrous. In both type of flowers, cross pollination typically occurs between different plants in which the stigmas and anthers are receptive and shedding pollen at the same time.

Flowering Plants And Pollination

See Remarkable Diversity Of Flowering Plants Wolffia: The World's Smallest Flowering Plant Stinking Flowers That Attract Flies & Beetles See The Calimyrna Fig Pollinated By A Wasp See A Marine Angiosperm Called Surf Grass See Plant Sexuality & Political Correctness

Insect-Flower Interrelationships
Yucca And The Symbiotic Yucca Moth Deadly Datura (Jimsonweed) And Its Moth Coral Trees (Erythrina) And Hummingbirds See The Calimyrna Fig Pollinated By A Wasp Mimulus (Monkeyflower): Thigmotrophic Stigma Bat-Pollinated Mucuna Lianas Of The Rain Forest Stinking Flowers (Carrion Flowers) That Attract Flies

Pollination is followed by another event called fertilization. Upon landing on a suitable stigma, the binucleate pollen grain (containing a tube nucleus and generative nucleus) germinates and develops a pollen tube that grows down through the style and into the ovary where it penetrates an ovule through an opening in the ovule wall called the micropyle. The pollen tube growth is controlled by the tube nucleus which occupies the distal end of the pollen tube. At this time the generative nucleus divides into two sperm nuclei, so that a mature male gametophyte consists of a pollen grain and elongated pollen tube containing three haploid nuclei. [Note: If you consider the pollen grain to be composed of two cells, then the mature male gametophyte consists of three cells: An elongated, uninucleate tube cell or pollen tube containing two minute sperm cells.] Inside the ovule is a female gametophyte or embryo sac containing seven cells and eight nuclei. Each cell has a single haploid nucleus, except the endosperm mother cell which contains two haploid polar nuclei. Flowering plants exhibit the unique phenomenon known as double fertilization involving two sperm from the pollen tube. Upon reaching the embryo sac (inside the ovule), sperm #1 fuses with the egg to form a diploid zygote (n + n =2n). Sperm #2 fuses with the two polar nuclei (within the endosperm mother cell) to form the triploid endosperm (n + n + n = 3n). The zygote develops into an embryo and the endosperm develops into nutritive tissue surrounding the embryo. All of this is happening within the ovule which increases in size and becomes the mature seed. The outer two layers of the ovule (called the integument layers) become the seed coat. The ovary also enlarges and develops into a fruit.

Ripened ovaries (called fruits) may be fleshy or dry, depending on the species. Fruits may be dispersed by the wind, seawater or hitchhiking on the fur of animals. The following links shows a summary of he major types of fruits, some record-breaking fruits, and fascinating methods of seed and fruit dispersal. The Mexican jumping bean is included here because it is actually a dry fruit that breaks apart into three sections. Some of these sections (carpels) contain a little round seed, but the sections that roll around by seemingly perpetual motion actually contain the robust larva of the jumping bean moth

http://waynesword.palomar.edu/plfeb99.htm#gliders